World Religions With Infotrac

by Matthews,Warren

• ISBN13: 9780534527624
• ISBN10: 0534527620
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-14
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Presenting both the histories and the prevalent worldviews of the major world religions, Matthews' WORLD RELIGIONS methodically introduces students to the richness and diversity of these traditions. This text combines insightful, engaging prose with maps, photographs, timelines, excerpts from sacred texts, and other helpful pedagogical aids, to employ a scholarly approach that neither shields students from current research nor encumbers them with it. Students are encouraged, individually and collectively, to pursue their own dialogues with the voices and nuances of these religions.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(1)
Common Features of Most Religions	2	(2)
What Is Sacred?	2	(1)
Sacred Space	2	(1)
Sacred Stories	2	(1)
Sacred Writings	3	(1)
Rituals	3	(1)
Dance	4	(1)
Religious Drama	4	(1)
Distinctive Features of This Textbook	4	(2)
Historical Development	6	(1)
Worldview	6	(5)
The Point of View of the Text	11	(1)
Vocabulary	11	(1)
Readings	11	(2)
I Religions of Tribes and City-States	13	(64)
Religions of the Americas	15	(34)
Religions of North America	16	(14)
The Naskapi	16	(1)
The Soul	16	(3)
The Universe	19	(1)
The Hunt	19	(1)
Other Beliefs and Rituals	20	(1)
The Kwakiutl Peoples	21	(1)
The Powhatan Peoples	21	(2)
Hunting and Gathering	23	(1)
Farming	24	(1)
Religion	24	(1)
The Cherokees	25	(1)
Stories of the Cherokees	26	(3)
The Zuni	29	(1)
The Hopi	29	(1)
Dakota and Pawnee Peoples	30	(1)
Worldview	30	(1)
Common Features of Religions in North America	30	(4)
The Absolute	30	(1)
The World	31	(1)
Humans	31	(1)
The Problem for Humans	31	(1)
The Solution for Humans	32	(1)
Community and Ethics	32	(1)
An Interpretation of History	33	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	33	(1)
Life after Death	34	(1)
Relationship to Other Religions	34	(1)
Objections to Older Scholarship	34	(1)
Religions of Mesoamerica and South America	34	(1)
Religion Today: Native American Religions in the United States	35	(3)
The Aztecs	35	(1)
The Absolute	36	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	37	(1)
Worldview	38	(1)
The Influence of Aztec Religion	39	(1)
The Incas	39	(1)
Historical Development	39	(5)
The Absolute	40	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	41	(1)
Relationship to Other Religions	42	(2)
Worldview	44	(1)
Common Features of Religions in Mesoamerica and South America	44	(1)
Consider This: Seeing and Believing	45	(1)
Vocabulary	46	(1)
Questions for Review	46	(1)
Questions for Discussion	46	(1)
Notes	46	(1)
Readings	47	(2)
Religions of Africa	49	(28)
The Ancient Egyptian Religion	50	(1)
Historical Development	51	(1)
Worldview	52	(1)
The Ancient Egyptians	52	(7)
The Absolute	52	(2)
Rituals and Symbols	54	(2)
Osiris and Isis	56	(1)
Life after Death	57	(2)
Relationship to Other Religions	59	(1)
The Basongye of the Congo	59	(1)
Historical Development	59	(4)
Worldview of the Basongye	60	(1)
Basongye Religion	60	(3)
The Zulu Peoples	63	(1)
Historical Development of South Africa	63	(1)
Worldview	63	(1)
The Zulu Peoples	63	(4)
Rites of Passage	64	(2)
Deities of the Zulu Peoples	66	(1)
The Yoruba	67	(1)
Historical Development of Nigeria	67	(1)
Worldview	67	(1)
The Yoruba Peoples	67	(2)
Organization of Religion	67	(1)
Community and Individual Responsibilities	67	(2)
Worldview	69	(1)
Common Features of Religions in Sub-Saharan Africa	69	(3)
The Absolute	69	(1)
The World	70	(1)
Humans	70	(1)
