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DONALD KAGAN is Sterling Professor of History and Classics at Yale University, where he has taught since 1969. He received the A.B. degree in history from Brooklyn College, the M.A. in classics from Brown University, and the Ph.D. in history from Ohio State University. During 1958 to 1959 he studied at the American School of Classical Studies as a Fulbright Scholar. He has received three awards for undergraduate teaching at Cornell and Yale. He is the author of a history of Greek political thought, The Great Dialogue (1965); a four-volume history of the Peloponnesian war, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1969); The Archidamian War (1974); The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (1981); The Fall of the Athenian Empire (1987); and a biography of Pericles, Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy (1991); On the Origins of War (1995) and The Peloponnesian War (2003). He is coauthor, with Frederick W. Kagan, of While America Sleeps (2000). With Brian Tierney and L. Pearce Williams, he is the editor of Great Issues in Western Civilization, a collection of readings. He was awarded the Na-tional Humanities Medal for 2002 and was chosen by the National Endowment for the Humani-ties to deliver the Jefferson Lecture in 2004.
STEVEN OZMENT is McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard Univer-sity. He has taught Western Civilization at Yale, Stanford, and Harvard. He is the author of eleven books. The Age of Reform, 1250—1550 (1980) won the Schaff Prize and was nominated for the 1981 National Book Award. Five of his books have been selections of the History Book Club: Magdalena and Balthasar: An Intimate Portrait of Life in Sixteenth Century Europe (1986), Three Behaim Boys: Growing Up in Early Modern Germany (1990), Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (1992), The Burgermeister’s Daughter: Scandal in a Sixteenth Century German Town (1996), and Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany (1999). His most recent publications are Ancestors: The Loving Family of Old Europe (2001), A Mighty For-tress: A New History of the German People (2004), and “Why We Study Western Civ,” The Pub-lic Interest, 158 (2005).
FRANK M. TURNER is John Hay Whitney Professor of History at Yale University and Direc-tor of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, where he served as University Provost from 1988 to 1992. He received his B.A. degree at the College of William and Mary and his Ph.D. from Yale. He has received the Yale College Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching. He has directed a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute. His scholarly research has received the support of fellowships from the National En-dowment for the Humanities and the Guggenheim Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson Center. He is the author of Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Late Victorian England (1974), The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (1981), which received the British Council Prize of the Conference on British Studies and the Yale Press Governors Award, Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life (1993), and John Henry Newman: The Challenge to Evangelical Religion (2002). He has also contributed numerous arti-cles to journals and has served on the editorial advisory boards of The Journal of Modern His-tory, Isis, and Victorian Studies. He edited The Idea of a University by John Henry Newman (1996), Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke (2003), and Apologia Pro Vita Sua and Six Sermons by John Henry Newman (2008). Between 1996 and 2006 he served as a Trustee of Connecticut College and between 2004 and 2008 as a member of the Connecticut Humanities Council. In 2003, Professor Turner was appointed Director of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.
ALISON FRANK is professor of history at Harvard University. She is interested in transnational approaches to the history of Central and Eastern Europe, particularly the Habsburg Empire and its successor states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Her first book, Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (2005), was awarded the Barbara Jelavich Book Prize, the Austrian Cultural Forum Book Prize, and was co-winner of the Polish Studies Association's Orbis Prize in Polish Studies. Her current book project, Invisible Empire: A New Global History of Austria, focuses on the Adriatic port city of Trieste and the Habsburg Monarchy's participation in global commerce in the long nineteenth century. Other interests include the Eastern Alps, the Mediterranean slave trade, and environmental history. She is associate director of the Center for History and Economics.
Found in this Section:
1. Brief Table of Contents
2. Full Table of Contents
1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
Documents
Maps
Preface
About the Authors
What Is the Western Heritage?
PART 1: The Foundations of Western Civilization in the Ancient World to 400 C.E.
