The World of Chemistry Essentials

by Joesten, Melvin D.; Castellion, Mary E.; Hogg, John L.

• ISBN13: 9780495012139
• ISBN10: 0495012130
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-01
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Joesten's WORLD OF CHEMISTRY: ESSENTIALS is known for effectively presenting chemistry in terms understandable to the non-science major. The Fourth Edition continues to clearly explain the importance of chemistry and the impact it has on students' daily lives by including topics that are interesting to students early in the text and by explaining the relevance of the chemical principles students hear about every day in the news. To help students develop a general appreciation of the effect chemistry has on their lives, the authors take a less-theoretical approach to the basics and offer thought-provoking chapter-opening questions, a wealth of pertinent examples, and NEW "Chemistry in Movies" boxes. Additionally, application chapters are now included earlier in the text to further demonstrate to students the relevance of the chemistry they are studying. OWL (Online Web-based Learning), our fully customizable and flexible web-based homework management system and assessment tool, is now available with this text.

Table of Contents

Living in a World of Chemistry	1	(16)
The World of Chemistry	1	(3)
DNA, Biochemistry, and Science	4	(3)
Air-Conditioning, the Ozone Hole, and Technology	7	(3)
Fossil Fuel Use and Global Warming	10	(1)
Benefits/Risks and the Law	10	(4)
What Is Your Attitude Toward Chemistry?	14	(3)
The Chemistry of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)	5	(12)
The Chemical View of Matter	17	(22)
Elements---The Simplest Kind of Matter	18	(1)
Chemical Compounds---Atoms in Combination	19	(1)
Mixtures and Pure Substances	19	(2)
Changes in Matter: Is It Physical or Chemical?	21	(1)
Classification of Matter	22	(4)
The Chemical Elements	26	(2)
Using Chemical Symbols	28	(3)
The Quantitative Side of Science	31	(8)
The Personal Side Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833--1896)	25	(14)
Atoms and the Periodic Table	39	(32)
John Dalton's Atomic Theory	40	(1)
Structure of the Atom	41	(4)
Modern View of the Atom	45	(4)
Where Are the Electrons in Atoms?	49	(8)
Development of the Periodic Table	57	(2)
The Modern Periodic Table	59	(2)
Periodic Trends	61	(3)
Properties of Main-Group Elements	64	(7)
The Personal Side Ernest Rutherford (1871--1937)	44	(7)
The Personal Side Niels Bohr (1885--1962)	51	(20)
The Air We Breathe	71	(22)
The Lower Atmospheric Regions and Their Composition	72	(3)
Air: A Source of Pure Gases	75	(1)
Natural Versus Anthropogenic Air Pollution	76	(1)
Air Pollutants: Particle Size Makes a Difference	77	(1)
Smog	77	(3)
Nitrogen Oxides	80	(3)
Ozone as a Pollutant	83	(1)
Sulfur Dioxide: A Major Primary Pollutant	84	(2)
Hydrocarbons and Air Pollution	86	(1)
Carbon Monoxide	86	(2)
A Look Ahead	88	(5)
Chemical Bonding and States of Matter	93	(32)
Electronegativity and Bonding	94	(1)
Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds	95	(6)
Covalent Bonds	101	(6)
Shapes of Molecules	107	(4)
Polar and Nonpolar Bonding	111	(1)
Properties of Molecular and Ionic Compounds Compared	112	(1)
Intermolecular Forces	113	(1)
The States of Matter	114	(2)
Gases	116	(1)
Liquids	117	(1)
Solutions	117	(2)
Solids	119	(1)
Reversible State Changes	120	(5)
The Personal Side Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875--1946)	103	(22)
Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect	125	(18)
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration over Time	126	(2)
What Is the Greenhouse Effect?	128	(2)
Why Worry about Carbon Dioxide?	130	(3)
