Western Civilization Volume II: Since 1500

by Spielvogel, Jackson J

• ISBN13: 9780534646042
• ISBN10: 0534646042
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-10
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Best-selling text, WESTERN CIVILIZATION has helped over one million students learn about the present by exploring the past. Jack Spielvogel's engaging, chronological narrative weaves the political, economic, social, religious, intellectual, cultural, and military aspects of history into a gripping story that is as memorable as it is instructive. Each chapter offers a substantial introduction and conclusion, providing students a context for these disparate themes. The clear narrative of a single gifted author makes it easy for students to follow the story of Western civilization. Spielvogel gives the book depth by including over 150 maps and excerpts of over 200 primary sources--including official documents, poems, and songs--that enliven the past while introducing students to source material that forms the basis of historical scholarship. Available in many split options: WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Comprehensive, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-29), ISBN: 0534646026; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume I, To 1715, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-16), ISBN:0534646034; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume II, Since 1500, 6th Edition (Chapters 13-29), ISBN:0534646042; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume A: To 1500, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-12), ISBN: 0534646050; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume B: 1300-1815, 6th Edition (Chapters 11-19), ISBN:0534646069; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume C: Since 1789, 6th Edition (Chapters 19-29), ISBN: 0534646077; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Since 1300, 6th Edition (Chapters 11-29), ISBN:0534646085.

Table of Contents

Maps	xv
Chronologies	xvii
Documents	xix
Photo Credits	xxv
Preface	xxix
Introduction to Students of Western Civilization	xxxv
Western Civilization to 1500	xxxvii
Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century	346	(33)
Prelude to Reformation	347	(3)
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism	347	(1)
Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation	348	(2)
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany	350	(7)
The Early Luther	350	(2)
The Rise of Lutheranism	352	(1)
Church and State	353	(1)
Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics	354	(3)
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation	357	(6)
Lutheranism in Scandinavia	357	(1)
The Zwinglian Reformation	357	(1)
The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists	358	(2)
The Reformation in England	360	(2)
John Calvin and Calvinism	362	(1)
The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation	363	(3)
The Family	364	(1)
Education in the Reformation	365	(1)
Religious Practices and Popular Culture	365	(1)
The Catholic Reformation	366	(3)
Revival of the Old	366	(1)
The Society of Jesus	367	(1)
A Revived Papacy	368	(1)
The Council of Trent	369	(1)
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century	369	(10)
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)	369	(2)
Philip II and Militant Catholicism	371	(1)
Revolt of the Netherlands	372	(1)
The England of Elizabeth	373	(3)
Conclusion	376	(1)
Notes	377	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	377	(2)
Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500--1800	379	(31)
On the Brink of a New World	380	(2)
The Motives	380	(1)
The Means	381	(1)
New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires	382	(8)
The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire	382	(2)
Voyages to the New World	384	(2)
The Spanish Empire in the New World	386	(4)
New Rivals on the World Stage	390	(11)
Africa: The Slave Trade	391	(3)
The West in Southeast Asia	394	(1)
The French and British in India	395	(2)
China	397	(1)
Japan	398	(1)
The Americas	398	(3)
Toward a World Economy	401	(2)
Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century	401	(1)
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism	401	(1)
Mercantilism	402	(1)
Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization?	402	(1)
The Impact of European Expansion	403	(7)
The Conquered	403	(2)
The Conquerors	405	(2)
Conclusion	407	(1)
Notes	408	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	408	(2)
State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century	410	(38)
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions	411	(6)
The Witchcraft Craze	411	(2)
The Thirty Years' War	413	(3)
A Military Revolution?	416	(1)
Rebellions	417	(1)
The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe	417	(8)
Absolute Monarchy in France	417	(1)
The Reign of Louis XIV (1643--1715)	418	(6)
The Decline of Spain	424	(1)
Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe	425	(7)
The German States	425	(2)
Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule	427	(1)
Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power	427	(3)
The Great Northern States	430	(1)
The Ottoman Empire	431	(1)
The Limits of Absolutism	432	(1)
Limited Monarchy and Republics	432	(8)
The Weakness of the Polish Monarchy	433	(1)
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic	433	(1)
England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy	434	(6)
The Flourishing of European Culture	440	(8)
The Changing Faces of Art	440	(3)
A Wondrous Age of Theater	443	(2)
Conclusion	445	(1)
Notes	446	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	446	(2)
Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science	448	(25)
Background to the Scientific Revolution	449	(2)
Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists	449	(1)
Technological Innovations and Mathematics	449	(1)
Renaissance Magic	450	(1)
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy	451	(8)
Copernicus	451	(2)
Brahe	453	(1)
Kepler	453	(1)
Galileo	454	(3)
Newton	457	(2)
Advances in Medicine and Chemistry	459	(2)
Paracelsus	459	(1)
Vesalius	460	(1)
William Harvey	460	(1)
Chemistry	460	(1)
Women in the Origins of Modern Science	461	(2)
Margaret Cavendish	461	(1)
Maria Merian	461	(1)
Maria Winkelmann	461	(1)
Debates on the Nature of Women	462	(1)
Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind	463	(2)
The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific Knowledge	465	(8)
The Scientific Method	465	(1)
The Spread of Scientific Knowledge	465	(2)
Science and Religion	467	(3)
Conclusion	470	(1)
Notes	471	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	471	(2)
The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment	473	(29)
The Enlightenment	474	(11)
The Paths to Enlightenment	474	(2)
The Philosophes and Their Ideas	476	(8)
The Social Environment of the Philosophes	484	(1)
Culture and Society in the Enlightenment	485	(9)
Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature	485	(4)
The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century	489	(2)
Crime and Punishment	491	(1)
The World of Medicine	492	(1)
Popular Culture	493	(1)
Religion and the Churches	494	(8)
The Institutional Church	495	(2)
Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century	497	(2)
Conclusion	499	(1)
Notes	500	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	500	(2)
The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change	502	(30)
The European States	503	(11)
Enlightened Absolutism?	503	(1)
The Atlantic Seaboard States	503	(3)
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe	506	(7)
The Mediterranean World	513	(1)
The Scandinavian States	513	(1)
Enlightened Absolutism Revisited	513	(1)
Wars and Diplomacy	514	(3)
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740--1748)	514	(1)
The Seven Years' War (1756--1763)	514	(3)
European Armies and Warfare	517	(1)
Economic Expansion and Social Change	517	(7)
Growth of the European Population	517	(1)
Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns	518	(3)
An Agricultural Revolution?	521	(1)
New Methods of Finance	521	(1)
European Industry	522	(2)
The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century	524	(8)
The Peasants	524	(1)
The Nobility	525	(2)
The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities	527	(2)
Conclusion	529	(2)
Notes	531	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	531	(1)
A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon	532	(30)
The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution	533	(3)
The War for Independence	533	(1)
Forming a New Nation	534	(1)
Impact of the American Revolution on Europe	534	(2)
Background to the French Revolution	536	(2)
Social Structure of the Old Regime	536	(1)
Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy	537	(1)
The French Revolution	538	(14)
From Estates-General to a National Assembly	538	(2)
Destruction of the Old Regime	540	(4)
The Radical Revolution	544	(7)
Reaction and the Directory	551	(1)
The Age of Napoleon	552	(10)
The Rise of Napoleon	552	(2)
The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon	554	(2)
Napoleon's Empire and the European Response	556	(3)
Conclusion	559	(1)
Notes	560	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	561	(1)
The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society	562	(27)
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain	563	(7)
Origins	563	(2)
Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization	565	(4)
Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851	569	(1)
The Spread of Industrialization	570	(6)
Limitations to Industrialization	570	(3)
Centers of Continental Industrialization	573	(1)
The Industrial Revolution in the United States	573	(2)
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Nonindustrialized World	575	(1)
The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution	576	(13)
Population Growth	576	(1)
The Growth of Cities	576	(3)
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class	579	(1)
New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age	580	(3)
Standards of Living	583	(1)
Efforts at Change: The Workers	584	(1)
Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government	585	(2)
