9781111840631

To the Student	p. xiii
To the Professor	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
What Every Student Should Know About Writing Psychology Papers	p. 1
Understanding the Written and Unwritten Directions	p. 1
Understanding Academic Values	p. 2
Be Informed: Read to Write	p. 3
Make a Claim: Have a Point, Get to That Point, and Stick to That Point	p. 3
Defend Your Claim with Logic and Evidence	p. 4
Be Honest	p. 5
Use Sour Own Words	p. 7
Understanding APA Style	p. 8
Ideals	p. 8
Appropriately Personal Prose: The Objective ôIö	p. 9
Simple Language: Do Not Confuse the Reader	p. 10
Respectful Language: Do Not Offend	p. 11
Writing and Revising	p. 12
Plan to Finish Early	p. 12
Think, Search, Read, and Get Organized	p. 13
Write Your First Draft	p. 16
Revise Your First Draft: Reorganize, Rethink, Reread, and Rewrite	p. 17
Help the Reader Navigate Through Your Paper	p. 18
Address Readers' Objections	p. 20
Polish Your Writing	p. 20
Check Language, Grammar, Spelling, Usage, and Punctuation	p. 21
Final Formatting	p. 22
Five Final Checks	p. 22
Submitting the Finished Product	p. 23
Avoiding Common Problems: A Checklist	p. 23
Summary	p. 25
Writing Essays and Term Papers	p. 27
From Topic to Thesis Statement	p. 27
Parts of a Term Paper and Their Headings	p. 29
Formatting the Tide Page, Wording the Title, and Writing the Author Note	p. 31
Formatting the Tide Page	p. 31
Wording the Tide	p. 32
Writing the Author Note	p. 32
Abstract	p. 33
Writing the Abstract	p. 33
Formatting the Abstract	p. 33
Introduction	p. 34
Introduce Generally and Gendy	p. 34
Introduce Key Issues	p. 35
If Necessary, Introduce Key Definitions	p. 35
Introduce and State Your Thesis	p. 35
Arouse the Reader's Curiosity	p. 36
Body	p. 36
Make the Material Tell a Coherent Story: Have a Theme, Organize Your Notes, and Outline Your Paper	p. 36
Be Both Concise and Precise	p. 40
Focus on Facts and Fairness	p. 41
Know Your (Facts') Limitations	p. 42
Conclusion	p. 42
Conclude by Summing Up Your Case	p. 42
Conclude-Do Not Introduce	p. 43
References	p. 43
Tense	p. 44
Sample Term Paper	p. 44
Checklist for Evaluating Your Paper	p. 59
Summary	p. 60
Writing Research Reports and Proposals	p. 61
General Strategies for Writing Your Paper: Presenting, Writing, and Planning Its Different Parts	p. 61
Main Headings and Sections: Formatting the Research Paper's 10 Sections	p. 62
The Value of Writing Your Paper out of Order	p. 62
The General Plan of Your Paper	p. 62
Formatting the Tide Page, Wording the Tide, and Writing the Author Note	p. 65
Formatting the Tide Page	p. 65
Wording the Tide	p. 66
Writing the Author Note	p. 67
Abstract	p. 68
Writing the Abstract	p. 68
Keywords	p. 70
Finishing and Formatting the Abstract Page	p. 70
Introduction	p. 70
Introduce the General Topic	p. 71
Review Relevant Research and Theory	p. 71
Introduce the Hypothesis	p. 73
Method	p. 74
Participants or Subjects	p. 75
Apparatus	p. 76
Materials or Measures	p. 77
Design and Other Optional Subsections	p. 77
Procedure	p. 78
Results	p. 79
Statistical Significance	p. 80
Formatting Statistical Information	p. 81
When Not to Use Either a Table or a Figure	p. 82
When to Use Tables	p. 82
Creating Tables	p. 82
When to Use Figures	p. 85
Creating Figures	p. 85
Units	p. 91
Discussion	p. 91
Briefly Restate the Results	p. 92
Relate Results to Other Research	p. 93
State Qualifications and Reservations-And Use Them to Propose Future Research	p. 94
Explain the Research's Implications	p. 95
Conclude	p. 95
References	p. 96
Appendixes	p. 96
Tense	p. 97
Sample Research Report	p. 98
Report and Proposal Content Checklist	p. 113
Summary	p. 118
Finding, Reading, Citing, and Referencing Sources	p. 119
Finding Information	p. 119
Starting Your Search: Databases, Search Terms, and Secondary Sources	p. 119
Using One Reference to Find More References	p. 122
Deciding What to Read: Choosing Acceptable Sources	p. 124
Reading	p. 129
Read Purposefully	p. 129
Take Thoughtful, Useful Notes-And if You Copy, Be Careful	p. 130
Reread	p. 130
Revise Your Notes	p. 130
Citations: What to Cite and Why	p. 134
Citing From Secondary Sources	p. 134
Citing Information Obtained From the Internet	p. 135
Citing Personal Communications	p. 135
General Rules for How to Format Citations	p. 136
What Your Citation Should Include: Usually, Only Name and Date	p. 136
General Strategies for Formatting Author and Date Information: Use Only Name Citations and Parenthetical Citations	p. 137
Formatting Individual Citations: Principles and Examples	p. 139
