World History: World History to 1500, Vol. 1

by Howard Spodek

• ISBN13: 9780130643124
• ISBN10: 0130643122
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-02-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
Why History?	xiv
Why World History?	xv
The Origins and Development of This Text	xv
Organization and Approach	xvi
Important Special Features	xvi
Introduction	xvii
The World Through Historians' Eyes
Historiography	xvii
History and Identity	xviii
Control of Historical Records	xix
Historical Revision	xx
World History vs. Western History	xxi
Tools	xxi
Chronology and Theme	xxiii
Comparative History and Hypothesis Testing	xxiii
Feature: Continuity vs. Change in History: Revisionist History---Feminist History	xxiv
Framing Questions for Multiple Perspectives	xxv
Finding One's Place in History	xxv
PART 1 Human Origins and Human Cultures 5 million B.C.E.--10,000 B.C.E.
Building an Interpretive Framework: What do We Know and How to We Know It?
The Dry Bones Speak 5 million B.C.E.--10,000 B.C.E.	2	(32)
What is Paleoanthropology and Why is it Important?
Human Origins in Myth and History	2	(1)
Early Myths	3	(2)
Akkad	3	(1)
India	4	(1)
West Asia	4	(1)
The Function of Creation Myths	5	(1)
Evolutionary Explanations of Human Origins	5	(2)
Piecing Together the Evolutionary Record: How Do We Know?	7	(8)
Neanderthals	7	(1)
Spotlight: Picturing Neanderthals	8	(2)
Homo erectus	10	(1)
Australopithecus africanus	10	(1)
Homo habilis	11	(1)
Australopithecus afarensis	11	(2)
Australopithecus ramidus	13	(1)
Homo sapiens	13	(1)
African Origin	14	(1)
Reading the Genetic Record	15	(1)
Cultural Change and Biological Change	16	(1)
Key Questions Remaining	16	(2)
The Theory of Scientific Revolutions	18	(3)
Feature: Gender Issues and Cultural Evolution	20	(1)
Humans Create Culture	21	(1)
How Did We Survive? How Do We Know?	21	(1)
Dating Archaeological Finds	21	(1)
Global Migration	22	(2)
Increased Populations and New Settlements	24	(1)
Changes in the Toolkit	25	(2)
Stone Tools	25	(2)
Feature: Women's Tools, Women's Work	27	(1)
Cave Art and Portable Art	27	(3)
Language and Communication	30	(1)
Agriculture: From Hunter-gatherer to Farmer	30	(4)
PART 2 Settling Down 10,000 B.C.E.--1000 C.E.
The First Cities and Why They Matter: Digs, Texts, and Interpretations
From Village Community to City State 10,000 B.C.E.-750 B.C.E.	34	(23)
What are Cities and Why are They Important?
Food First: The Agricultural Village	34	(3)
Basic Crops and Livestock	36	(1)
Neolithic Tools, Products, and Trade	37	(1)
The First Cities	37	(1)
The Meaning of Cities	37	(4)
Spotlight: Ban Po, China---Interpreting an Early Neolithic Village	38	(3)
Sumer	41	(12)
Sumer: What Do We Know?	41	(1)
The Birth of the City	41	(1)
Size	41	(1)
Control of the Countryside	42	(1)
Civic Loyalty	42	(1)
Leadership and the State	42	(1)
Religion: The Priesthood and the Cosmo-magical City	43	(1)
Feature: The City as Ceremonial Center	44	(1)
Occupational Specialization and Class Structure	45	(1)
Arts and Invention	45	(1)
Trade and Markets; Wheeled Cart and Sailboat	46	(1)
Monumental Architecture and Adornment	46	(1)
Writing and Literature	47	(1)
Sumer: How Do We Know?	48	(2)
Extract: The Epic of Gilgamesh	50	(2)
Extract: The Code of Hammurabi	52	(1)
Early Urbanization: Some Modern Critiques	53	(2)
Mythistory	55	(2)
River Valley Civilizations 7000 B.C.E.--750 B.C.E.	57	(23)
The Rise of Cities and States Along the Nile and Indus
Egypt: The Gift of the Nile	57	(13)
Earliest Egypt: How Do We Know?	58	(2)
Spotlight: Writing: Inventing It, Deciphering It	60	(3)
Earliest Egypt: What Do We Know?	63	(1)
The Cities	64	(2)
The State and its Architecture	66	(1)
Feature: The Legend of Isis, Osiris, and Horus	67	(2)
From State to Empire	69	(1)