Chapter 1: The Birth of Civilization
Chapter 2: The Rise of Greek Civilization
Chapter 3: Classical and Hellenistic Greece
Chapter 4: Rome: From Republic to Empire
Chapter 5: The Roman Empire
PART 2: The Middle Ages, 476 C.E.–1300 C.E.
Chapter 6: Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Creating a New European Society and Culture (476–1000)
Chapter 7: The High Middle Ages: The Rise of European Empires and States (1000–1300)
Chapter 8: Medieval Society: Hierarchies, Towns, Universities, and Families (1000–1300)
PART 3: Europe in Transition, 1300–1750
Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453)
Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery
Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation
Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars
Chapter 13: European State -Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Chapter 15: Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
Chapter 16: The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
PART 4: Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700–1850
Chapter 17: The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
Chapter 18: The French Revolution
Chapter 19: The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism
Chapter 20: The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815–1832)
Chapter 21: Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830–1850)
PART 5: Toward the Modern World, 1850–1939
Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States
Chapter 23: The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I
Chapter 24: The Birth of Modern European Thought
Chapter 25: The Age of Western Imperialism
Chapter 26: Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace
Chapter 27: The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression
PART 6: Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions, 1939–2008
Chapter 28: World War II
Chapter 29: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
Chapter 30: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Glossary
Index
2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS
Documents
Maps
Preface
About the Authors
What Is the Western Heritage?
PART 1: The Foundations of Western Civilization in the Ancient World to 400 C.E.
Chapter 1: The Birth of Civilization
Early Humans and Their Culture
The Paleolithic Age
The Neolithic Age
The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization
Early Civilizations to about 1000 B.C.E.
Mesopotamian Civilization
Egyptian Civilization
Ancient Near Eastern Empires
The Hittites
The Assyrians
The Second Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Babylonians
The Persian Empire
Cyrus the Great
Darius the Great
Government and Administration
Religion
Art and Culture
Palestine
The Canaanites and the Phoenicians
The Israelites
The Jewish Religion
General Outlook of Mideastern Cultures
Humans and Nature
Humans and the Gods, Law, and Justice
Toward the Greeks and Western Thought
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
BABYLONIAN WORLD MAP
Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia
The Great Flood
Chapter 2: The Rise of Greek Civilization
The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to about 1150 B.C.E.
The Minoans
The Mycenaeans
The Greek “Middle Ages” to about 750 B.C.E.
Greek Migrations
The Age of Homer
The Polis
Development of the Polis
The Hoplite Phalanx
The Importance of the Polis
Expansion of the Greek World
Magna Graecia
The Greek Colony
The Tyrants (about 700–500 B.C.E.)
The Major States
Sparta
Athens
Life in Archaic Greece
Society
Religion
Poetry
The Persian Wars
The Ionian Rebellion
The War in Greece
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Greek Athletics
THE TRIREME
Greek Strategy in the Persian War
Chapter 3: Classical and Hellenistic Greece
Aftermath of Victory
The Delian League
The Rise of Cimon
The First Peloponnesian War: Athens Against Sparta
The Breach with Sparta
The Division of Greece
Classical Greece
The Athenian Empire
Athenian Democracy
The Women of Athens: Legal Status and Everyday Life
Slavery
Religion in Public Life
The Great Peloponnesian War
Causes
Strategic Stalemate
The Fall of Athens
Competition for Leadership in the Fourth Century B.C.E.
The Hegemony of Sparta
The Hegemony of Thebes: The Second Athenian Empire
The Culture of Classical Greece
The Fifth Century B.C.E.
The Fourth Century B.C.E.
