Western Civilization Volume A: To 1500

by Spielvogel, Jackson J.

• ISBN13: 9780534646059
• ISBN10: 0534646050
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-11
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Best-selling text, WESTERN CIVILIZATION has helped over one million students learn about the present by exploring the past. Jack Spielvogel's engaging, chronological narrative weaves the political, economic, social, religious, intellectual, cultural, and military aspects of history into a gripping story that is as memorable as it is instructive. Each chapter offers a substantial introduction and conclusion, providing students a context for these disparate themes. The clear narrative of a single gifted author makes it easy for students to follow the story of Western civilization. Spielvogel gives the book depth by including over 150 maps and excerpts of over 200 primary sources--including official documents, poems, and songs--that enliven the past while introducing students to source material that forms the basis of historical scholarship. Available in many split options: WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Comprehensive, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-29), ISBN: 0534646026; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume I, To 1715, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-16), ISBN:0534646034; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume II, Since 1500, 6th Edition (Chapters 13-29), ISBN:0534646042; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume A: To 1500, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-12), ISBN: 0534646050; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume B: 1300-1815, 6th Edition (Chapters 11-19), ISBN:0534646069; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume C: Since 1789, 6th Edition (Chapters 19-29), ISBN: 0534646077; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Since 1300, 6th Edition (Chapters 11-29), ISBN:0534646085.

Table of Contents

Documents	xi
Maps	xvii
Chronologies	xix
Photo Credits	xxi
Preface	xxiii
Introduction to Students of Western Civilization	xxix
The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations	1	(30)
The First Humans	2	(3)
The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age	2	(1)
The Neolithic Revolution (c. 10,000--4000 B.C.)	3	(2)
The Emergence of Civilization	5	(1)
Civilization in Mesopotamia	6	(10)
The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia	6	(2)
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia	8	(1)
The Code of Hammurabi	9	(2)
The Culture of Mesopotamia	11	(5)
Egyptian Civilization: ``The Gift of the Nile''	16	(11)
The Impact of Geography	16	(1)
The Old and Middle Kingdoms	17	(2)
Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt	19	(1)
The Culture of Egypt	19	(3)
Chaos and a New Order: The New Kingdom	22	(1)
Daily Life in Ancient Egypt	23	(4)
On the Fringes of Civilization	27	(4)
The Impact of the Indo-Europeans	27	(2)
Conclusion	29	(1)
Notes	29	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	29	(2)
The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires	31	(20)
The Hebrews: ``The Children of Israel''	32	(6)
The United Kingdom	32	(1)
The Divided Kingdom	32	(2)
The Spiritual Dimensions of Israel	34	(2)
The Social Structure of the Hebrews	36	(2)
The Neighbors of the Israelites	38	(1)
The Assyrian Empire	38	(4)
Organization of the Empire	40	(1)
The Assyrian Military Machine	40	(1)
Assyrian Society and Culture	41	(1)
The Neo-Babylonian Empire	42	(1)
The Persian Empire	43	(8)
Cyrus the Great	43	(1)
Expanding the Empire	44	(1)
Governing the Empire	45	(1)
The Great King	46	(1)
Persian Religion	47	(1)
Conclusion	48	(2)
Notes	50	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	50	(1)
The Civilization of the Greeks	51	(33)
Early Greece	52	(2)
Minoan Crete	52	(2)
The First Greek State: Mycenae	54	(1)
The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100--c. 750 B.C.)	54	(2)
Homer and Homeric Greece	55	(1)
Homer's Enduring Importance	55	(1)
The World of the Greek City-States (c. 750--c. 500 B.C.)	56	(8)
The Polis	56	(2)
Colonization and the Growth of Trade	58	(1)
Tyranny in the Greek Polis	59	(1)
Sparta	59	(2)
Athens	61	(1)
Greek Culture in the Archaic Age	62	(2)
The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece	64	(7)
The Challenge of Persia	64	(3)
The Growth of an Athenian Empire	67	(2)
The Great Peloponnesian War (431--404 B.C.)	69	(1)
The Decline of the Greek States (404--338 B.C.)	70	(1)
Culture and Society of Classical Greece	71	(13)
The Writing of History	71	(1)
Greek Drama	72	(1)
The Arts: The Classical Ideal	73	(2)
The Greek Love of Wisdom	75	(2)
Greek Religion	77	(1)
Daily Life in Classical Athens	78	(3)
Conclusion	81	(1)
Notes	81	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	82	(2)
The Hellenistic World	84	(22)
Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander	85	(4)
Philip and the Conquest of Greece	85	(1)
Alexander the Great	85	(4)
The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms	89	(4)
Hellenistic Monarchies	89	(2)