Other Greenhouse Gases	133	(1)
Sources of Greenhouse Gases	133	(3)
What Do We Know for Sure about Global Warming?	136	(1)
Consequences of Global Warming---Good or Bad?	136	(1)
The Kyoto Conference Addresses Global Warming	137	(1)
Possible Responses to Global Warming	138	(5)
The Chemistry of Apollo 13 (1995)	127	(16)
Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer	143	(18)
The Oxygen--Ozone Screen	144	(1)
Where Is the Ozone?	145	(2)
The Ozone Layer Is Disappearing	147	(4)
Why CFCs and Why at the Poles?	151	(3)
What Are the Implications of Increases in the Size of the Ozone Hole?	154	(1)
Can We Do Anything about the Ozone Hole?	155	(1)
What Will Replace CFCs?	156	(5)
The Personal Side Susan Solomon (1956-- )	148	(2)
The Personal Side Paul J. Crutzen (1933-- ), Mario J. Molina (1943-- ), and F. Sherwood Rowland (1927-- )	150	(11)
Chemical Reactivity: Chemicals in Action	161	(24)
Balanced Chemical Equations and What They Tell Us	162	(2)
The Mighty Mole and the ``How Much?'' Question	164	(5)
Rates and Reaction Pathways: The ``How Fast?'' Question	169	(4)
Chemical Equilibrium and the ``How Far?'' Question	173	(2)
The Driving Forces and the ``Why?'' Question	175	(4)
Recycling: New Metal for Old	179	(6)
The Personal Side Amadeo Avogadro (1776--1856)	168	(12)
The World of Chemistry Green Design	180	(5)
Acid--Base Reactions	185	(18)
Acids and Bases: Chemical Opposites	186	(4)
The Strengths of Acids and Bases	190	(2)
Molarity and the pH Scale	192	(4)
Acid-Base Buffers	196	(2)
Corrosive Cleaners	198	(1)
Heartburn: Why Reach for an Antacid?	199	(4)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions	203	(18)
Oxidation and Reduction	204	(1)
Oxidizing Agents: They Bleach and They Disinfect	205	(2)
Reducing Agents: For Metallurgy and Good Health	207	(3)
Batteries	210	(5)
Electrolysis: Chemical Reactions Caused by Electron Flow	215	(2)
Corrosion: Unwanted Oxidation--Reduction	217	(4)
The Personal Side Richard Feynman and the Challenger Explosion	207	(14)
Water, Water Everywhere, But Not a Drop to Drink?	221	(30)
The Unique Properties of Water	222	(4)
Acid Rainfall	226	(2)
How Can There Be a Shortage of Something as Abundant as Water?	228	(3)
What Is the Difference between Clean Water and Polluted Water?	231	(2)
The Impact of Hazardous Industrial Wastes on Water Quality	233	(3)
Household Wastes that Affect Water Quality	236	(1)
Toxic Elements Often Found in Water	237	(1)
Measuring Water Pollution	238	(1)
How Water Is Purified Naturally	239	(2)
Water Purification Processes: Classical and Modern	241	(1)
Softening Hard Water	242	(1)
Chlorination and Ozone Treatment of Water	243	(2)
Freshwater from the Sea	245	(2)
Pure Drinking Water for the Home	247	(4)
The World of Chemistry Green Chemistry	235	(10)
The Chemistry of Dr. Strangelove, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)	245	(6)
Energy and Hydrocarbons	251	(34)
Energy from Fuels	252	(5)
Petroleum	257	(5)
Natural Gas	262	(1)
Coal	263	(1)
Methanol as a Fuel	264	(2)
Classes of Hydrocarbons	266	(5)
Alkenes and Alkynes: Reactive Cousins of Alkanes	271	(4)
The Cyclic Hydrocarbons	275	(3)
Alcohols: Oxygen Comes on Board	278	(7)
The World of Chemistry Organic Metals	275	(5)
The Personal Side Percy Lavon Julian (1899--1975)	280	(5)
Nuclear Changes and Nuclear Power	285	(32)
The Discovery of Radioactivity	286	(1)
Nuclear Reactions	287	(4)
The Stability of Atomic Nuclei	291	(1)
Activity and Rates of Nuclear Disintegrations	292	(3)
Artificial Nuclear Reactions	295	(1)
Transuranium Elements	296	(1)
Radon and Other Sources of Background Radiation	297	(3)
Useful Applications of Radioactivity	300	(3)
Energy from Nuclear Reactions	303	(3)
Useful Nuclear Energy	306	(11)