Philosophy and the Crisis of the Polis
The Hellenistic World
The Macedonian Conquest
Alexander the Great
The Successors
Hellenistic Culture
Philosophy
Literature
Architecture and Sculpture
Mathematics and Science
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Going to Court in Athens
Athenian Democracy—Pro and Con
THE ERECHTHEUM: PORCH OF THE MAIDENS
Chapter 4: Rome: From Republic to Empire
Prehistoric Italy
The Etruscans
Government
Religion
Women
Dominion
Royal Rome
Government
The Family
Women in Early Rome
Clientage
Patricians and Plebeians
The Republic
Constitution
The Conquest of Italy
Rome and Carthage
The Republic’s Conquest of the Hellenistic World
Civilization in the Early Roman Republic
Religion
Education
Slavery
Roman Imperialism: The Late Republic
The Aftermath of Conquest
The Gracchi
Marius and Sulla
The Fall of the Republic
Pompey, Crassus, Caesar, and Cicero
The First Triumvirate
Julius Caesar and His Government of Rome
The Second Triumvirate and the Triumph of Octavian
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
LICTORS
Two Roman Festivals: The Saturnalia and Lupercalia
Did Caesar Want to Be King?
Chapter 5: The Roman Empire
The Augustan Principate
Administration
The Army and Defense
Religion and Morality
Civilization of the Ciceronian and Augustan Ages
The Late Republic
The Age of Augustus
Imperial Rome, 14 to 180 C.E.
The Emperors
The Administration of the Empire
Women of the Upper Classes
Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House
The Culture of the Early Empire
The Rise of Christianity
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul of Tarsus
Organization
The Persecution of Christians
The Emergence of Catholicism
Rome as a Center of the Early Church
The Crisis of the Third Century
Barbarian Invasions
Economic Difficulties
The Social Order
Civil Disorder
The Late Empire
The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization
The Triumph of Christianity
Arts and Letters in the Late Empire
The Preservation of Classical Culture
Christian Writers
The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in the West
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
SPOILS FROM JERUSALEM ON THE ARCH OF TITUS IN ROME
Chariot Racing
Christianity in the Roman Empire—Why Did the Romans Persecute the Christians? Ancient Warfare
PART 2: The Middle Ages, 476 C.E.–1300 C.E.
Chapter 6: Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Creating a New European Society and Culture (476–1000)
The Byzantine Empire
The Reign of Justinian
The Spread of Byzantine Christianity
Persians and Muslims
Islam and the Islamic World
Muhammad’s Religion
Islamic Diversity
Islamic Empires
Byzantium’s Contribution to Islamic Civilization
The European Debt to Islam
On the Eve of the Frankish Ascendancy
Germanic Migrations
New Western Masters
Western Society and the Developing Christian Church
Monastic Culture
The Doctrine of Papal Primacy
The Religious Division of Christendom
The Kingdom of the Franks: From Clovis to Charlemagne
Governing the Franks
The Reign of Charlemagne (768–814)
Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom
Feudal Society
Origins
Vassalage and the Fief
Daily Life and Religion
Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
The Battle of the Sexes in Christianity and Islam
A MULTICULTURAL BOOK COVER
Medieval Cooking
Chapter 7: The High Middle Ages: The Rise of European Empires and States (1000–1300)
Otto I and the Revival of the Empire
Unifying Germany
Embracing the Church
The Reviving Catholic Church
The Cluny Reform Movement
The Investiture Struggle: Gregory VII and Henry IV
The Crusades
The Pontificate of Innocent III (r. 1198–1216)
England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines (1214)
William the Conqueror
Henry II
Eleanor of Aquitaine and Court Culture
Baronial Revolt and Magna Carta
Philip II Augustus
France in the Thirteenth Century: The Reign of Louis IX
Generosity Abroad
Order and Excellence at Home
The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152–1272)
Frederick I Barbarossa
Henry VI and the Sicilian Connection
Otto IV and the Welf Interregnum
Frederick II
Romanesque and Gothic Architecture
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
EUROPEANS EMBRACE A BLACK SAINT
