BRIEF TOC
To the Instructor
Preface to the Student
PART I : CRITICAL THINKING
Chapter 1: Critical Thinking In Writing and Reading
Chapter 2: Critical Thinking and Reading Techniques
PART II: WRITING EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS
Chapter 3: Writing Expository Paragraphs
Chapter 4: Essays: Building Blocks
Chapter 5: Essays: Process
Chapter 6: Essays: Order, Unity, and Coherence
Part III: Writing and Critical Thinking in the Modes
Chapter 7: Narration
Chapter 8: Description
Chapter 9: Process
Chapter 10: Classification
Chapter 11: Definition
Chapter 12: Example and Illustration
Chapter 13: Cause and Effect
Chapter 14: Comparison and Contrast
Chapter 15: Argument and Persuasion
Chapter 16: Timed In-Class Essays and Essay Exams
PART IV: USING SOURCES WITH INTEGRITY
Chapter 17: Paraphrase, Summary, and Analysis
Chapter 18: Finding, Evaluating, and Using Sources
Chapter 19: Documentation: Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format
PART V: READINGS AND VISUALS FOR THINKING AND WRITING
Chapter 20: Analyzing Visuals
Chapter 21: Writing About Stories and Essays
Chapter 22: Reading Selections and Critical Thinking Tasks
PART VI: SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONS AND COMMON SENTENCE ERRORS
Chapter 23: Sentence Parts
Chapter 24: Sentence Variety
Chapter 25: Correcting Major Sentence Errors
PART VII : HANDBOOK OF GRAMMAR, MECHANICS, AND STYLE
Chapter 26: Commas, Semicolons, and Colons
Chapter 27: Other Punctuation
Chapter 28: Common Shift And Construction Errors
Chapter 29: Spelling And Mechanics
Chapter 30: Tone, Style, Word Choice, And Usage
Chapter 31: Vocabulary in Context
Chapter 32: Grammar Points To Remember And Practice For Non-Native Speakers
Credits
Index
DETAILED TOC
To the Instructor
Preface to the Student
PART I : CRITICAL THINKING
Chapter 1: Critical Thinking In Writing and Reading
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking Tools
Critical Thinking Toolbox
Critical Thinking Checklist
Critical Thinking in Action
Reading: “Texting: Blessing or Curse?” by Matthew Zellmer
In Summary
Chapter 2: Critical Thinking and Reading Techniques
Critical Thinking and the Reading Process
Active Reading
Six Steps to Active Reading
Step One: Preview the Reading
Step Two: Think About What You Already Know About the Topic
Step Three: Create Questions to Begin Your Dialogue with the Text
Step Four: Read in Blocks
Step Five: Write in Your Reader’s Log
Step Six: Review and Answer
Example of the Six Steps in Action
Reading: As Icecaps Melt, Russia Races for Arctic’s Resources, Fred Weir
The T-KED Method for Marking Textbooks and Articles
T = Thesis
K = Key Idea
E = Examples
D = Details
T (again!)