The Threats from the Celts	91	(1)
Political and Military Institutions	91	(1)
Hellenistic Cities	92	(1)
Economic Trends	93	(1)
Hellenistic Society	93	(3)
New Opportunities for Upper-Class Women	93	(1)
The Role of Slavery	94	(1)
The Transformation of Education	95	(1)
Culture in the Hellenistic World	96	(5)
New Directions in Literature	96	(1)
Hellenistic Art	97	(1)
A Golden Age of Science and Medicine	98	(1)
Philosophy: New Schools of Thought	99	(2)
Religion in the Hellenistic World	101	(5)
Mystery Religions	101	(1)
The Jews in the Hellenistic World	102	(2)
Conclusion	104	(1)
Notes	104	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	104	(2)
The Roman Republic	106	(31)
The Emergence of Rome	107	(3)
Geography of the Italian Peninsula	107	(1)
The Greeks	107	(1)
The Etruscans	107	(1)
Early Rome	108	(2)
The Roman Republic (c. 509--264 B.C.)	110	(5)
The Roman State	110	(2)
The Roman Conquest of Italy	112	(3)
The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264--133 B.C.)	115	(3)
The Struggle with Carthage	115	(3)
The Eastern Mediterranean	118	(1)
The Nature of Roman Imperialism	118	(1)
Society and Culture in the Roman Republic	118	(7)
Roman Religion	118	(2)
Education: The Importance of Rhetoric	120	(1)
The Growth of Slavery	121	(1)
The Roman Family	122	(1)
The Evolution of Roman Law	123	(1)
The Development of Literature and Art	123	(2)
Values and Attitudes	125	(1)
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133--31 B.C.)	125	(12)
Background: Social, Economic, and Political Problems	125	(2)
The Reforms of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus	127	(1)
Marius and the New Roman Army	127	(1)
The Role of Sulla	128	(1)
The Death of the Republic	128	(4)
Literature in the Late Republic	132	(2)
Conclusion	134	(1)
Notes	134	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	134	(3)
The Roman Empire	137	(28)
The Age of Augustus (31 B.C.--A.D. 14)	138	(5)
The New Order	138	(1)
The Army	139	(1)
Roman Provinces and Frontiers	140	(1)
Augustan Society	141	(1)
A Golden Age of Latin Literature	141	(2)
The Early Empire (14--180)	143	(6)
The Julio-Claudians (14--68)	143	(1)
The Flavians (69--96)	144	(1)
The Five ``Good Emperors'' (96-180)	144	(1)
The Roman Empire at Its Height: Frontiers and Provinces	145	(2)
Prosperity in the Early Empire	147	(2)
Roman Culture and Society in the Early Empire	149	(8)
The Silver Age of Latin Literature	150	(1)
Art in the Early Empire	150	(1)
Imperial Rome	150	(2)
The Gladiatorial Shows	152	(2)
Disaster in Southern Italy	154	(1)
The Art of Medicine	154	(1)
Roman Law in the Early Empire	155	(1)
Slaves and Their Masters	156	(1)
The Upper-Class Roman Family	157	(1)
The Transformation of the Roman World: Crises in the Third Century	157	(1)
Political and Military Woes	157	(1)
Economic and Social Crises	158	(1)
The Transformation of the Roman World: The Rise of Christianity	158	(7)
The Religious World of the Roman Empire	159	(1)
The Jewish Background	159	(1)
The Origins of Christianity	159	(3)
The Growth of Christianity	162	(1)
Conclusion	163	(1)
Notes	163	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	164	(1)
Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World	165	(33)
The Late Roman Empire	166	(6)
The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine	166	(2)
The Empire's New Religion	168	(1)
The End of the Western Empire	169	(3)
The Germanic Kingdoms	172	(5)
The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy	172	(1)
The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain	173	(1)
The Frankish Kingdom	174	(1)
Anglo-Saxon England	175	(1)
The Society of the Germanic Kingdoms	176	(1)
Development of the Christian Church	177	(9)
The Church Fathers	177	(2)
The Power of the Pope	179	(1)
Church and State	179	(1)
Pope Gregory the Great	180	(1)
The Monks and Their Missions	180	(5)
Christian Intellectual Life in the Germanic Kingdoms	185	(1)
The Byzantine Empire	186	(6)
The Reign of Justinian (527--565)	187	(4)
From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire	191	(1)
The Rise of Islam	192	(6)
Muhammed	192	(1)
The Teachings of Islam	193	(1)
The Spread of Islam	193	(2)
Conclusion	195	(1)
Notes	196	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	197	(1)
European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750--1000	198	(29)
Europeans and the Environment	199	(1)
Farming	199	(1)
The Climate	199	(1)
The World of the Carolingians	199	(9)
Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire (768--814)	199	(4)
The Carolingian Intellectual Renewal	203	(1)
Life in the Carolingian World	204	(4)
Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire	208	(3)
Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries	209	(2)
The Emerging World of Lords and Vassals	211	(7)
Vassalage	211	(2)
Fief-Holding	213	(1)
New Political Configurations in the Tenth Century	214	(1)
The Manorial System	215	(3)
The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization	218	(1)
The Macedonian Dynasty	218	(1)
The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe	219	(3)
Western Slavs	220	(1)
Southern Slavs	221	(1)