Christian Jihad, Muslim Jihad Pilgrimages
Chapter 8: Medieval Society: Hierarchies, Towns, Universities, and Families (1000–1300)
The Traditional Order of Life
Nobles
Clergy
Peasants
Towns and Townspeople
The Chartering of Towns
The Rise of Merchants
Challenging the Old Lords
New Models of Government
Towns and Kings
Jews in Christian Society
Schools and Universities
University of Bologna
Cathedral Schools
University of Paris
The Curriculum
Philosophy and Theology
Women in Medieval Society
Image and Status
Life Choices
Working Women
The Lives of Children
Children as “Little Adults”
Childhood as a Special Stage
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
THE JOYS AND PAINS OF THE MEDIEVAL JOUST
Children’s Games, Warrior Games
Faith and Love in the High Middle Ages
The Invention of Printing in China and Europe
PART 3: Europe in Transition, 1300–1750
Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453)
The Black Death
Preconditions and Causes of the Plague
Popular Remedies
Social and Economic Consequences
New Conflicts and Opportunities
The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
The Causes of the War
Progress of the War
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
The Thirteenth-Century Papacy
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair
The Avignon Papacy (1309–1377)
John Wycliffe and John Huss
The Great Schism (1378–1417) and the Conciliar Movement in the Church to 1449
Medieval Russia
Politics and Society
Mongol Rule (1243–1480)
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
A BURIAL SCENE FROM THE BLACK DEATH
Dealing with Death
Who Runs the World: Priests or Princes?
Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery
The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
The Italian City-States
Humanism
High Renaissance Art
Slavery in the Renaissance 3
Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
Charles VIII’s March Through Italy
Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family
Pope Julius II
Niccolò Machiavelli
Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
France
Spain
England
The Holy Roman Empire
The Northern Renaissance
The Printing Press
Erasmus
Humanism and Reform
Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
The Portuguese Chart the Course
The Spanish Voyages of Columbus
The Spanish Empire in the New World
The Church in Spanish America
The Economy of Exploitation
Mining
The Impact on Europe
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
The Renaissance Garden
LEONARDO PLOTS THE PERFECT MAN
Is the “Renaissance Man” a Myth?
Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation
Society and Religion
Social and Political Conflict
Popular Religious Movements and Criticism of the Church
Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525
The Attack on Indulgences
Election of Charles V
Luther’s Excommunication and the Diet of Worms
Imperial Distractions: War with France and the Turks
How the Reformation Spread
The Peasants’ Revolt
The Reformation Elsewhere
Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation
Anabaptists and Radical Protestants
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation
Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
The Diet of Augsburg
The Expansion of the Reformation
Reaction Against Protestants
The Peace of Augsburg
The English Reformation to 1553
The Preconditions of Reform
The King’s Affair
The “Reformation Parliament”
Wives of Henry VIII
The King’s Religious Conservatism
The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
Sources of Catholic Reform
Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits
The Council of Trent (1545–1563)
The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe
The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions
The Reformation and Education
The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women
Family Life in Early Modern Europe
Later Marriages
Arranged Marriages
Family Size
Birth Control
Wet Nursing
Loving Families?
Literary Imagination in Transition
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Rejection of Idealism
William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
A SAINT AT PEACE IN THE GRASP OF TEMPTATION
A Raw Deal for the Common Man, or Just Desserts?
