Women and Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine

by Shangold, Mona M.; Mirkin, Gabe

• ISBN13: 9780803678170
• ISBN10: 0803678177
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1994-06-01
• Publisher: F. A. Davis Co.

Summary

Women and Exercise is an invaluable resource for all physicians, from general practitioners to specialists seeking information outside their specialty, who need up-to-date information and expert advice about women and exercise.

Table of Contents

PART I BASIC CONCEPTS OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY	1	(126)
Fitness: Definition and Development	3	(24)
Mary L. O'Toole
Pamela S. Douglas
Components of Fitness	4	(1)
Muscular Strength and Endurance	4	(1)
Body Composition	4	(1)
Flexibility	4	(1)
Cardiovascular-Respiratory Capacity	4	(1)
Benefits of Fitness	5	(3)
For Healthy Individuals	5	(1)
Medical Implications	6	(2)
Fitness Evaluation	8	(6)
Muscular Strength and Endurance	8	(1)
Body Composition	9	(1)
Flexibility	9	(1)
Functional Capacity	9	(5)
Fitness Development and Maintenance	14	(5)
Fitness Development	14	(2)
Fitness Maintenance	16	(1)
Factors Affecting Fitness Development and Maintenance	17	(2)
Training for Competition	19	(8)
Interval Training	19	(1)
Cross Training	20	(7)
Exercise and Regulation of Body Weight	27	(33)
Denise E. Wilfley
Carlos M. Grilo
Kelly D. Brownell
The Nature and Severity of Weight Disorders	28	(3)
The Association Between Physical Activity and Weight	31	(1)
Exercise and Weight Control	32	(1)
Likely Mechanisms Linking Exercise and Weight Control	33	(6)
Energy Expenditure	34	(2)
Appetite and Hunger	36	(1)
Body Composition	37	(1)
Physical Activity and Health	37	(1)
Psychologic Changes	38	(1)
The Challenge of Adherence	39	(4)
Adherence and the Demographics of Obesity	39	(1)
Obstacles to Exercise for the Overweight Individual	39	(1)
Adherence Studies	40	(3)
Program Recommendations	43	(2)
Avoid a Threshold Mentality	43	(1)
Consistency May be More Important than the Type or Amount of Exercise	44	(1)
Provide Thorough Education	45	(1)
Be Sensitive to the Special Needs of Overweight Persons	45	(1)
Special Issues	45	(15)
The Role of Exercise in the Search for the Perfect Body	45	(1)
Ideal Versus Healthy Versus Reasonable Weight	45	(2)
Exercise Overuse (Abuse)	47	(13)
Training for Strength	60	(13)
David H. Clarke
Definition of Strength	60	(1)
Isotonic Training	61	(2)
Isometric Training	63	(1)
Isotonic Versus Isometric Traning	64	(1)
Eccentric Training	65	(2)
Isokinetic Exercise	67	(1)
Hypertrophy of Skeletal Muscle	68	(1)
Aging and Strength Development	69	(4)
Endurance Training	73	(16)
Thomas D. Fahey
Factors that Determine Success in Endurance Events	73	(7)
Maximal Oxygen Consumption	74	(3)
Mitochondrial Density	77	(1)
Performance Efficiency	78	(1)
Body Composition	79	(1)
Sex Differences in Endurance Performance	80	(2)
Training for Endurance	82	(7)
Components of Overload	83	(1)
Principles of Training	84	(5)
Bone Concerns	89	(13)
Everett L. Smith
Catherine Gilligan
Incidence and Cost of Osteoporosis	90	(1)
Effects of Calcium Intake	91	(2)
Mechanism of Exercise Benefits	93	(1)
Effects of Inactivity	94	(2)
Effects of Exercise	96	(1)
Athletic Amenorrhea and Bone	97	(1)
Problems in Studying Exercise Effects	98	(4)
Nutrition for Sports	102	(25)
Gabe Mirkin
Nutrients	103	(2)
Carbohydrates	103	(1)
Proteins	103	(2)
Fats	105	(1)
Energy Storage	105	(1)
Comparing Women and Men	106	(1)
Endurance	106	(1)
``Hitting the Wall'': Depletion of Muscle Glycogen	106	(1)
``Bonking'': Depletion of Liver Glycogen	107	(1)
Increasing Endurance	107	(1)
Training to Increase Endurance	107	(1)
Utilizing Fat Instead of Glycogen	107	(1)
Diet and Endurance	108	(3)
Food Intake During the Week Before Competition	108	(1)
Eating the Night Before Competition	109	(1)