Conclusion	587	(1)
Notes	587	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	588	(1)
Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850	589	(31)
The Conservative Order (1815--1830)	590	(8)
The Peace Settlement	590	(2)
The Ideology of Conservatism	592	(1)
Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe	593	(1)
Conservative Domination: The European States	594	(4)
The Ideologies of Change	598	(5)
Liberalism	598	(1)
Nationalism	599	(2)
Early Socialism	601	(2)
Revolution and Reform (1830--1850)	603	(7)
Another French Revolution	603	(1)
Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy	603	(1)
Reform in Great Britain	604	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848	605	(4)
The Maturing of the United States	609	(1)
The Emergence of an Ordered Society	610	(3)
New Police Forces	610	(2)
Prison Reform	612	(1)
Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution: The Mood of Romanticism	613	(7)
The Characteristics of Romanticism	613	(1)
Romantic Poets	613	(2)
Romanticism in Art	615	(1)
Romanticism in Music	616	(1)
The Revival of Religion in the Age of Romanticism	617	(1)
Conclusion	617	(1)
Notes	618	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	618	(2)
An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871	620	(31)
The France of Napoleon III	621	(4)
Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire	621	(1)
The Second Napoleonic Empire	621	(2)
Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure	623	(1)
Foreign Policy: The Crimean War	623	(2)
National Unification: Italy and Germany	625	(6)
The Unification of Italy	625	(2)
The Unification of Germany	627	(4)
Nation Building and Reform: The National State in Mid-Century	631	(7)
The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy	631	(2)
Imperial Russia	633	(2)
Great Britain: The Victorian Age	635	(1)
The United States: Slavery and War	636	(1)
The Emergence of a Canadian Nation	637	(1)
Industrialization and the Marxist Response	638	(3)
Industrialization on the Continent	638	(1)
Marx and Marxism	639	(2)
Science and Culture in an Age of Realism	641	(10)
A New Age of Science	641	(1)
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution	642	(1)
A Revolution in Health Care	642	(3)
Science and the Study of Society	645	(1)
Realism in Literature	646	(1)
Realism in Art	646	(1)
Music: The Twilight of Romanticism	647	(1)
Conclusion	648	(1)
Notes	649	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	650	(1)
The Mass Society in an ``Age of Progress,'' 1871--1894	651	(30)
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity	652	(8)
New Products	652	(1)
New Markets	653	(1)
New Patterns in an Industrial Economy	654	(3)
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities	657	(1)
Organizing the Working Classes	658	(2)
The Emergence of a Mass Society	660	(13)
Population Growth	661	(1)
Emigration	661	(1)
Transformation of the Urban Environment	661	(4)
Social Structure of the Mass Society	665	(1)
``The Woman Question'': The Role of Women	666	(3)
Education in the Mass Society	669	(2)
Mass Leisure	671	(2)
The National State	673	(8)
Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy	673	(2)
Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order	675	(3)
Conclusion	678	(1)
Notes	679	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	679	(2)
An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894--1914	681	(36)
Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments	682	(10)
Developments in the Sciences: The Emergence of a New Physics	682	(1)
Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational	683	(1)
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis	684	(1)
The Impact of Darwin	685	(1)
The Attack on Christianity	686	(1)
The Culture of Modernity: Literature	687	(1)
Modernism in the Arts	687	(4)
Modernism in Music	691	(1)
Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties	692	(9)
The Movement for Women's Rights	692	(3)
Jews in the European Nation-State	695	(2)
The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain and Italy	697	(1)
France: Travails of the Third Republic	697	(1)
Growing Tensions in Germany	698	(1)
Austria-Hungary: The Problem of the Nationalities	698	(1)
Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia	699	(1)
The Rise of the United States	700	(1)
The Growth of Canada	701	(1)
The New Imperialism	701	(9)
Causes of the New Imperialism	701	(1)
The Scramble for Africa	702	(3)
Imperialism in Asia	705	(3)
Responses to Imperialism	708	(2)
Results of the New Imperialism	710	(1)
International Rivalry and the Coming of War	710	(7)
The Bismarckian System	710	(1)
New Directions and New Crises	711	(3)
Conclusion	714	(1)
Notes	715	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	715	(2)
The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution	717	(33)
The Road to World War I	718	(4)
Nationalism	718	(1)
Internal Dissent	718	(1)
Militarism	719	(1)
The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914	719	(3)
The War	722	(14)
1914--1915: Illusions and Stalemate	722	(1)
1916--1917: The Great Slaughter	723	(2)
The Widening of the War	725	(4)