Annotate As You Read
Codes You Can Use
Example of Using T-KED, Highlighting, and Codes as You Read
Use the Critical Thinking Checklist
PART II: WRITING EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS
Chapter 3: Writing Expository Paragraphs
Paragraph to Essay
Paragraph to Essay: Pattern Similarities
Writing Expository Paragraphs
The Topic Sentence
Support and Analysis
The Concluding Sentence
Model Paragraph
Paragraph Structure
Sample Paragraph
Self and Peer Assessment
Paragraph Checklist: Self-Assessment Version
Paragraph Checklist: Peer-Assessment Version
Chapter 4: Essays: Building Blocks
Expository Essays
The Essay Format
The Building Blocks of an Expository Essay
Essay Title
Title Format
Introductory Paragraph(s)
Opening Line(s)/Attention Grabber
General Background on the Topic
Thesis Statement
Body Paragraphs
Topic Sentence
Support for Your Topic Sentence
Concluding Sentence
Providing Support in the Best Way
Concluding Paragraph
Putting It All Together
Checklist for the Building Blocks
Chapter 5: Essays: Process
Planning and Writing Expository Essays
Subject, Purpose, and Audience
Narrowing Subject to a Topic
Purpose and Approach
Assessing Your Audience
A Ten-Step Guide for Writing an Expository Essay
Generate Ideas and Prewrite
Step One: Generate Ideas
Step Two: Organize Your Ideas
Step Three: Establish Your Topic, Purpose, and Audience
Write a First Draft
Step Four: Start Your First Draft
Revise
Step Five: Reorganize for Order, Unity, Coherence, and Sentence Variety
Step Six: Fine-Tune Thesis and Topic Sentences
Step Seven: Provide Support–Add More Examples, Details, and Analysis
Proofread and Edit
Step Eight: Check Spelling
Step Nine: Check Word Usage, Word Choices, Tone, and Style
Step Ten: Check for Sentence-Level Errors
Revision Checklist
A Sample Essay: Modeling the Process
Step One: Prewriting
Step Two: Organizing
Step Three: Drafting
Step Four: Revision
Step Five: Editing
The Final Version
Self- and Peer Assessment of Writing
Chapter 6: Essays: Order, Unity, and Coherence
Types of Order
Time Order
Order of Importance
Spatial Order
Unity and the Art of Achieving Coherence with Transitions
Unity
Coherence and Transitions
Perfecting Your Essay’s Order of Development
Outline Format
Guidelines for Writing an Outline
Sample Outline
Critical Thinking Questions to Ask as You Design Your Outline
Outline Critique Form
Part III: Writing and Critical Thinking in the Modes
Essay Modes
Choosing the Right Approach
Chapter 7: Narration
Narration Essays
Critical Thinking and Narration
Before Writing a Narrative Essay
Writing a Narrative Essay
Structuring a Narration Essay
Topic
Thesis Statements
Introductory Paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraph
Dialogue
Narration Essay Critique Form
Complementary Modes for Narration Essays
Sample Student Essay
Reading: “Only Daughter” by Sandra Cisneros
Spotlight on Critical Thinking and Narration
Chapter 8: Description
Description Essays
Critical Thinking and Description
Before Writing a Descriptive Essay
Writing a Descriptive Essay
Structuring a Descriptive Essay
Topic
Thesis Statements
Introductory Paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraph
Complementary Modes for Descriptive Essays
Description Essay Critique Form
Sample Student Essay
Reading: “More Room” by Judith Ortiz Cofer
Spotlight on Critical Thinking and Description
Chapter 9: Process
Process Essays
Critical Thinking and Process
Before Writing a Process Essay
Writing a Process Essay
Structuring a Process Essay
Topic
Thesis Statements
Introductory Paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraph
Process Essay Critique Form
Complementary Modes for Process Essays
Sample Student Essay
Reading: “Making the Pitch in Print Advertising” by Courtland L. Bovée, John V. Thill, George P. Dovel, and Marian Burk Wood
Spotlight on Critical Thinking and Process
Chapter 10: Classification
Classification Essays
Critical Thinking and Classification
Before Writing a Classification Essay
Writing a Classification Essay
Structuring a Classification Essay
Topic
Thesis Statements
Introductory Paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraph
Classification Essay Critique Form
Complementary Modes for Classification Essays
Sample Student Essay
Reading: “Race in America” by George Henderson
Spotlight on Critical Thinking and Classification
Chapter 11: Definition
Definition Essays
Critical Thinking and Definition
Before Writing a Definition Essay
Writing a Definition Essay
Structuring a Definition Essay
Topic