Extract: The Story of Si-nuhe and the Glorification of Court an Capital	70	(1)
The Indus Valley Civilization and its Mysteries	70	(10)
Extract: The Egyptian Book of the Dead and the ``Negative Confession''	71	(1)
The Indus Valley: How Do We Know?	72	(3)
The Indus Valley: What Do We Know?	75	(2)
Legacies of the Indus	77	(3)
A Polycentric World 1700 B.C.E.--1000 C.E.	80	(32)
Cities and States in East Asia, West Africa, and the Americas
China: The xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties	80	(9)
Earliest Times: How Do We Know?	82	(1)
Texts	82	(1)
Oracle Bones	82	(1)
Archaeology	83	(1)
Earliest Times: What Do We Know?	83	(1)
The Earliest Villages	83	(1)
Historical Evidence of the Xia Dynasty	84	(1)
Similarities among the Three Dynasties	84	(1)
City and State under the Shang	85	(1)
Feature: The Cosmo-magical City	86	(2)
Anyang, the Last Shang Capital	88	(1)
West Africa: The Niger River Valley	89	(6)
West Africa before Urbanization	89	(1)
Spotlight: Shang Dynasty Tombs	90	(2)
Jenne-jeno: How Do We Know?	92	(1)
State Formation	93	(1)
Later Cities, States, and Empires	93	(2)
The Western Hemisphere: Mesoamerica and South America	95	(17)
Origins: Migration and Agriculture	95	(1)
Mesoamerican Urbanization	95	(2)
Olmec Civilization along the Gulf Coast	97	(1)
Zapotec Civilization in the Oaxaca Valley	97	(1)
Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico	97	(3)
Toltec Civilization in the Valley of Mexico	100	(1)
Aztec Civilization in the Valley of Mexico	100	(1)
Maya Civilization: How Do We Know?	100	(2)
Extract: The Popul Vuh	102	(1)
Feature: Agricultural Towns of North America	103	(1)
Maya Civilization: What Do We Know?	104	(1)
Urbanization in South America	105	(1)
Coastal Settlements and Networks	106	(1)
The Moche	106	(1)
The Chimu	107	(1)
Urbanization in the Andes Mountains	108	(1)
The Chavin	108	(1)
Tiwanaku, Huari, and Nazca	108	(1)
The Inca	108	(4)
PART 3 Empire and Imperialism 2300 B.C.E.--1100 C.E.
What are Empires and why are They Important?
Dawn of the Empires 2300 B.C.E.--300 B.C.E.	112	(36)
Empire-Building in West Africa, West Asia, and the Mediterranean
The Meaning of Empire	112	(3)
The Earliest Empires	115	(7)
Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent	115	(2)
Egypt and International Conquest	117	(4)
The Assyrians	121	(1)
Egypt Under Occupation	122	(1)
Persia	122	(6)
Imperial Policies	123	(1)
Cyrus II	123	(1)
Cambyses II	123	(2)
Darius I	125	(1)
Spotlight: The Ancient City of Persepolis	126	(2)
Greek City-states: Reality and Image	128	(11)
Feature: Minoans and Mycenaeans: The Earliest City-states of the Aegean	128	(2)
Extract: Homer and the Value System of Early Greece	130	(3)
Extract: Herodotus Describes Darius Preparations for War against Greece	133	(2)
Athens: From City-state to Mini-empire	135	(1)
The Historical Background to Athenian democracy	136	(1)
The Greek City-state in Art, Literature, and Philosophy	137	(1)
Extract: Two Views of Athenian Democracy	138	(1)
The Limits of City-state Democracy: How Do We Know? What Do We Know?	139	(3)
Athens Becomes an Imperial Power	141	(1)
The Empire of Alexander the Great	142	(6)
The Legacy of Alexander: The Hellenistic Ecumene	144	(4)
Rome and the Barbarians 750 B.C.E.--480 C.E.	148	(37)
From Conquest, Colonization, and Alliance to Revolt, Bankruptcy, and Dismemberment
The Extent and Legacy of the Roman Empire	148	(4)
Extent	148	(3)
Legacies of Rome	151	(1)
The Geographical Spread of Republic and Empire	152	(6)
The Conquest of Italy	153	(1)
The Conquest of Carthage and the Western Mediterranean	153	(1)
Expansion into Southwestern Europe	154	(1)
The Conquest of the Greeks: The Eastern Mediterranean	154	(1)
The Conquest of Northwestern Europe and Britain	155	(1)
Feature: ``New Wisdom''---Rome's Policy of Brute Force	155	(1)