Table Manners
Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars
Renewed Religious Struggle
The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
Appeal of Calvinism
Catherine de Médicis and the Guises
The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre
The Edict of Nantes
Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556–1598)
Pillars of Spanish Power
The Revolt in the Netherlands
England and Spain (1553–1603)
Mary I (r. 1553–1558)
Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603)
The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
Preconditions for War
Four Periods of War
The Treaty of Westphalia
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
BAROQUE AND PLAIN CHURCH: ARCHITECTURAL REFLECTIONS OF BELIEF
The Great Debate Over Religious Tolerance
Going to the Thea
Chapter 13: European State -Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline
Urban Prosperity
Economic Decline
Two Models of European Political Development
Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England
James I
Charles I
The Long Parliament and Civil War
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic
Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy
The “Glorious Revolution”
The Age of Walpole
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
Years of Personal Rule
Versailles
King by Divine Right
Louis’s Early Wars
Louis’s Repressive Religious Policies
Louis’s Later Wars
France After Louis XIV
Central and Eastern Europe
Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority
The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction
Prussia and the Hohenzollerns
Russia Enters the European Political Arena
The Romanov Dynasty
Peter the Great
Russian Expansion in the Baltic: The Great Northern War
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Early Controversy Over Tobacco and Smoking
VERSAILLES
The Debate over the Origin and Character of Political Authority
Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
The Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Observations
Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical Laws
Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation
Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
Nature as Mechanism
Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method
René Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction
Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute Government
John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration
The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
The New Science and Religious Faith
The Case of Galileo
Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith
The English Approach to Science and Religion
Continuing Superstition
Witch Hunts and Panic
Village Origins
Influence of the Clergy
Who Were the Witches?
End of the Witch Hunts
Baroque Art
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
THE SCIENCES AND THE ARTS
Descartes and Swift Debate the Scientific Enterprise
Midwives
Chapter 15: Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
Major Features of Life in the Old Regime
Maintenance of Tradition
Hierarchy and Privilege
The Aristocracy
Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege
Aristocratic Resurgence
The Land and Its Tillers
Peasants and Serfs
Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside: The English Game Laws
Family Structures and the Family Economy
Households
The Family Economy
Women and the Family Economy
Children and the World of the Family Economy
The Revolution in Agriculture
New Crops and New Methods
Expansion of the Population
The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth
Century
A Revolution in Consumption
Industrial Leadership of Great Britain
New Methods of Textile Production
The Steam Engine
Iron Production
The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on Working Women
The Growth of Cities
Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization
Urban Classes
The Urban Riot
The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
AN ARISTOCRATIC COUPLE
Two Eighteenth-Century Writers Contemplate the Effects of Different Economic Structures
Water, Washing, and Bathing
Chapter 16: The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
Periods of European Overseas Empires
Mercantile Empires
Mercantilist Goals
French–British Rivalry
The Spanish Colonial System
Colonial Government
Trade Regulation
Colonial Reform under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs
Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
The African Presence in the Americas
Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy
The Experience of Slavery
Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
The War of Jenkins’s Ear
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756
The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)
The American Revolution and Europe
Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue
The Crisis and Independence
American Political Ideas
Events in Great Britain
Broader Impact of the American Revolution
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Sugar Enters the Western Diet
A SUGAR PLANTATION IN THE WEST INDIES
The Atlantic Passage
The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and Agriculture
PART 4: Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700–1850
Chapter 17: The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
The Emergence of a Print Culture
The Philosophes
Philosophes and Patrons
The Enlightenment and Religion
Deism
Toleration
Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity
The Limits of Toleration
The Jewish Enlightenment
The Enlightenment and Society
