Women, Law, And Social Control

by Merlo, Alida V.; Pollock, Joycelyn M.

• ISBN13: 9780205442072
• ISBN10: 0205442072
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-21
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

A collection of original articles written by leading scholars in the field that examines women as offenders, professionals, and victims. This integrated approach explores current issues including the increase in womenrs"s imprisonment rates, women as rape survivors, women who kill in abusive relationships, and women working within the criminal justice systemwhich illuminates the special sanctions women face today.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
About the Contributors	xi
PART ONE Introduction	1	(88)
Gender, Justice, and Social Control: A Historical Perspective	3	(29)
Joycelyn M. Pollock
Images of Women and Social Control	4	(3)
Social Control	6	(1)
Women's Role in Colonial America	7	(2)
The Nineteenth Century: ``Separate Spheres''	9	(4)
Feminism in the Nineteenth Century	11	(2)
The Twentieth Century	13	(14)
The Second Wave of Feminism	15	(1)
Women as Criminals	16	(1)
Women as Victims	17	(4)
Women as Professionals	21	(5)
Crossovers	26	(1)
Conclusion	27	(5)
Images of Women	32	(15)
Frankie Y. Bailey
Historical Images of Women	33	(4)
Images of Women as Criminals	35	(1)
The Emergence of Mass Media	36	(1)
Evolving Images of Women in Mass Media	37	(6)
Images of Criminal Women and Criminal Justice Practitioners	39	(1)
In Search of Positive Images for Women	40	(1)
Images of Women in Music and Comics	40	(2)
News Coverage of Victims and Offenders	42	(1)
Conclusion	43	(4)
Current Issues in the Law and Women: What Would a Reasonable Woman Do?	47	(17)
Mary K. Stohr
Lisa Growette Bostaph
Law as a Gendered Entity	48	(2)
What Would a Reasonable Woman Do?	50	(3)
Case Law and the Reasonable Woman Standard	51	(1)
Civil Protection Orders that Encompass the Reasonable Woman Standard	52	(1)
Separate Spheres	53	(4)
The Legal Bridge into the Male Sphere	53	(1)
Women in Criminal Justice Agencies	54	(1)
Employment Discrimination Continues	55	(1)
Reverse Discrimination	56	(1)
Women's Experiences in the Law	57	(3)
The Gender Bias Studies	57	(3)
Policy Implications	60	(1)
Conclusion	60	(4)
Regulating and Controlling Women's Bodies	64	(25)
Kate Bagley
Alida V. Merlo
Pregnant Women and Drugs	65	(5)
Prosecution of Pregnant Women for Substance Abuse	66	(2)
The Effects of Crack Cocaine on Fetuses	68	(1)
A Slippery Slope?	68	(2)
Defining the Fetus as a Person	70	(1)
Coercive Contraception	71	(1)
Controlling Women with AIDS	72	(2)
Controlling Pregnant Women with AIDS	74	(2)
HIV/AIDS in Prison	76	(3)
The Criminal Justice System's Response to Women Infected with HIV/AIDS	79	(1)
Policy Implications and Future Goals	79	(3)
Conclusion	82	(7)
PART TWO Women Practitioners in the Criminal Justice System	89	(58)
Police Women in the Twenty-First Century	91	(20)
Kathryn E. Scarborough
Carole Garrison
Media Images of Policewomen	95	(2)
Research on Policewomen	97	(3)
Applied Research	98	(2)
Voices from Women in the Field	100	(4)
Recruitment and Retention	101	(1)
Promotion Findings	102	(1)
Sexual Harassment Findings	103	(1)
Interagency Collaboration Findings	103	(1)
Summary of Findings	103	(1)
Conclusion	104	(7)
Women Working in Prisons and Jail Settings: Progress and Prospects	111	(22)
Mary Anne Farkas