Completing the Conquests: The Empire at its Zenith	156	(1)
Political Adjustments: From Republic to Empire	156	(1)
Imperial Rome: How Do We Know?	157	(1)
The Institutions of Empire	158	(14)
Military Power	158	(2)
Spotlight: Pompeii---A Roman Town	160	(3)
The Political Institutions	163	(1)
Feature: Revolt and Suppression	164	(1)
Extract: Rome's Code of Laws: Two Constracting Perspectives	165	(1)
Cultural Politics and Empire	165	(1)
Belief Systems and Religion	166	(1)
Stoicism	166	(2)
Christianity	168	(1)
Urban Life	168	(1)
Economic Policies	168	(4)
The Effects of the Empire on Rome	172	(4)
Patriarchs, Patrons, and Clients	172	(1)
Class and Class Conflict	172	(1)
Urban Splendor and Squalor	172	(1)
Feature: Gender Relationships	173	(1)
Attempts at Reform	174	(2)
Rome's Ideology of Empire	176	(1)
The Barbarians and the Fall of the Roman Empire	176	(9)
Celts	176	(2)
Goths(Germans)	178	(1)
Huns	178	(1)
The Barbarians: How Do We Know?	178	(1)
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire	179	(2)
Dismemberment of the Empire	181	(1)
Causes of the Decline and Fall	181	(2)
The Persistence of Empire in the East	183	(2)
China 220 B.C.E.--910 C.E.	185	(35)
Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties
The Chinese Empire: How Do We Know?	186	(2)
The Qin Dynasty: What Do We Know?	188	(4)
Military Power and Mobilization	189	(2)
Economic Power	191	(1)
Administrative Power	191	(1)
The Fall of the Qin Dynasty	191	(1)
Ideologies of Empire	192	(4)
Legalism	193	(1)
Daoism	193	(1)
Confucianism	194	(1)
Extract: Selections from The Analects of Confucius	195	(1)
Qin Shi Huangdi, the Legalists, and the Confucianists	195	(1)
The Han Dynasty	196	(8)
Military Power	198	(1)
Economic Power	199	(1)
Spotlight: A Han Dynasty Code of Conduct	200	(2)
Administrative Power	202	(2)
The ``Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties'' Period	204	(1)
Reunification under the Sui and Tang Dynasties	205	(6)
Greater China	211	(5)
Processes of Assimilation	211	(1)
The North and the Northwest	212	(1)
The South and the Southwest	212	(1)
Vietnam	213	(1)
Korea	213	(1)
Japan	214	(2)
China and Rome: Differences and Similarities	216	(4)
Differences	216	(1)
Geopolitical	216	(1)
Ideological	216	(1)
Longevity and Persistence	216	(1)
Policy and Powers of Assimilation	216	(1)
Language Policy	217	(1)
Ideology and Cultural Cohesion	217	(1)
Influence on Neighbors	217	(1)
Similarities	217	(1)
Relations with Barbarians	217	(1)
Religious Policies	217	(1)
The Role of the Emperor	217	(1)
Gender Relationships	217	(1)
The Significance of Imperial Armies	218	(1)
The Deployment of Armies of Colonization	218	(1)
Overextension	218	(1)
Public Works Projects	218	(1)
The Concentration of Wealth	218	(1)
Policies For and Against Individual Mobility	218	(1)
Revolts	218	(1)
Peasant Flight	218	(2)
Indian Empires 1500 B.C.E.--1100C.E.	220	(25)
Cultural Cohesion in a Divided Subcontinent
Settlement in South Asia	221	(3)
Familial, Social, Economic, and Religious Institutions	224	(1)
The Indian Empires: How Do We Know?	224	(3)
Archaeology and Philology	224	(1)
Written Texts	224	(2)
The Mahabharata and the Ramayana	226	(1)
Statecraft under the Mauryas and Guptas: What Do We Know?	227	(8)
The Mauryan Empire	227	(2)
Extract: The Ashoka Pillar and Rock Inscriptions	229	(1)
Spotlight: Gandharan Art	230	(2)
The Gupta Empire	232	(3)
Huna Invasions and the End of the North Indian Empire	235	(1)
Legacies of the Hunas	235	(1)
Regional Diversity and Power	235	(2)
Sea Trade and Cultural Influence: From Rome to Southeast Asia	237	(2)
Extract: Tamil Culture in Southeast India	237	(1)
Southeast Asia: ``Greater India''	238	(1)
India, China, and Rome: Empires and Intermediate Institutions	239	(6)
PART 4 The Rise of World Religions 600 B.C.E.--1500 C.E.