The Encyclopedia: Freedom and Economic Improvement
Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law
The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom
Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress
Political Thought of the Philosophes
Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws
Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society
Enlightened Critics of European Empires
Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
Enlightened Absolutism
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Joseph II of Austria
Catherine the Great of Russia
The Partitions of Poland
The End of the Eighteenth Century in Central and Eastern Europe
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Coffeehouses and Enlightenment
AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ARTIST APPEALS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD
Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria Debate Toleration
Chapter 18: The French Revolution
The Crisis of the French Monarchy
The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes
Necker’s Report
Calonne’s Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables
Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General
The Revolution of 1789
The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly
Fall of the Bastille
The “Great Fear” and the Night of August 4
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
The Parisian Women’s March on Versailles
The Reconstruction of France
Political Reorganization
Economic Policy
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Counterrevolutionary Activity
The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution
Emergence of the Jacobins
The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes
Europe at War with the Revolution
Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution
Suppression of Reform in Britain
The Second and Third Partitions of Poland, 1793, 1795
The Reign of Terror
War with Europe
The Republic Defended
The “Republic of Virtue” and Robespierre’s Justification of Terror
Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
De-Christianization
Revolutionary Tribunals
The End of the Terror
The Thermidorian Reaction
Establishment of the Directory
Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
CHALLENGING THE FRENCH POLITICAL ORDER
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Opens the Door for Disadvantaged Groups to Demand Equal Civic Rights
The Metric System
Chapter 19: The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Early Military Victories
The Constitution of the Year VIII
The Consulate in France (1799–1804)
Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition
Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church
The Napoleonic Code
Establishing a Dynasty
The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814)
Conquering an Empire
The Continental System
European Response to the Empire
German Nationalism and Prussian Reform
The Wars of Liberation
The Invasion of Russia
European Coalition
The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement
Territorial Adjustments
The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance
The Romantic Movement
Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason
Rousseau and Education
Kant and Reason
Romantic Literature
English Romantic Writers
The German Romantic Writers
Romantic Art
The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism
Nature and the Sublime
Religion in the Romantic Period
Methodism
New Directions in Continental Religion
Romantic Views of Nationalism and History
Herder and Culture
Hegel and History
Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
THE CORONATION OF NAPOLEON
Sailors and Canned Food
The Experience of War in the Napoleonic Age
Chapter 20: The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815–1832)
The Conservative Order
The Congress System
The Domestic Political Order
Conservative Outlooks
The Emergence of Nationalism and Liberalism
Nationalism
Early-Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism
Classical Economics
Relationship of Liberalism to Nationalism
Conservative Restoration in Europe
Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the Germanies
Postwar Repression in Great Britain
Bourbon Restoration in France
The Spanish Revolution of 1820
The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
Revolt Against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans
Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825
Revolution in France (1830)
Belgium Becomes Independent (1830)
The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832)
The Wars of Independence in Latin America
Wars of Independence on the South American Continent
Independence in New Spain
Brazilian Independence
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Mazzini and Lord Acton Debate the Political Principles of Nationalism
Gymnastics and German Nationalism
AN UNSUCCESSFUL MILITARY COUP IN RUSSIA
Chapter 21: Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830–1850)
Toward an Industrial Society
Population and Migration
Railways
The Labor Force
The Emergence of a Wage-Labor Force
Working-Class Political Action: The Example of British Chartism
Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution
The Family in the Early Factory System
Women in the Early Industrial Revolution
Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment
Changing Expectations in the Working-Class Marriage
Problems of Crime, Order, and Poverty
New Police Forces
Prison Reform
Government Policies Based on Classical Economics
Early Socialism
Utopian Socialism
Anarchism
Marxism
1848: Year of Revolutions