The Problem for Humans	71	(1)
The Solution for Humans	71	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	71	(1)
Life after Death	71	(1)
Relationship with Other Religions	71	(1)
Consider This: Dead or Alive?	72	(1)
Religion Today: African Religions	73	(1)
Vocabulary	74	(1)
Questions for Review	74	(1)
Questions for Discussion	74	(1)
Notes	74	(1)
Readings	75	(2)
II Religions Arising in India	77	(124)
Hinduism	79	(44)
Historical Development	80	(28)
Historiography	80	(1)
The Origins of Hinduism	81	(1)
Shruti: Revelation and Scriptures	82	(1)
Gods of the Rig-Veda	82	(1)
Agni	82	(1)
Indra	83	(1)
Soma	84	(1)
Varuna	84	(1)
Mitra	85	(1)
Three Collections of the Vedas	86	(1)
The Brahmanas and Aranyakas	86	(1)
The Upanishads	86	(1)
The Gurus	87	(2)
Monism or Dualism?	89	(1)
Karma and Samsara	90	(1)
Alternatives to the Vedas and Upanishads	91	(1)
The Bhagavad Gita	91	(1)
Work	91	(2)
Knowledge	93	(1)
Yoga	93	(1)
Love	93	(1)
Four Goals for Hindus	94	(1)
The Four Castes	94	(1)
Four Stages of Life	95	(1)
Four Ways of Salvation	96	(2)
The Laws of Manu	98	(1)
Orthodox Hindu Systems of Philosophy	99	(1)
The Sankhya	99	(1)
Other Philosopic Systems	99	(1)
Islam in India	100	(1)
Christianity in India	100	(1)
Hindu Responses to Western Influence	101	(1)
Ram Mohan Roy	101	(1)
Dayananda Sarasvati	101	(1)
Ramakrishna	102	(1)
Rabindranath Tagore	102	(1)
Mohandas K. Gandhi	103	(1)
Sri Aurobindo	103	(1)
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	104	(1)
Independent India	105	(3)
Consider This: Forming Attachments	108	(1)
Worldview	108	(10)
The Absolute	108	(1)
The World	109	(2)
Humans	111	(1)
The Problem for Humans	111	(1)
The Solution for Humans	111	(1)
Community and Ethics	112	(1)
An Interpretation of History	113	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	113	(2)
Life after Death	115	(1)
Hinduism and Other Religions	115	(2)
Hinduism in the United States	117	(1)
Religion Today: Hinduism Today	118	(1)
Vocabulary	118	(1)
Questions for Review	119	(1)
Questions for Discussion	119	(1)
Notes	119	(1)
Readings	120	(3)
Buddhism	123	(48)
Historical Development	124	(32)
Historiography	124	(1)
The Life of the Buddha	125	(1)
The Birth of the Buddha	125	(1)
Prince Siddhartha	126	(1)
The Four Passing Sights	126	(1)
The Great Renunciation	127	(1)
The Enlightenment	127	(1)
The First Sermon at Benares	128	(2)
The Four Noble Truths	130	(3)
Samsara and Karma	133	(1)
The Buddha and Metaphysics	134	(1)
The Buddha's Ministry	135	(1)
The Development of Buddhism after the Buddha	136	(1)
The Buddhist Scriptures	136	(1)
The First Buddhist Councils	137	(1)
Two Ways of Experiencing the Buddha	138	(1)
Theravadin Buddhism	138	(1)
Mahayana Buddhism	138	(1)
A Comparison of Theravadin and Mahayana Buddhism	139	(1)
The Madhyamika School	140	(1)
The Yogacara School	141	(1)
Buddhist Missionary Activities in Asia	141	(1)
Buddhism in China	142	(1)
Tian Tai (Tyian-Tai)	143	(1)
Hua-Yen	143	(1)
Jingtu (Ching-T'u)	143	(1)
Chan (Ch'an)	144	(1)
Buddhism in Korea	144	(1)
Buddhism in Japan	145	(4)
Buddhism in Tibet	149	(1)
Buddhism in Later India	150	(1)
Buddhism and Marxism	150	(1)
Some Recent Buddhist Political Leaders	151	(2)
Buddhism and the West	153	(2)
Buddhism in America in the Twenty-First Century	155	(1)
Buddhist Women	155	(1)
Consider This: Governing Desires	156	(1)
Worldview	156	(9)
Absolute	156	(1)
The World	157	(1)
Humans	158	(1)
The Problem for Humans	158	(1)
The Solution for Humans	159	(2)
Community and Ethics	161	(1)
An Interpretation of History	161	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	162	(1)
Life after Death	163	(1)
Buddhism and Other Religions	164	(1)