Not by Bread Alone: How do Historians Understand Religion in World History?
Hinduism and Buddhism 300 B.C.E.--1200 C.E.	245	(36)
The Sacred Subcontinent: The Spread of Religion in India and Beyond
The Historian and Religious Belief: How Do We Know?	245	(3)
Hinduism	248	(13)
The Origins of Hinduism: How Do We Know?	248	(1)
Sacred Geography and Pilgrimage	249	(1)
The Central Beliefs of Hinduism	250	(1)
The Rigveda	250	(2)
The Brahmanas and Upnishads	252	(1)
Extract: The Bhagvadgita from the Mahabharata	253	(2)
The Puranas	255	(1)
Feature: Bhakti: The Path of Mystical Devotion	256	(1)
Temples and Shrines	257	(1)
Religion and Rule	258	(1)
Hinduism in Southeast Asia	259	(1)
Hinduism in Southeast Asia: How Do We Know?	260	(1)
Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia	261	(1)
Buddhism	261	(17)
Siddhartha Gautama: The Buddha	261	(1)
Mythistory: How Do We Know?	261	(1)
Extract: The Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path	262	(1)
The Sangha and the Doctrine	262	(2)
Extract: The Address to Sigala: Buddhism in Everyday Life	264	(1)
Mahayana Buddhism	265	(1)
The Decline of Buddhism in India	265	(2)
Feature: Jainism	267	(1)
Buddhism in China and Japan	268	(1)
Early Buddhism Outside India: How Do We Know?	268	(1)
Arrival in China: The Silk Route	268	(1)
Buddhism under the Tang Dynasty	269	(2)
Extract: The Transience of Life: A Woman's Perspective from the Tang Dynasty	271	(2)
Buddhism in Japan	273	(1)
Buddhism's Arrival in Japan: How Do We Know?	274	(1)
Buddhism's Arrival in Japan: How Do We Know?	274	(2)
Spotlight: Images of the Buddha	276	(2)
Hinduism and Buddhism: A Comparision	278	(3)
Judaism and Christianity 600 B.C.E.--1100 C.E.	281	(38)
Peoples of the Bible: God's Evolution in West Asia and Europe
Judaism	281	(16)
Early Judaism: How Do We Know?	284	(3)
Essential Beliefs of Judaism in Early Scriptures	287	(1)
Extract: The Ten Commandments	287	(1)
The Jewish Calender	288	(1)
The Evolution of God	288	(1)
The Later Books of Jewish Scripture	289	(1)
Feature: Beliefs of Other Contemporary Peoples	289	(1)
The Teachings of the Prophets: Morality and Hope	290	(2)
Gender Relations	292	(1)
Defeat, Exile, and Redefinition	293	(2)
Minority--Majority Relations in the Diaspora	295	(1)
Christianity Emerges from Judaism	296	(1)
Christianity	297	(22)
Mythistory: How Do We Know?	297	(1)
Jesus' Life, Teachings, and Disciples	297	(1)
Extract: The Sermon on the Mount: The Beautitudes	298	(1)
New Rituals	299	(2)
Jesus and the Jewish Establishment Miracle and Mystery: Passion and Resurrection	301	(1)
Christianity Organizes	301	(1)
The Early Disciples	301	(1)
Paul Organizes the Early Church	301	(1)
Adaptations of Other Philosophies and Rituals	302	(1)
The Christian Calender	303	(1)
Gender Relations	303	(1)
Slavery	304	(1)
Struggle for Survival in Rome	304	(1)
Christianity Triumphant	304	(1)
The Conversion of Constantine	304	(1)
How Had Christianity Succeeded?	305	(1)
Doctrine: Definition and Dispute	306	(1)
Original Sin, Sexuality, and Salvation	307	(1)
Church Dogma: Discipline and Battles	307	(1)
Official Christianity in the Wake of Empire	307	(1)
Monasteries and Missionaries	308	(1)
The Church East and West	308	(2)
Spotlight: Icons and Iconoclasm	310	(3)
Christianity in Europe	313	(1)
Charlemagne	314	(1)
Extract: Charlemagne and Harun-al-Rashid	315	(4)
Islam 570 C.E.--1500 C.E.	319	(37)
Submission to Allah: Muslim Civilization Bridges the World
Perspectives on Islam: How Do We Know?	320	(1)