Thesis Statements
Introductory Paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraph
Definition Essay Critique Form
Complementary Modes for Definition Essays
Sample Student Essay
Reading: “Discrimination Is a Virtue” by Robert Keith Miller
Spotlight on Critical Thinking and Definition
Chapter 12: Example and Illustration
Example Essays
Critical Thinking and Example
Before Writing an Example Essay
Writing an Example Essay
Structuring an Example Essay
Topic
Thesis Statements
Introductory Paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraph
Example Essay Critique Form
Complementary Modes for Example Essays
Sample Student Essay
Reading: “Fairy Tales and Modern Stories” by Bruno Bettleheim
Spotlight on Critical Thinking and Illustration
Chapter 13: Cause and Effect
Cause and Effect Essays
Critical Thinking and Cause and Effect
Before Writing a Cause and Effect Essay
Writing a Cause and Effect Essay
Structuring a Cause and Effect Essay
Topic
Thesis Statements
Introductory Paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraph
Cause and Effect Essay Critique Form
Complementary Modes for Cause and Effect Essays
Student Sample Essay
Reading: “The Columbine Syndrome: Boys and the Fear of Violence” by William S. Pollack
Spotlight on Critical Thinking and Cause and Effect
Chapter 14: Comparison and Contrast
Comparison and Contrast Essays
Critical Thinking and Comparison and Contrast
Before Writing a Comparison/Contrast Essay
Writing a Comparison/Contrast Essay
Subject-by-Subject Organization Pattern
Point-by-Point Organization Pattern
Structuring a Comparison/Contrast Essay
Topic
Thesis Statements
Introductory Paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraph
Comparison/Contrast Essay Critique Form
Complementary Modes for Comparison/Contrast Essays
Student Sample Essay
Reading: “American Space, Chinese Place” by Yi-Fu Tuan
Spotlight on Critical Thinking and Comparison/Contrast
Chapter 15: Argument and Persuasion
Argument and Persuasion Essays
Critical Thinking and Argument
Before Writing an Argument Essay
Writing an Argument Essay
Errors in Logic When Constructing Arguments
Logical Fallacies
Structuring Your Argument Essay
Topic
Introductory Paragraph
Thesis Statements
Body Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraph
Argument Essay Critique Form
Complementary Modes for Argument Essays
Sample Student Essay
Reading: “Can You Be Educated From a Distance?” by James Barszcz
Spotlight on Critical Thinking and Argument
Chapter 16: Timed In-Class Essays and Essay Exams
Strategies for Taking Essay Exams or Timed Essays
Critical Thinking and Timed Essays
Before the Essay Exam or Timed Essay
Study and Prepare in Advance
During the Essay Exam or Timed Essay
Common Terms Used in Writing Prompts
Revision Checklist
Practice with Timed In-Class Essays and Essay Exams
Spotlight on Critical Thinking and Timed Essays
PART IV: USING SOURCES WITH INTEGRITY
Chapter 17: Paraphrase, Summary, and Analysis
Paraphrase
Six Steps for Paraphrasing Material
Sample Paraphrase
Checklist for a Good Paraphrase
Summary
Eight Steps for Writing a Summary
Sample Summary
Checklist for a Good Summary
Combining Summary and Analysis
Steps 9 and 10 for Writing Critical Analysis
Sample Critical Analysis
The Ice Cream Sandwich: Framing Facts and Sources
Chapter 18: Finding, Evaluating, and Using Sources
Critical Thinking and the Research Process
Documented Papers and Research Papers
Before Starting Research
Finding, Evaluating, and Integrating Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Potential Sources
Integrating Sources into Your Paper
The Analytical Ice Cream Sandwich Revisited
Twelve Steps for Writing a Research or Documented Paper
Twelve Steps Checklist
Plagiarism
How to Avoid Plagiarism and Accidental Plagiarism
Guidelines for Accurately Recording Source Information
Chapter 19: Documentation: Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format
Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format
Formatting Your Paper
Incorporating Quotations
Indicating Editorial Information
In-Text Citations
Print Sources
Electronic Sources
Compiling a Works Cited List
Formatting Your Works Cited Page
Format for the Most Common Works Cited Entries
Endnotes
Formatting Your Endnotes Page
Typing and Word Processing Tips
Sample Documented Student Paper
PART V: READINGS AND VISUALS FOR THINKING AND WRITING
Chapter 20: Analyzing Visuals
Visual Communication and Critical Thinking
Thinking and Writing Critically About Visuals
Being a Visual Detective: Asking Questions