Religion Today: Buddhism Today	165	(1)
Vocabulary	165	(1)
Questions for Review	166	(1)
Questions for Discussion	166	(1)
Notes	166	(2)
Readings	168	(3)
Jainism and Sikhism	171	(30)
Jainism	172	(1)
Introduction	172	(1)
Historical Development	172	(1)
Historiography	172	(1)
The Life of Mahavira	173	(2)
Jain Scriptures	175	(1)
Consider This: Respect for All Living Things	176	(1)
Worldview	176	(6)
The Absolute	176	(1)
The World	177	(1)
Humans	178	(1)
The Problem for Humans	178	(1)
The Solution for Humans	179	(1)
Community and Ethics	180	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	181	(1)
Jainism and Other Religions	182	(1)
Summary of Jainism	182	(1)
Consider This: The Soul of the Matter (Jainism)	183	(1)
Sikhism	183	(1)
Introduction	183	(1)
Historical Development	184	(1)
Historiography	184	(1)
The Life of Guru Nanak	185	(4)
The Teachings of Guru Nanak	189	(1)
The Nine Gurus after Nanak	190	(3)
Consider This: Feeding the Soul (Sikhism)	193	(1)
Worldview	193	(5)
The Absolute	193	(1)
The World and Humans	194	(1)
The Problem and the Solution for Humans	194	(1)
Community and Ethics	194	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	195	(1)
Life after Death	196	(1)
Sikhism and Other Religions	196	(2)
Religion Today: Jainism and Sikhism	198	(1)
Vocabulary	198	(1)
Questions for Review	199	(1)
Questions for Discussion	199	(1)
Notes	199	(1)
Readings	200	(1)
III Religions of China and Japan	201	(48)
China and Japan	203	(46)
China	204	(1)
The Religions of China	204	(1)
Background of the Religions of China	204	(2)
Heaven	204	(1)
Daoism	205	(1)
Historical Development	206	(1)
Historiography	206	(1)
Laozi (Lao Tzu)	207	(2)
Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu)	209	(1)
Religious, Sectarian Daoism	210	(1)
Consider This: Natural Is Best	211	(1)
Worldview	211	(4)
The Absolute	211	(1)
The World	212	(1)
Humans	212	(1)
The Problem for Humans	212	(1)
The Solution for Humans	212	(1)
Community and Ethics	213	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	214	(1)
Confucianism	214	(1)
Historical Development	215	(11)
Historiography	215	(1)
The Life of Confucius	215	(1)
The Teachings of Confucius	216	(1)
Principles of the Junzi	217	(1)
Religion in Confucius	218	(1)
Challenges to the Teachings of Confucius	218	(1)
The Mohists	218	(1)
The Fajia (Legalists)	219	(1)
The Daoists (Taoists)	220	(1)
Confucius and Other Thinkers	220	(1)
Confucianism after Confucius	221	(1)
Mengzi (Mencius)	221	(1)
Xunxi (Hsun Tsu)	222	(1)
Han Support for Confucianism	223	(1)
Neo-Confucianism	223	(1)
Confucianism and Daoism in Korea and Japan	224	(1)
The Height and Downfall of Confucianism	225	(1)
Confucianism under Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)	225	(1)
Chinese Folk Religion	226	(1)
Consider This: Ordered Culture Is Best	226	(1)
Worldview	227	(3)
The Absolute	227	(1)
The World	227	(1)
Humans	227	(1)
The Problem for Humans	228	(1)
The Solution for Humans	228	(1)
Community and Ethics	229	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	229	(1)
Life after Death	230	(1)
Japan	230	(1)
Introduction	230	(1)
Historical Development	231	(7)
Historiography	231	(1)
Prehistoric Japan	231	(1)
Visitors from Korea	231	(1)
Myths of Japan	232	(1)
Buddhist Influence on Shinto	233	(1)
The Bushido Code	234	(1)
Reactions to Foreign Influence	234	(1)
State Shinto	235	(1)
Recent Shinto	235	(1)
Sectarian Shinto	235	(2)
New Religions	237	(1)
Consider This: One's Own Nation Is Best	238	(1)
Worldview	238	(3)
The Absolute	238	(1)
The World	239	(1)
Humans	239	(1)
The Problem for Humans	239	(1)
The Solution for Humans	239	(1)
