Robert W. Sinibaldi is a former president of the Tampa Bay Fossil Club and is currently a member of its board of directors. He is author of Fossil Diving: In Florida's Waters or any other Waters Containing Prehistoric Treasures and The Handbook of Paleontological Terms.
List of Figures | p. xi |
Preface | p. xxiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
What Is a Vertebrate Fossil? | p. 3 |
What Are Morphology, Pathology, Natural Alterations, and Cultural Modifications? | p. 3 |
Why Study Morphology, Pathology, Natural Alterations, and Cultural Modifications? | p. 4 |
Using This Pictorial Guide | p. 5 |
Figures | p. 5 |
Geological Time Scales | p. 5 |
American Archaeological Time Scales | p. 7 |
General Directional Terminology | p. 7 |
Endnotes | p. 7 |
The Morphology of Fossil Bones | p. 9 |
Introduction | p. 9 |
Types of Joints | p. 11 |
Sutures | p. 22 |
Growth Plates and Epiphyseals | p. 23 |
Tendon and Ligament Attachment Scars and Processes | p. 29 |
Bone Densities | p. 36 |
Vision | p. 40 |
Bones as Armor | p. 44 |
Skin Attachment Scars | p. 50 |
Markings Left by Nerves and Blood Vessels | p. 53 |
Auditory Bones | p. 57 |
The Braincase | p. 60 |
The Morphology of Fossil Teeth | p. 63 |
Introduction | p. 63 |
General Mammalian Tooth Morphology | p. 65 |
Herbivores | p. 70 |
Carnivores | p. 80 |
Omnivores | p. 84 |
Special Cases of Mammalian Teeth | p. 88 |
Age Determination/Stages of Development | p. 97 |
Sexual Dimorphism | p. 109 |
Shark Tooth Morphology | p. 111 |
Reptile and Fish Teeth | p. 124 |
Natural Alterations to Fossils | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Biological Alterations | p. 130 |
Geological Alterations | p. 136 |
Hydrological Alterations | p. 143 |
Atmospheric Alterations | p. 147 |
Pathologies in Fossil Bones | p. 152 |
Introduction | p. 152 |
Ankylosis and Syndactyly | p. 154 |
Necrosis and Sequestrum | p. 156 |
Osteitis | p. 159 |
Bone Discontinuities | p. 161 |
Arthritis | p. 163 |
Osteoarthritis | p. 165 |
Osteophytes, Spondylosis Deformans, Spondyloarthropathy, and Herniated Disks | p. 171 |
Pathological Fractures | p. 176 |
Pseudopathologies | p. 182 |
Congenital Anomalies and Problematic Specimens | p. 194 |
Pathologies in Fossil Teeth | p. 201 |
Introduction | p. 201 |
Dental Caries | p. 202 |
Dental Abscess | p. 208 |
Dental Hypoplasia | p. 209 |
Periodontal Disease | p. 210 |
Impacted Teeth | p. 213 |
Unusual Wear Patterns, Extra Teeth, and Missing Teeth | p. 216 |
Pathological Shark Teeth | p. 219 |
Congenital Anomalies and Problematic Specimens | p. 231 |
Cultural Modification of Bones, Antlers, and Teeth | p. 239 |
Introduction | p. 239 |
Unintentional Modifications | p. 242 |
Intentional Modifications | p. 248 |
Problematic Specimens | p. 314 |
Glossary | p. 325 |
Notes | p. 339 |
Selected References | p. 353 |
Acknowledgments | p. 359 |
Index | p. 363 |
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