Eating the Meal Before Competition	109	(1)
Eating Before Exercising	110	(1)
Eating During Competition	110	(1)
Drinking Before Competition	111	(1)
Drinking During Competition	111	(2)
Dehydration and ``Heat Cramps''	111	(1)
Women May Need Less Fluid Than Men	112	(1)
When to Drink	112	(1)
What to Drink	112	(1)
Cold or Warm?	113	(1)
Eating and Drinking After Competition	113	(1)
Protein Requirements	113	(1)
Vitamins	114	(2)
Mechanism of Function	114	(1)
Vitamin Needs of Female Athletes	115	(1)
Vitamin C and Colds	115	(1)
Vitamins and Birth Control Pills	115	(1)
Vitamins and Premenstrual Syndrome	116	(1)
Minerals	116	(3)
Iron	116	(1)
Calcium	117	(1)
Sodium	118	(1)
Potassium	118	(1)
Trace Minerals	119	(1)
The Athlete's Diet	119	(8)
PART II DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES	127	(88)
The Prepubescent Female	129	(12)
Oded Bar-Or
Physiologic Response to Short-Term Exercise	130	(2)
Submaximal Oxygen Uptake	130	(1)
Maximal Aerobic Power	131	(1)
Anaerobic Power and Muscle Endurance	131	(1)
Muscle Strength	132	(1)
Trainability	132	(1)
Thermoregulatory Capacity	133	(2)
Response to Hot Climate	133	(1)
Response to Cold Climate	134	(1)
High-Risk Groups for Heat- or Cold-Related Disorders	135	(1)
Growth, Pubertal Changes, and Athletic Training	135	(2)
Coeducational Participation in Contact and Collision Sports	137	(4)
Growth, Performance, Activity, and Training During Adolescence	141	(11)
Robert M. Malina
The Adolescent Growth Spurt	142	(1)
Body Size	142	(1)
Body Composition	142	(1)
Menarche	142	(1)
Physical Performance and Activity During Adolescence	143	(3)
Strength	143	(1)
Motor Performance	144	(1)
Maximal Aerobic Power	144	(1)
Physical Activity Habits	145	(1)
Significance of the Adolescent Plateau in Performance	145	(1)
Influence of Training on the Tempo of Growth and Maturation During Adolescence	146	(6)
Stature and Body Composition	146	(1)
Sexual Maturation	147	(1)
Hormonal Responses	148	(1)
Fatness and Menarche	149	(1)
Other Maturity Indicators	149	(1)
Overtraining	149	(3)
Menstruation and Menstrual Disorders	152	(20)
Mona M. Shangold
Prevalence of Menstrual Dysfunction Among Athletes	152	(2)
Review of Menstrual Physiology	154	(1)
Types of Menstrual Dysfunction	154	(2)
Menstrual Cycle Changes with Exercise and Training	156	(3)
Weight Loss and Thinness	156	(1)
Physical and Emotional Stress	157	(1)
Dietary Factors	157	(2)
Hormonal Changes with Exercise and Training	159	(3)
Acute Hormone Alterations with Exercise	159	(1)
Chronic Hormone Alterations with Training	159	(3)
Consequences of Menstrual Dysfunction	162	(3)
Luteal Phase Deficiency	162	(1)
Anovulatory Oligomenorrhea	162	(1)
Hypoestrogenic Amenorrhea	163	(2)
Diagnostic Evaluation of Menstrual Dysfunction in Athletes	165	(1)
Treatment of Menstrual Dysfunction in Athletes	166	(2)
Evaluation and Treatment of Primary Amenorrhea	168	(4)
Pregnancy	172	(15)
Marshall W. Carpenter
Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy	173	(1)
Acute Physiologic Response to Exertion in the Nonpregnant State	173	(1)
Acute Metabolic Response to Exertion	174	(1)
Effect of Pregnancy on the Acute Physiologic Response to Exertion	175	(1)
Effect of Pregnancy on the Acute Metabolic Response to Exertion	176	(1)
Maternal Thermoregulation During Exercise	177	(1)
Acute Effects of Maternal Exertion on the Fetus	178	(1)
Maternal Exercise Training Effects on Fetal Growth and Perinatal Outcome	179	(1)
Recommendations About Recreational Exercise	180	(7)
Menopause	187	(28)
Morris Notelovitz
Mona M. Shangold
Menopause in Perspective	187	(2)
Osteoporosis and Bone Health	189	(7)
Osteogenesis: A Brief Overview	189	(3)
Exercise and Osteogenesis: Clinical Research	192	(4)
Atherogenic Disease and Cardiorespiratory Fitness	196	(6)
Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Exercise	196	(2)
Aerobic Power	198	(4)
Muscle Tissue and Strength	202	(3)
Age-Related Loss of Muscle Tissue and Strength	202	(3)
Strength Training	205	(1)
Other Menopausal Problems: Vasomotor Symptoms	205	(1)
Other Age-Related Changes	205	(1)
Exercise and Adipose Tissue	205	(1)
Exercise and Osteoarthrosis	206	(1)
Exercise and Well-Being	206	(9)
PART III SPECIAL ISSUES AND CONCERNS	215	(98)
The Breast	217	(6)
Christine E. Haycock
Breast Support	217	(2)
Nipple Injury	219	(1)
Trauma	219	(1)
Breast Augmentation and Reduction	219	(1)
Pregnancy and Lactation	220	(1)
Premenstrual Changes and Fibrocystic Breasts	220	(1)
Exercise Following Trauma or Surgery	221	(2)
Gynecologic Concerns in Exercise and Training	223	(11)
Mona M. Shangold
Contraception	223	(3)
Oral Contraceptives	224	(1)
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)	225	(1)
Mechanical (Barrier) Methods	225	(1)
Norplant	225	(1)
Choosing a Contraceptive	226	(1)
Dysmenorrhea	226	(1)
Endometriosis	227	(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome	227	(2)
Fertility	229	(1)
Stress Urinary Incontinence	229	(1)
Postoperative Training and Recovery	230	(1)
Effect of Menstrual Cycle on Performance	231	(3)
Orthopedic Concerns	234	(27)
Letha Y. Griffin
Patella Pain	235	(14)
Anatomy of the Patella	235	(1)
Sources of Pain	236	(2)
Evaluating Patella Pain	238	(4)
Acute Traumatic Patella Dislocation	242	(3)
Patella Subluxation	245	(2)
Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome	247	(2)
Patella Plica	249	(1)
Patella Pain: Summary	249	(1)
Impingement Syndromes	249	(4)
Ankle Impingement	250	(1)
Wrist Impingement	250	(1)
Shoulder Impingement	251	(2)
Other Common Conditions	253	(8)
Achilles Tendinitis	253	(1)
Shin Splints	254	(1)
Stress Fractures	255	(1)
Low Back Pain	256	(1)
Bunions	257	(1)
Morton's Neuroma	258	(3)
Medical Conditions Arising During Sports	261	(21)
Arthur J. Siegel
The Physiology of Athletes	262	(1)
Cardiac Changes with Exercise and Training: Risks and Benefits	263	(1)
Primary and Secondary Prevention of Heart Disease Through Exercise	263	(1)
Exercise and Cancer Risk	264	(1)
Hazards of Exercise	264	(9)
Heat Stress	264	(3)
Hematologic Effects: Iron Status and Anemia	267	(2)
``Runner's Diarrhea''	269	(1)
Effects on the Urinary Tract	269	(1)
Exercise-Induced Asthma	270	(2)
Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis	272	(1)
Exercise-Induced Urticaria	273	(1)
Pseudosyndromes in Athletes	273	(2)
Pseudoanemia (``Runner's Anemia'')	273	(1)
``Athletic Pseudonephritis''	273	(1)
Serum Enzyme Abnormalities: Muscle Injury and Pseudohepatitis	274	(1)
Pseudomyocarditis	274	(1)
Screening the Athlete for Medical Clearance	275	(1)
Caution: When Not to Exercise	275	(7)
Cardiovascular Issues	282	(10)
Pamela S. Douglas
Aerobic Capacity	282	(1)
Cardiac Function in Response to Exercise	283	(3)
Exercise Electrocardiographic to Testing	286	(1)
Exercise Limitations in Heart Disease	287	(5)
Mitral Valve Prolapse	287	(1)
Anorexia Nervosa	288	(1)
Sudden Death	288	(1)
Other Forms of Heart Disease	289	(3)
Eating Disorders	292	(21)
Jack L. Katz
Epidemiology	293	(1)
Setting and Onset	293	(2)
Anorexia Nervosa	293	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa	294	(1)
Clinical Features	295	(3)
Anorexia Nervosa	295	(2)
Bulimia Nervosa	297	(1)
Biology of Eating Disorders	298	(3)
Physical Sequelae	298	(1)
Laboratory Findings	299	(1)
Endocrine Abnormalities: Hypothalamic Implications	300	(1)
Diagnosis, Course, and Prognosis of the Eating Disorders	301	(1)
Co-Morbidity	302	(1)
Theories of Etiology	303	(2)
Treatment	305	(2)
Exercise and Eating Disorders	307	(2)
Eating Disorders and Other Special Subcultures	309	(4)
Appendix A	313	(1)
Exercise Following Injury, Surgery, or Infection	313	(6)
Index	319