Community and Ethics	240	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	240	(1)
Life after Death	240	(1)
Shintoism and Other Religions	241	(1)
Religion Today: The Traditional Religions of Japan and China Today	241	(3)
Vocabulary	244	(1)
Questions for Review	244	(1)
Questions for Discussion	244	(1)
Notes	244	(2)
Readings	246	(3)
IV Religions That Influenced East and West	249	(24)
Ancient Religions of Iraq and Iran	251	(22)
Mesopotamian Religion	252	(1)
Historical Development	252	(1)
Historiography	252	(1)
Recovering the History of Mesopotamia	252	(2)
Worldview	254	(5)
The Absolute	254	(1)
Myths	255	(1)
Gilgamesh	256	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	257	(1)
Relationship to Other Religions	257	(2)
Consider This: Judaism in Babylon	259	(1)
Iranian Religion	259	(1)
Historical Development	259	(1)
Historiography	259	(2)
The Life of Zarathustra	261	(1)
Teachings of Zarathustra	262	(1)
Scriptures	262	(1)
Principles of Zarathustra	262	(1)
Zoroastrianism after Zarathustra	263	(1)
Consider This: Cyrus the Persian---A Champion of Two Religions?	264	(1)
Worldview	264	(6)
The Absolute	264	(1)
The World	264	(1)
Humans	265	(1)
The Problem for Humans	265	(1)
The Solution for Humans	266	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	266	(1)
Life after Death	267	(1)
An Interpretation of History	268	(1)
Zoroastrianism and Other Religions	269	(1)
Religion Today: Zoroastrianism Today	270	(1)
Vocabulary	270	(1)
Questions for Review	270	(1)
Questions for Discussion	271	(1)
Notes	271	(1)
Readings	272	(1)
V Religions of the Family of Abraham	273	(148)
Judaism	275	(50)
The Jewish Bible	276	(1)
Interpreting the Bible	277	(1)
Historical Development	277	(30)
Historiography	278	(1)
Abraham	278	(1)
Life under the Egyptians	279	(1)
Moses	280	(2)
Settlement in Canaan	282	(1)
The Hebrew Prophets	283	(1)
Destroyed Kingdoms, Exiled Leaders	284	(1)
Life of Babylonian Exiles	285	(1)
Editing the Scriptures	285	(1)
An Alternative to Temple Worship	286	(1)
Postexilic Judaism	287	(1)
The Greeks	288	(1)
Wisdom Literature	288	(1)
The Maccabean Revolt	289	(1)
The Romans	290	(1)
Rabbinic Judaism	291	(3)
Philo	294	(1)
Medieval Judaism	294	(1)
Jewish Philosophy	295	(1)
Saadia ben Joseph	295	(1)
Judah Halevi	295	(1)
Maimonides	296	(2)
The Kabballah	298	(1)
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam	298	(1)
Judaism in the Modern Age	299	(1)
Baruch Spinoza	299	(1)
Moses Mendelssohn	300	(1)
Forms of Judaism	300	(1)
Abraham Geiger	301	(1)
Zacharias Frankel	301	(1)
Samson Raphael Hirsch	301	(1)
Reform Judaism	301	(1)
Conservative Judaism	302	(1)
Reconstructionism	302	(1)
Orthodox Judaism	302	(1)
Hasidism	302	(1)
Hermann Cohen, Philosopher	303	(1)
Zionism	303	(1)
The Holocaust	304	(1)
Israel	305	(1)
The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict	305	(2)
Consider This: Sibling Rivalries among Abraham's Children	307	(3)
Worldview	310	(10)
The Absolute	310	(1)
The World	311	(1)
Humans	312	(2)
The Problem and the Solution for Humans	314	(1)
Community and Ethics	314	(3)
Rituals and Symbols	317	(1)
Life after Death	318	(1)
Judaism and Other Religions	319	(1)
Religion Today: Judaism Today	320	(1)
Vocabulary	320	(1)
Questions for Review	321	(1)
Questions for Discussion	321	(1)
Notes	321	(1)
Readings	321	(4)
Christianity	325	(52)
Historical Development	326	(37)
Historiography	326	(1)
Jesus of Nazareth	326	(1)
The Teachings of Jesus	327	(2)
Jesus' Authority	329	(1)
The Teachings and Authority of Jesus in John, the Fourth Gospel	329	(1)
The Last Week of Jesus	330	(4)
Three Thousand People Join the Church	334	(1)
Some Jews Feel Threatened by the Church	334	(1)