France: The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon
The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted
Italy: Republicanism Defeated
The German Confederation: Liberalism Frustrated
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
The Potato and the Great Hunger in Ireland
Andrew Ure and John Ruskin Debate the Conditions of Factory Production
THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN LONDON
The Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic Economy
PART 5: Toward the Modern World, 1850–1939
Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States
The Crimean War (1853–1856)
Peace Settlement and Long-Term Results
Reforms in the Ottoman Empire
Italian Unification
Romantic Republicans
Cavour’s Policy
The New Italian State
German Unification
Bismarck
The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire (1870–1871)
France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic
The Paris Commune
The Third Republic
The Habsburg Empire
Formation of the Dual Monarchy
Unrest of Nationalities
Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings
Reforms of Alexander II
Revolutionaries
Great Britain: Toward Democracy
The Second Reform Act (1867)
Gladstone’s Great Ministry (1868–1874)
Disraeli in Office (1874–1880)
The Irish Question
In Perspective
Key Term
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
THE SUEZ CANAL
Nineteenth-Century Nationalism: Two Sides
The Arrival of Penny Postage
Chapter 23: The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I
Population Trends and Migration
The Second Industrial Revolution
New Industries
Economic Difficulties
The Middle Classes in Ascendancy
Social Distinctions within the Middle Classes
Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life
The Redesign of Cities
Urban Sanitation
Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values
Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Experiences
Women’s Social Disabilities
New Employment Patterns for Women
Working-Class Women
Poverty and Prostitution
Women of the Middle Class
The Rise of Political Feminism
Jewish Emancipation
Differing Degrees of Citizenship
Broadened Opportunities
Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I
Trade Unionism
Democracy and Political Parties
Karl Marx and the First International
Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Welfare Programs
France: “Opportunism” Rejected
Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism
Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Bicycles: Transportation, Freedom, and Sport
Bernstein and Lenin Debate the Tactics of European Socialism
BLOODY SUNDAY, ST. PETERSBURG, 1905
Chapter 24: The Birth of Modern European Thought
The New Reading Public
Advances in Primary Education
Reading Material for the Mass Audience
Science at Midcentury
Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science
New Theories of Evolution: Lamarck, Lyell, Darwin, Wallace
Science and Ethics: Social Darwinism
Christianity and the Church Under Siege
Intellectual Skepticism
Conflict Between Church and State
Areas of Religious Revival
The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World
Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought
Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
Science: The Revolution in Physics
Literature: Realism and Naturalism
Modernism in Literature
The Coming of Modern Art
Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against Reason
The Birth of Psychoanalysis
Retreat from Rationalism in Politics
Racism
Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism
Women and Modern Thought
Antifeminism in Late-Century Thought
New Directions in Feminism
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
The Birth of Science Fiction
The Debate over Social Darwinism
POPULAR RELIGION AND PILGRIMAGE
Chapter 25: The Age of Western Imperialism
The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization
The Age of British Imperial Dominance
The Imperialism of Free Trade
British Settler Colonies
India—The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire
The “New Imperialism,” 1870–1914
Motives for the New Imperialism
The Partition of Africa
Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Libya
Egypt and British Strategic Concern about the Upper Nile
West Africa
The Belgian Congo
German Empire in Africa
Southern Africa
Russian Expansion in Mainland Asia
Western Powers in Asia
France in Asia
The United States’ Actions in Asia, the Pacific, and Latin America
The Boxer Rebellion
Tools of Imperialism
Steamboats
Conquest of Tropical Diseases
Firearms
The Missionary Factor
Missionary Movements
Tensions Between Missionaries and Imperial Administrators
Missionaries and Indigenous Religious Movements
Science and Imperialism
Botany
Zoology
Medicine
Anthropology
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
THE FRENCH IN MOROCCO
Two Views of Turn-of-the-Twentieth-Century Imperial Expansion
Submarine Cables
Imperialism: Ancient and Modern
Chapter 26: Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace
Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873–1890)
Bismarck’s Leadership
Forging the Triple Entente (1890–1907)
World War I
The Road to War (1908–1914)
Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June–August 1914)
Strategies and Stalemate: 1914–1917
The Russian Revolution
The Provisional Government
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
The Communist Dictatorship
The End of World War I
Germany’s Last Offensive
The Armistice
The End of the Ottoman Empire
The Settlement at Paris
Obstacles the Peacemakers Faced
The Peace
World War I and Colonial Empires
Evaluating the Peace
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