Eastern Slavs	221	(1)
The Expansion of Islam	222	(5)
The Abbasid Dynasty	222	(1)
Islamic Civilization	223	(2)
Conclusion	225	(1)
Notes	225	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	225	(2)
The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages	227	(27)
Land and People in the High Middle Ages	228	(7)
The New Agriculture	228	(2)
The Life of the Peasantry	230	(1)
The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages	231	(3)
Marriage Patterns of the Aristocracy	234	(1)
The New World of Trade and Cities	235	(7)
The Revival of Trade	235	(2)
The Growth of Cities	237	(4)
Industry in Medieval Cities	241	(1)
The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High Middle Ages	242	(12)
The Rise of Universities	242	(2)
A Revival of Classical Antiquity	244	(1)
The Development of Scholasticism	245	(1)
The Revival of Roman Law	246	(1)
Literature in the High Middle Ages	247	(1)
Romanesque Architecture: ``A White Mantle of Churches''	248	(1)
The Gothic Cathedral	249	(2)
Conclusion	251	(1)
Notes	251	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	252	(2)
The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power	254	(29)
The Emergence and Growth of European Kingdoms (1000-1300)	255	(10)
England in the High Middle Ages	255	(2)
The Growth of the French Kingdom	257	(3)
Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms	260	(1)
The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy	261	(2)
New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe	263	(1)
The Mongol Empire	264	(1)
The Development of Russia	264	(1)
The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church	265	(3)
The Problems of Decline	265	(1)
The Cluniac Reform Movement	266	(1)
Reform of the Papacy	266	(2)
Christianity and Medieval Civilization	268	(6)
Growth of the Papal Monarchy	268	(1)
New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals	268	(3)
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages	271	(1)
Voices of Protest and Intolerance	272	(2)
The Crusades	274	(9)
Background to the Crusades	274	(2)
The Early Crusades	276	(2)
The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century	278	(1)
Effects of the Crusades	279	(1)
Conclusion	280	(2)
Notes	282	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	282	(1)
The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century	283	(30)
A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis	284	(7)
Famine and Population	284	(1)
The Black Death	284	(4)
Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval	288	(3)
War and Political Instability	291	(9)
Causes of the Hundred Years'War	291	(1)
Conduct and Course of the War	291	(5)
Political Instability	296	(1)
The Growth of England's Political Institutions	296	(1)
The Problems of the French Kings	297	(1)
The German Monarchy	297	(1)
The States of Italy	298	(2)
The Decline of the Church	300	(4)
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State	300	(1)
The Papacy at Avignon (1305--1377)	300	(1)
The Great Schism	301	(1)
New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise of Conciliarism	302	(1)
Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity	302	(1)
Changes in Theology	303	(1)
The Cultural World of the Fourteenth Century	304	(3)
The Development of Vernacular Literature	304	(2)
Art and the Black Death	306	(1)
Society in an Age of Adversity	307	(6)
Changes in Urban Life	307	(1)
New Directions in Medicine	308	(1)
Inventions and New Patterns	309	(1)
Conclusion	310	(1)
Notes	311	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	312	(1)
Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance	313	(34)
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance	314	(1)
The Making of Renaissance Society	314	(6)
Economic Recovery	314	(2)
Social Changes in the Renaissance	316	(2)
The Family in Renaissance Italy	318	(2)
The Italian States in the Renaissance	320	(4)
The Five Major States	320	(1)
Independent City-States	320	(2)
Warfare in Italy	322	(1)
The Birth of Modern Diplomacy	323	(1)
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft	323	(1)
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy	324	(6)
Italian Renaissance Humanism	324	(3)
Education in the Renaissance	327	(1)
Humanism and History	328	(1)
The Impact of Printing	329	(1)
The Artistic Renaissance	330	(7)
Art in the Early Renaissance	330	(2)
The Artistic High Renaissance	332	(3)
The Artist and Social Status	335	(1)
The Northern Artistic Renaissance	336	(1)
Music in the Renaissance	336	(1)
The European State in the Renaissance	337	(5)
The Growth of the French Monarchy	337	(1)
England: Civil War and a New Monarchy	338	(1)
The Unification of Spain	339	(1)
The Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs	339	(1)
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe	340	(1)
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire	341	(1)
The Church in the Renaissance	342	(5)
The Problems of Heresy and Reform	342	(1)
The Renaissance Papacy	342	(1)
Conclusion	343	(1)
Notes	344	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	345	(2)
Glossary	347	(8)
Pronunciation Guide	355	(8)
Index	363