Perspectives on Work Behavior	112	(1)
History of Women in Corrections	113	(3)
Legal Challenges to Women Working in All-Male Institutions	115	(1)
Women Working as Correctional Officers	116	(6)
Reasons for Women's Entry into Corrections	116	(1)
Supervision Styles of Women Correctional Officers	117	(3)
Perceptions of Supervisory Styles	120	(1)
Views of Male Coworkers	120	(1)
Attitudes of Male Inmates	121	(1)
Attitudes of Correctional Administrators	121	(1)
Women in Management Positions	122	(2)
Perspectives on Management Styles	122	(1)
Management Styles of Female Wardens and Superintendents	123	(1)
Major Obstacles for Women	124	(3)
Increased Occupational Stress	125	(1)
Gender and Sexual Harassment	125	(2)
Conclusion	127	(6)
The Practice of Law in the Twenty-First Century	133	(14)
Frances Bernat
History of Women in the Legal Profession	134	(1)
Stereotypes That Hurt Women Lawyers	135	(2)
Gender Bias Is Widespread and Persistent	137	(4)
Salary Inequities Remain	138	(1)
Female Lawyers of Color	139	(1)
Women in the Judiciary	139	(1)
Women in Law School	140	(1)
Balanced Lives	141	(3)
Female Lawyers in the Criminal Justice System	142	(1)
Redefining the Legal Profession	143	(1)
Conclusion	144	(3)
PART THREE Women as Victims	147	(42)
Rape Survivors: The Law and The Reality	149	(21)
Mittie D. Southerland
Rachel M. Southerland
Types and Definitions of Rape	150	(3)
Types of Rape	150	(1)
Perceptual Definitions of Rape	151	(1)
Personal Definitions of Rape	152	(1)
Legal Definitions of Rape	152	(1)
Legal Reforms	153	(2)
Marital Exemption for Rape	153	(1)
Rape Shield Laws	154	(1)
Campus Reforms	154	(1)
Hate Rape	155	(1)
Prevalence and Correlates	155	(5)
Trends and the 2002 Victimization Data	156	(4)
Aftermath of Rape	160	(2)
Rape Trauma Syndrome	160	(1)
Postrape Adjustment	161	(1)
Motivation for Rape	162	(2)
Feminist Theories	162	(1)
Individualistic Theories	163	(1)
Limitations of Rape Motivation Theories	163	(1)
Policy Implications	164	(2)
Preventing Acquaintance Rape	164	(1)
Law Enforcement Issues	164	(1)
Higher Education Issues	165	(1)
NCVS Methodological Issues	165	(1)
Conclusion	166	(4)
Intimate Partner Violence Against and By Women	170	(19)
Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Historical Perspective	171	(2)
Intimate Partner Violence	173	(6)
Prevalence of Relationship Violence	174	(2)
Crimes Against Women	176	(3)
Effects of Intimate Partner Violence	179	(2)
Responses to Intimate Partner Violence	181	(3)
Social Action Responses	181	(1)
Legalistic Responses	182	(2)
Conclusion	184	(5)
PART FOUR Women Offenders	189	(60)
Female Criminality: Ten Years Later	191	(20)
Sareta M. Davis
Alida V. Merlo
Joycelyn M. Pollock
Constructing a Theory of Female Criminality	193	(10)
Recent Theories	197	(6)
Drugs: Impact on Female Criminality	203	(2)
Conclusion	205	(6)
Women Drug Offenders	211	(16)
Marilyn D. McShane
Frank P. Williams, III
A Brief History of Drugs	212	(1)
Women as Drug Offenders	213	(3)
Criminal Involvement with Drugs	214	(1)
The Impact of the War on Drugs	215	(1)
Drug Offending and Women's Lifestyles	216	(2)
Sources of Interaction	216	(1)
Drugs and Social Issues	216	(2)
Drugs and Criminological Theories	218	(1)
Treatment Issues	218	(2)
Access to Treatment	219	(1)
Treatment for AIDS	219	(1)
Mental Health, Abuse, and Family Support Issues	219	(1)
Policy Responses and Implications	220	(3)
Laws and Pregnancy	220	(1)