A New Kind of Warfare	729	(1)
The Home Front: The Impact of Total War	730	(6)
War and Revolution	736	(8)
The Russian Revolution	736	(6)
The Last Year of the War	742	(1)
Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary	743	(1)
The Peace Settlement	744	(6)
Peace Aims	744	(1)
The Treaty of Versailles	745	(1)
The Other Peace Treaties	746	(1)
Conclusion	747	(1)
Notes	748	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	748	(2)
The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919--1939	750	(32)
An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security	751	(3)
The French Policy of Coercion (1919--1924)	751	(1)
The Hopeful Years (1924--1929)	752	(1)
The Great Depression	752	(2)
The Democratic States	754	(4)
Great Britain	755	(1)
France	756	(1)
The Scandinavian States	756	(1)
The United States	756	(1)
European States and the World: The Colonial Empires	757	(1)
Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States	758	(15)
Fascist Italy	759	(3)
Hitler and Nazi Germany	762	(7)
The Soviet Union	769	(2)
Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe	771	(2)
Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula	773	(1)
The Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure	774	(2)
Radio and Movies	774	(1)
Mass Leisure	775	(1)
Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years	776	(6)
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music	776	(2)
The Search for the Unconscious in Literature	778	(1)
The Unconscious in Psychology: Carl Jung	779	(1)
The ``Heroic Age of Physics''	779	(1)
Conclusion	780	(1)
Notes	780	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	781	(1)
The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II	782	(32)
Prelude to War (1933--1939)	783	(7)
The Role of Hitler	783	(1)
The ``Diplomatic Revolution'' (1933--1936)	783	(2)
The Path to War in Europe (1937--1939)	785	(3)
The Path to War in Asia	788	(2)
The Course of World War II	790	(7)
Victory and Stalemate	790	(2)
The War in Asia	792	(1)
The Turning Point of the War (1942--1943)	792	(2)
The Last Years of the War	794	(3)
The New Order	797	(6)
The Nazi Empire	797	(1)
Resistance Movements	798	(1)
The Holocaust	799	(3)
The New Order in Asia	802	(1)
The Home Front	803	(5)
The Mobilization of Peoples	803	(3)
Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of Cities	806	(2)
Aftermath of the War: Cold War	808	(6)
The Conference at Teheran	808	(1)
Intensifying Differences	809	(1)
Emergence of the Cold War	810	(1)
Conclusion	811	(1)
Notes	812	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	813	(1)
Cold War and a New Western World, 1945--1973	814	(36)
Development of the Cold War	815	(6)
Confrontation of the Superpowers	815	(2)
Globalization of the Cold War	817	(4)
Europe and the World: Decolonization	821	(7)
Africa: The Struggle for Independence	822	(2)
Conflict in the Middle East	824	(1)
Asia: Nationalism and Communism	825	(2)
Decolonization and Cold War Rivalries	827	(1)
Recovery and Renewal in Europe	828	(7)
The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev	828	(1)
Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain	829	(2)
Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy	831	(4)
Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity	835	(1)
The United States and Canada: A New Era	835	(2)
American Politics and Society in the 1950s	835	(1)
Decade of Upheaval: America in the 1960s	836	(1)
The Development of Canada	837	(1)
Postwar Society and Culture in the Western World	837	(13)
The Structure of European Society	837	(1)
Creation of the Welfare State	838	(1)
Women in the Postwar Western World	839	(2)
The Permissive Society	841	(1)
Education and Student Revolt	842	(2)
Postwar Art and Literature	844	(1)
The Philosophical Dilemma: Existentialism	845	(1)
The Explosion of Popular Culture	846	(1)
Conclusion	847	(1)
Notes	848	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	849	(1)
The Contemporary Western World Since 1973	850	(37)
Toward a New Western Order	851	(16)
The Revolutionary Era in the Soviet Union	851	(4)
Eastern Europe: The Revolutions of 1989 and Collapse of the Communist Order	855	(2)
The Reunification of Germany	857	(1)
The Disintegration of Yugoslavia	858	(2)
Western Europe: The Winds of Change	860	(4)
The Unification of Europe	864	(2)
The United States: Turmoil, Tranquillity, and Terrorism	866	(1)
Contemporary Canada	867	(1)
After the Cold War: New World Order or Age of Terrorism?	867	(3)
The End of the Cold War	868	(1)
An Age of Terrorism?	869	(1)
Terrorist Attack on the United States	869	(1)
The West and Islam	870	(1)
New Directions and New Problems in Western Society	870	(4)
Transformation in Women's Lives	871	(1)
Guest Workers and Immigrants	872	(1)
The Environment and the Green Movements	872	(2)
Western Culture Today	874	(8)
Postmodern Thought	874	(1)
Trends in Art, Literature, and Music	874	(3)
Varieties of Religious Life	877	(1)
The World of Science and Technology	877	(2)
Popular Culture: Image and Globalization	879	(3)
Toward a Global Civilization?	882	(5)
Notes	884	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	885	(2)
Glossary	887	(8)
Pronunciation Guide	895	(8)
Index	903