The Personal Side The Curies	287	(3)
The Chemistry of The Saint (1997)	290	(8)
The Personal Side Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912--1999)	298	(14)
The Chemistry of Spider-Man 2 (2004)	312	(5)
Organic Chemicals and Polymers	317	(34)
Organic Chemicals	319	(1)
Alcohols and Their Oxidation Products	320	(6)
Carboxylic Acids and Esters	326	(2)
Synthetic Organic Polymers	328	(13)
New Polymer Materials	341	(2)
Recycling Plastics	343	(8)
The Chemistry of Romy and Michelle's High School Reunion (1995)	336	(5)
The Personal Side Stephanie Louise Kwolek (1925-- )	341	(1)
The World of Chemistry Chemistry in Outer Space	342	(3)
The Chemistry of The Man in the White Suit (1951)	345	(6)
The Chemistry of Life	351	(46)
Handedness and Optical Isomerism	352	(5)
Carbohydrates	357	(5)
Lipids	362	(6)
Soaps, Detergents, and Shampoos	368	(3)
Creams and Lotions	371	(2)
Amino Acids	373	(3)
Peptides and Proteins	376	(3)
Protein Structure and Function	379	(3)
Hair Protein and Permanent Waves	382	(3)
Energy and Biochemical Systems	385	(2)
Nucleic Acids	387	(10)
The World of Chemistry Chiral Drugs	356	(8)
The World of Chemistry Cis and Trans Fatty Acids and Your Health	364	(22)
The Chemistry of Men in Black II (2002)	386	(11)
Nutrition: The Basis of Healthy Living	397	(28)
Digestion: It's Just Chemical Decomposition	398	(1)
Energy: Use It or Store It	399	(4)
Sugar and Polysaccharides: Digestible and Indigestible	403	(1)
Lipids, Mostly Fats and Oils	403	(2)
Proteins in the Diet	405	(2)
Our Daily Diet	407	(2)
Vitamins in the Diet	409	(3)
Minerals in the Diet	412	(3)
Food Additives	415	(3)
Some Daily Diet Arithmetic	418	(7)
The Chemistry of Lorenzo's Oil (1992)	404	(2)
The World of Chemistry The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005	406	(5)
The World of Chemistry Olestra, a ``Fat'' for Calorie Counters	411	(14)
Chemistry and Medicine	425	(36)
Medicines, Prescription Drugs, and Diseases: The Top Tens	426	(2)
Drugs, for Infectious Diseases	428	(3)
AIDS, a Viral Disease	431	(3)
Steroid Hormones	434	(1)
Neurotransmitters	435	(3)
The Dose Makes the Poison	438	(1)
Painkillers of All Kinds	439	(2)
Mood-Altering Drugs, Legal and Illegal	441	(4)
Colds, Allergies, and Other ``Over-the-Counter'' Conditions	445	(2)
Preventive Maintenance: Sunscreens and Toothpaste	447	(3)
Heart Disease	450	(2)
Cancer, Carcinogens, and Anticancer Drugs	452	(4)
Homeopathic Medicine	456	(5)
The Personal Side Paul Ehrlich (1854--1915)	429	(2)
The Chemistry of Me & Isaac Newton (1999)	431	(14)
The World of Chemistry Addictive Drugs	445	(16)
The Chemistry of Useful Materials	461	(24)
The Whole Earth	462	(1)
Chemicals from the Hydrosphere	463	(3)
Metals and Their Ores	466	(5)
Conductors, Semiconductors, and Superconductors	471	(5)
From Rocks to Glass, Ceramics, and Cement	476	(9)
The World of Chemistry Swords of Damascus Leave Legacy of Superplastic Steel	470	(9)
The World of Chemistry Asbestos	479	(6)
Feeding the World	485	(28)
World Population Growth	486	(2)
What Is Soil?	488	(3)
Nutrients	491	(3)
Fertilizers Supplement Natural Soils	494	(5)
Protecting Food Crops	499	(4)
Sustainable Agriculture	503	(3)
Agricultural Genetic Engineering	506	(7)
The World of Chemistry Trying to Mimic Nature	493	(4)
The Personal Side Fritz Haber (1868--1934)	497	(16)
Appendix A: Significant Figures	513	(4)
Appendix B: Scientific Notation	517	(6)
Appendix C: Units of Measure, Unit Conversion and Problem Solving	523	(8)
Appendix D: Naming Organic Compounds	531	(6)
Appendix E: Answers to Concept Checks and The Language of Chemistry	537	(10)
Appendix F: Answers to Try It	547	(4)
Appendix G: Answers to Applying Your Knowledge	551	(14)
Glossary	565	(10)
Credits	575	(2)
Index	577