The Outbreak of World War I
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMORED TANK
War Propaganda and the Movies: Charlie Chaplin
Chapter 27: The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression
After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement
Toward the Great Depression in Europe
Financial Tailspin
Problems in Agricultural Commodities
Depression and Government Policy in Britain and France
The Soviet Experiment
War Communism
The New Economic Policy
The Third International
Stalin versus Trotsky
The Decision for Rapid Industrialization
The Collectivization of Agriculture
The Purges
The Fascist Experiment in Italy
The Rise of Mussolini
The Fascists in Power
German Democracy and Dictatorship
The Weimar Republic
Depression and Political Deadlock
Hitler Comes to Power
Hitler’s Consolidation of Power
Anti-Semitism and the Police State
Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women
Nazi Economic Policy
Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe
Economic and Ethnic Pressures
Poland: Democracy to Military Rule
Czechoslovakia: A Viable Democratic Experiment
Hungary: Turn to Authoritarianism
Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi Occupation
Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Cinema of the Political Left and Right
THE NAZI PARTY RALLY
The Soviets and the Nazis Confront the Issues of Women and the Family
PART 6: Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions, 1939–2008
Chapter 28: World War II
Again the Road to War (1933–1939)
Hitler’s Goals
Italy Attacks Ethiopia
Remilitarization of the Rhineland
The Spanish Civil War
Austria and Czechoslovakia
Munich
The Nazi–Soviet Pact
World War II (1939–1945)
The German Conquest of Europe
The Battle of Britain
The German Attack on Russia
Hitler’s Plans for Europe
Japan and the United States Enter the War
The Tide Turns
The Defeat of Nazi Germany
Fall of the Japanese Empire
The Cost of War
Racism and the Holocaust
The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community
Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars
The Nazi Assault on the Jews of Poland
Explanations of the Holocaust
The Domestic Fronts
Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat
France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance
Great Britain: Organization for Victory
The Soviet Union: “The Great Patriotic War”
Preparations for Peace
The Atlantic Charter
Tehran: Agreement on a Second Front
Yalta
Potsdam
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
The Munich Settlement
Rosie the Riveter and American Women in the War Effort
THE VICHY REGIME IN FRANCE
Chapter 29: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
The Emergence of the Cold War
Containment in American Foreign Policy
Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe
The Postwar Division of Germany
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
The Creation of the State of Israel
The Korean War
The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union
Khrushchev’s Domestic Policies
The Three Crises of 1956
Later Cold War Confrontations
The Berlin Wall
The Cuban Missile Crisis
The Brezhnev Era
1968: The Invasion of Czechoslovakia
The United States and Détente
The Invasion of Afghanistan
Communism and Solidarity in Poland
Relations with the Reagan Administration
Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire
Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal
India
Further British Retreat from Empire
The Turmoil of French Decolonization
France and Algeria
France and Vietnam
Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War
Direct United States Involvement
The Collapse of European Communism
Gorbachev Attempts to Reform the Soviet Union
1989: Revolution in Eastern Europe
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
The Yeltsin Decade
The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War
Putin and the Resurgence of Russia
The Rise of Radical Political Islamism
Arab Nationalism
The Iranian Revolution
Afghanistan and Radical Islamism
A Transformed West
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
The Soviet Union and the United States Draw the Lines of the Cold War
Rock Music and Political Protest
COLLAPSE OF THE BERLIN WALL
Chapter 30: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples
Displacement Through War
External and Internal Migration
The New Muslim Population
European Population Trends
Toward a Welfare State Society
Christian Democratic Parties
The Creation of Welfare States
Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare State
New Patterns in Work and Expectations of Women
Feminism
More Married Women in the Workforce
New Work Patterns
Women in the New Eastern Europe
Transformations in Knowledge and Culture
Communism and Western Europe
Existentialism
Expansion of the University Population and Student Rebellion
The Americanization of Europe
A Consumer Society
Environmentalism
Art Since World War II
Cultural Divisions and the Cold War
The Christian Heritage
Neo-Orthodoxy
Liberal Theology
Roman Catholic Reform
Late-Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer
The Demand for Calculating Machines
Early Computer Technology
The Development of Desktop Computers
The Challenges of European Unification
Postwar Cooperation
The European Economic Community
The European Union
Discord over the Union
New American Leadership and Financial Crisis
European Debt Crisis
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Muslim Women Debate France’s Ban on the Veil
Toys from Europe Conquer the United States
NAMELESS LIBRARY, VIENNA
ENERGY AND THE MODERN WORLD
Glossary
Index
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