Asset Forfeiture and Zero Tolerance Policies	221	(1)
Termination of Parental Rights	222	(1)
Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Harsher Drug Laws	223	(1)
Conclusion	223	(4)
Women as Perpetrators of Murder	227	(22)
Peter J. Benekos
Images of Murder: Women as Offenders and Victims	229	(10)
Offender/Victim Relationship	231	(2)
Marital Violence	233	(4)
Infanticide	237	(2)
Suicide	239	(1)
Theories of Family Violence	239	(4)
Integrated Model	241	(1)
Motives for Murder	242	(1)
Conclusion	243	(6)
PART FIVE Girls, Minorities, and Women in the System	249	(64)
The Context of Women's Imprisonment	251	(20)
Barbara Owen
Gender and Social Control	252	(3)
The Gendered Context of the Imprisonment Binge	253	(2)
Pathways to Imprisonment: A Contextual Approach	255	(3)
Violence and Trauma	256	(1)
Substance Abuse	257	(1)
Economic Marginalization	257	(1)
Origins of the Prison	258	(1)
The Reformatory	259	(1)
The Contemporary Prison	259	(4)
Programming	260	(1)
Issues Affecting Women in Prison	261	(2)
Reentry and the Gendered Problems of Parole	263	(3)
The Experience of Parole for Women	264	(1)
Parole and Motherhood	264	(1)
Recidivism	265	(1)
Policy Implications	266	(1)
Conclusion	266	(5)
Still the ``Best Place to Conquer Girls'': Girls and the Juvenile Justice System	271	(21)
Meda Chesney-Lind
Katherine Irwin
A Century of Girls' Justice	272	(2)
Research and Girls in the System	274	(1)
Girls' Arrest Trends	275	(3)
Relabeling	278	(2)
Rediscovery and ``Upcriming''	279	(1)
Juvenile Justice in the New Millennium	280	(4)
Girls Detention Trends	281	(3)
Girls' Experiences in Detention	284	(2)
Gender and Training Schools---Girls' Victimization Continues	285	(1)
Girls and Juvenile Justice: What Does the Future Hold?	286	(2)
Conclusion	288	(4)
Intersectionality of Race/Ethnicity, Class, and Justice: Women of Color	292	(21)
Janice Joseph
Conceptual Framework	293	(3)
Justice	294	(1)
Race/Ethnicity, Class, and Crime	295	(1)
Women of Color	296	(3)
Theoretical Perspectives	297	(2)
Race/Ethnicity, Class, and Gender Intersectionality	299	(1)
Race/Ethnicity, Class, Criminalization, and Justice	300	(4)
Criminalization	301	(2)
Women of Color and the Courts	303	(1)
Women of Color and Incarceration	303	(1)
Race/Ethnicity, Class, Victimization, and Justice	304	(2)
Domestic Violence	304	(2)
Sexual Abuse	306
Other Forms of Victimization	305	(1)
Consequences of Differential Justice	306	(1)
Policy Implications	307	(1)
Conclusion	308	(5)
PART SIX Conclusion	313	(20)
Assessing Progress and Imagining the Future for Women and Justice	315	(18)
Alida V. Merlo
Women in Law-Related Professions	316	(4)
Women, the Law, and the Judiciary	316	(1)
Women in Law Enforcement	317	(1)
Harassment and Discrimination in the Profession	318	(1)
Women in Corrections	319	(1)
Controlling Women's Bodies	320	(1)
Female Victims	321	(2)
Rape Victimization	322	(1)
Battered Women	322	(1)
Female Offenders and the System's Response	323	(5)
Women, Crime, and Drugs	323	(1)
Women Involved in Violent Crime	324	(1)
Women in Prison and Jail	325	(1)
Juvenile Female Offenders: Differential Processing and Treatment	326	(1)
The Intersection of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Class, and Criminal Justice	327	(1)
Strategies for the Incorporation of Women and Women's Perspectives in Law	328	(5)
Women's Progress in Education and Politics	328	(5)
Index	333