The Prophet: His Life and Teaching	321	(4)
The Five Pillars of Islam	322	(1)
Women: Debates over the Effects of Islam	322	(2)
Muhammad in War and Peace	324	(1)
Succession Struggles and The Early Caliphs	325	(1)
The First Civil War and the Umayyad Dynasty	326	(2)
The Second Civil War and Divisions in Islam	326	(1)
The Heights and Depths of the Umayyad Dynasty	327	(1)
The Third Civil War and the Abbasid Caliphate	328	(1)
The Abbasid Caliphate	328	(2)
Stress in the Caliphate	329	(1)
The Emergence of Quasi-independent States	329	(1)
Islam Expands	330	(5)
Ghaznavids, Ghurids, and the Sultanate of Delhi	330	(1)
Southeast Asia	331	(1)
Almoravids and Almohads in Morocco and Spain	331	(1)
Sub-Saharan Africa	331	(2)
Seljuk Turks and their Sultanate	333	(1)
Mongols, Turks, and the Destruction of the Caliphate	334	(1)
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering	335	(12)
Law	335	(1)
The Ulama: The Scholars and Jurists of Islam	336	(1)
Sufis, The Mystics of Islam	336	(3)
Feature: The Synthesis of Al-Ghazzali	339	(1)
Intellectual Syntheses	339	(1)
The Global Transmission of Technology	340	(2)
Spotlight: The Dome of the Rock	342	(2)
City Design and Architecture	344	(1)
Feature: Mausolea in Islam	345	(2)
Extract: Ibn Battuta's Observations on Gender Relations	347	(1)
Relations with Non-Muslims	347	(9)
Islam and the Sword	347	(1)
Feature: Dhimmi Status	348	(1)
The Crusades	348	(1)
Spain	349	(2)
Conversion and Assimilation: How Do We Know?	351	(5)
PART 5 World Trade 1100--1776 C.E.
Channels of Communication: The Exchange of Commodities, Diseases, and Culture
Establishing World Trade Routes 1100--1500 C.E.	356
The Patterns and Philosophies of Early Economic Systems
Trade and Traders: Goals and Functions	356	(4)
World Trade: What Difference Does It Make?	357	(2)
Extract: Rights of Poor: Subsistence as a Moral Claim	359	(1)
Trade Networks: 1250--1500	359	(1)
World Trade Patterns, 1100--1500: What Do We Know?	360	(15)
The Americas	360	(3)
Sub-Saharan Africa	363	(1)
West Africa	363	(2)
East Africa	365	(1)
Spotlight: The Ships of Trade	366	(2)
Indian Ocean Trade	368	(1)
Jewish Traders	368	(1)
Jewish Traders: How Do We Know?	369	(1)
Muslim Traders	369	(1)
The Military and Trade Empire of the Mongols	369	(1)
Genghis Khan	370	(3)
World Travelers: Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta	373	(1)
Extract: The Fabulous Travels of Marco Polo	374	(1)
Bubonic Plague and the Trade Routes	375	(1)
China and the South China	375
From Mongol to Ming: Dynastic Transition	377	(1)
International Trade and Government Intervention	377	(1)
Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean, 700--1500	378	(1)
The Early Middle Ages	378	(2)
Extract: ``Capitulare de Villis''--- Feudalism and the Rules of Manor Life	380	(1)
The High Middle Ages	381	(1)
The Rise of an Urban Middle Class	382	(1)
Extract: The Originals of a Businessman: St. Godric of Finchale
The Church Rievises its Economic Politics	383	(1)
Feature: St. Thomas Rationalizes the Practices of Business	384	(2)
Guilds and City-states Confront Rural Aristocrats	386	(1)
Economic and Social Conflict Within the City	387	(1)
Renaissance: Intellectual and Cultural Transformation	387	(1)
Extract: The Realpolitik of Niccolo Machiavelli	388	(2)
Ironies of the Fourteenth Century: Plague and War	390	(1)
The Rise of the Ottomans in Eastern Europe	390	(1)
Exploration and Discovery	390
Glossary	G--1(394)	(1)
Index	I-1(398)