Types of Visuals
Photographs
TV and Film
Advertisements
Sculptures, Drawings, and Paintings
Visual Detective Checklist
Chapter 21: Writing About Stories and Essays
Writing About Essays and Stories
Structure of an Analysis Essay
Introductory Paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraph
Analytical Essay Critique Form
Sample Student Story Analysis Essay
Chapter 22: Reading Selections and Critical Thinking Tasks
“A Whole Lot of Cheatin’ Going On” by Mark Clayton
“Just Walk On By”: A Black Man Ponders His Power to Alter Public Space by Brent Staples
“One Man’s Kids” by Daniel R. Meier
“The Discus Thrower” by Richard Selzer
“Supersize Me” by Greg Critser
“A Hanging” by George Orwell
“I Wonder: Was It Me or Was It My Sari?” by Shoba Narayan
“Still Hungry, Still Homeless America” Magazine
“All the Rage” by Dave Barry
“Barbie Madness” by Cynthia Tucker
“Our Tired, Our Poor, Our Kids” by Anna Quindlen
PART VI: SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONS AND COMMON SENTENCE ERRORS
Chapter 23: Sentence Parts
The Basic Building Blocks of Sentences
Subjects and Predicates
Subjects
Predicates
Verb Tense at a Glance
Inside the Predicate: Objects
Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
Participles and Participial Phrases
Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
Adverbs and Adverb Phrases
Articles and Noun Determiners
Other Noun Determiners
Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
Conjunctive Adverbs
Chapter 24: Sentence Variety
Coordination and Subordination
Coordination
Subordination
Sentence Types
Sentence Purposes
Sentence Structures
Sentence Variety
Chapter 25: Correcting Major Sentence Errors
Fragments
Identifying Sentence Fragments
Correcting Sentence Fragments
Run-Ons and Comma Splices
Correcting Run-Ons or Comma Splices
PART VII : HANDBOOK OF GRAMMAR, MECHANICS, AND STYLE
Chapter 26: Commas, Semicolons, and Colons
Commas
Five Comma Rules
Semicolons and Colons
The Semicolon
The Colon
Chapter 27: Other Punctuation
End Punctuation
Period
Question Mark
Exclamation Point
Apostrophes
Apostrophes and Contractions
Apostrophes and Possession
Apostrophes and Plurals
Apostrophes and Missing Letters or Numbers
Quotation Marks
Punctuation and Quotation Marks
Parentheses
Hyphens
Dashes
Slashes
Ellipses
Brackets
Chapter 28: Common Shift And Construction Errors
Point-of-View Shifts
The Three Points of View
Avoid Unwarranted Point-of-View Shifts
Subject—Verb Agreement
Pronoun Agreement
Pronoun Reference Errors
Types of Pronoun Reference Errors
Faulty Parallelism
Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers
Dangling Modifiers
Misplaced Modifiers
Passive Voice Construction
Chapter 29: Spelling And Mechanics
Ten Tips for Spelling Improvement
The Rewards and Dangers of Spell-Check
Commonly Confused Words
Tips for Using a Dictionary
Anatomy of a Dictionary Entry
Tips for Using a Thesaurus
Anatomy of a Thesaurus Entry
Capitalization
Capitalization Basics
Numbers
Abbreviations
Chapter 30: Tone, Style, Word Choice, And Usage
Thinking Critically About Tone and Style
Formal Style and Tone vs. Academese
Word Choice
Slang
Jargon
Dialect
Foreign Words
Idioms
Clichés
Avoiding Sexist Language
Use Gender-Specific Terms Only When Appropriate
Don’t Assume an Occupation Is Exclusively Male/Female
Use Parallel Terms for Men and Women
Ten Useful ESL Tips for Non-Native Speakers
Tip 1: Check for Count vs. Noncount Nouns
Tip 2: Check for Article Use and Definite vs. Indefinite Articles
Tip 3: Choose the Right Preposition or Prepositional Phrase
Tip 4: Avoid Mixing Subordination and Coordination
Tip 5: Be Sure to Use Subject Pronouns
Tip 6: Use It or There Correctly with Deferred Subjects
Tip 7: Be Familiar with Verbal Phrases and Idioms
Tip 8: Check Your Infinitive and Gerund Verb Uses
Tip 9: Be Careful About Commonly Confused Words
Tip 10: Use a Good Second-Language Dictionary and Use It Well
Chapter 31: Vocabulary in Context
Vocabulary Building
Five Tips for Building Your Vocabulary
Syllables
Pronunciation
Critical Thinking and Context Clues
Using Context Clues
Chapter 32: Grammar Points To Remember And Practice For Non-Native Speakers
Articles
Single Word Modifiers
Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Prepositions
Other Sentence Structure Points to Remember: Gerunds and Infinitives
Verbs
Function of Verbs
Simple Present Tense
Present Progressive Tense
Simple Past Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Passive Voice
Credits
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