Saul of Tarsus	335	(3)
Romans Persecute Christians	338	(2)
Forming the New Testament	340	(1)
Christian Worship	341	(1)
Christian Platonists of Alexandria	341	(1)
Ecumenical Councils	342	(2)
Grace of God for the Sin of Man	344	(1)
Monasticism	344	(2)
Church Governance in Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Traditions	346	(1)
Orthodox and Roman Catholic Paths of Service	347	(1)
St. Thomas Aquinas	348	(2)
The Crusades	350	(1)
The Arts	350	(1)
Protestant and Reformed Churches	351	(1)
Martin Luther	351	(1)
John Calvin	352	(1)
King Henry VIII	353	(1)
George Fox	353	(1)
The Catholic Reformation	354	(1)
Missions in North America	355	(1)
Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the New World	356	(1)
Religious Diversity in the United States	356	(1)
The Age of Reason	356	(1)
Emerging Forms of Protestant Christianity	357	(1)
African-American Churches	358	(1)
Independent Evangelists	359	(1)
The Church of Christ, Scientist	359	(1)
Cooperation among Protestants	359	(1)
Newer Forms of Christianity	359	(2)
Major Roman Catholic Reforms	361	(1)
Christianity and Liberation	362	(1)
Worldview	363	(9)
The Absolute	363	(1)
Christ	364	(1)
The World	365	(1)
Humans	366	(1)
The Problem and the Solution for Humans	366	(1)
Community and Ethics	367	(1)
An Interpretation of History	368	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	369	(1)
Worship	369	(1)
Sacraments	370	(1)
Life after Death	370	(1)
Christianity and Other Religions	371	(1)
Consider This: Evolution of Church Leadership	372	(1)
Religion Today: Christianity Today	372	(1)
Vocabulary	373	(1)
Questions for Review	373	(1)
Questions for Discussion	373	(1)
Notes	374	(1)
Readings	375	(2)
Islam	377	(44)
Historical Development	378	(28)
Historiography	378	(1)
The Background of Islam	378	(2)
The Life of Muhammad	380	(7)
The Pillars of Islam	387	(3)
The Successors of the Prophet	390	(1)
Sunni and Shi'a	390	(1)
The Expansion of Islam	391	(2)
The Shari'a	393	(1)
Greek Influences on Islam	394	(1)
Muslim Spiritual Experiences	394	(1)
Sufis	395	(1)
Al-Ghazali	396	(1)
Philosophy after Al-Ghazali: Ibn Arabi	397	(1)
Islam and Other Religions: The Past	397	(1)
The Crusades	398	(1)
Cooperation	399	(1)
Ibn Rushd	399	(1)
Islam in India	400	(1)
The Baha'i Religion	400	(1)
Modernism in Islam	401	(1)
Muslim Responses to Modernism	401	(2)
Islam in the Twenty-First Century	403	(1)
Pakistan	403	(1)
Egypt	403	(1)
Iran	404	(1)
Islam in the United States	404	(1)
Muslims of the Midwest	405	(1)
Muslims of the East Coast	405	(1)
Black Muslims	405	(1)
Two Black Muslim Organizations	406	(1)
Worldview	406	(9)
The Absolute	406	(1)
The World	407	(1)
Humans	407	(2)
The Problem for Humans	409	(1)
The Solution for Humans	409	(1)
Community and Ethics	409	(1)
Rituals and Symbols	410	(2)
Life after Death	412	(1)
Islam and Other Religions: Today	412	(2)
Islam and the Future	414	(1)
Two Continuing Issues in Islam	415	(2)
Women in Islam	415	(1)
Sub-Saharan Africans and African Americans in Islam	416	(1)
Consider This: Who Speaks for Islam?	417	(1)
Religion Today: Islam Today	417	(1)
Vocabulary	418	(1)
Questions for Review	418	(1)
Questions for Discussion	418	(1)
Notes	418	(2)
Readings	420	(1)
CONCLUSION	421	(6)
Diversity within Branches of Religion	421	(1)
Diversity and Common Ground	422	(1)
Deepening Your Knowledge of World Religions	422	(2)
Campus Opportunities	423	(1)
Campus and Community Organizations	423	(1)
Travel: Virtual and Real	423	(1)
Discovering Hidden Values	424	(1)
Vocabulary	424	(1)
Notes	424	(1)
Readings	424	(1)
Appendix	425	(2)
World Religions Membership 2001	425	(2)
Glossary	427	(14)
Index	441