Work by One Author: Whether the Listed Author Is a Person, Organization, or "Anonymous"	p. 140
Work by Two Authors	p. 140
Work by Three, Four, or Five Authors	p. 141
Work by Six or More Authors	p. 141
Work by Author Sharing Same Last Name as Another Cited Author	p. 142
Work With No Listed Author	p. 142
Works With Dating Problems: Not Published, Not Yet Published, No Publication Date, Multiple Publication Dates	p. 142
Works From Nontraditional Sources: Personal Communications and Secondary Sources	p. 143
Formatting Multiple Citations	p. 143
More Than Two Works by Different Authors	p. 143
More Than Two Works by the Same Author	p. 144
Citing the Same Work by the Same Author More Than Once	p. 144
Citing the Same Work by the Same Authors More Than Once	p. 145
Paraphrasing	p. 145
Quoting	p. 146
Embedded Quotations	p. 146
Block Quotations	p. 147
Deciding What to Reference	p. 148
Cite but Do Not Reference Communications That Cannot Be Retrieved	p. 148
Reference Secondary Sources You Read but Not Original Sources That You Only Read About	p. 149
Formatting References	p. 150
Starting the Reference Page	p. 150
General Tips for Formatting Individual References	p. 151
Put Your References in Alphabetical Order and Follow These Rules to Break Ties	p. 152
Formatting the First Part of the Reference: The Author Names	p. 154
Formatting the Second Part of the Reference: The Publication Date	p. 155
Formatting the Third Part of the Reference: The Title	p. 156
Abbreviations	p. 156
Referencing Books	p. 156
Referencing Book Chapters	p. 158
Referencing Journal Articles	p. 160
Referencing Abstracts of Journal Articles	p. 162
Referencing Internet Sources	p. 162
Checklists	p. 167
Academic Honesty Checklist	p. 167
Formatting Citations Checklist	p. 168
Finding and Using Sources Checklist	p. 169
Reference Page Checklist	p. 169
Summary	p. 171
Making Your Case: A Guide to Skeptical Reading and Logical Writing	p. 175
Deductive Arguments	p. 176
Inductive Arguments: Making Relatively Careful Generalizations	p. 178
Argument by Analogy	p. 180
Overview of Problems in Making Arguments	p. 181
Appeals to Emotion, Faith, or Authority	p. 181
Appeals to Emotion	p. 181
Appeals to Faith	p. 181
Appeals to Authority	p. 181
Unfair Arguments	p. 182
Ad Hominem Arguments	p. 182
Ignoring Contradictory Evidence	p. 182
Straw Man Arguments	p. 183
General Errors in Reasoning From Evidence	p. 183
Inferring Causation From Correlation	p. 183
Making Something out of Nothing: Misinterpreting Null Results	p. 186
Adding Meaning to Significance: Misinterpreting Significant Results	p. 186
Trusting Labels Too Much: Not Questioning Construct Validity	p. 188
Not Questioning Generalizations	p. 189
Critical Thinking Checklist	p. 190
Summary	p. 190
Writing the Wrongs: How to Avoid Gruesome Grammar, Putrid Punctuation, and Saggy Style	p. 193
Elements of Grammar	p. 194
Nouns	p. 194
Personal and Impersonal Pronouns	p. 195
Verbs	p. 197
Articles	p. 198
Adjectives	p. 199
Adverbs	p. 199
Prepositions	p. 200
Conjunctions	p. 201
Relative Pronouns	p. 202
Phrases	p. 203
Clauses	p. 203
Sentences	p. 203
Paragraphs	p. 204
Punctuation	p. 205
End Marks (Periods, Question Marks, Exclamation Points)	p. 205
Commas	p. 205
Semicolons	p. 206
Colons	p. 206
Apostrophes	p. 206
Parentheses	p. 207
Dashes	p. 207
Hyphens	p. 207
Quotation Marks	p. 208
Usage	p. 208
Know What You Mean	p. 208
Let the Reader Know What You Are Comparing	p. 212
Use Comparatives and Superlatives Correctly	p. 212
Divide or Reconnect Run-On Sentences	p. 213
Help Readers Get "It" (and Other Pronouns) by Specifying Nonspecific Referents	p. 213
Attribute Humanity Only to Humans	p. 214
Writing With Style	p. 215
Accentuate the Positive	p. 215
Point the Way Within and Between Paragraphs	p. 215
Use Parallel Construction	p. 216
Use a Consistent, Formal Tone	p. 217
Use Small Words and Short Sentences	p. 217
Be Precise	p. 217
Be Concise	p. 218
Be Cautious	p. 218
Your Own Style	p. 220
Checklists	p. 220
Parts of Speech	p. 220
Punctuation	p. 221
Style	p. 222
Summary	p. 222
Preparing the Final Draft	p. 225
Presentation: Appearance Matters	p. 225
Paper, Margins, Spacing, and Spaces	p. 225
Word Processor Settings: Making Your Word Processor Help You	p. 226
Fonts	p. 227
APA Format	p. 227
Page Headers and the Title Page	p. 227
Paragraphs	p. 228
Headings	p. 228
Italics	p. 229
Abbreviations	p. 230
Numbers	p. 232
Tables and Figures	p. 233
Conclusions	p. 234
Format Checklists	p. 234
General Appearance Checklist	p. 234
Headings and Headers Checklist	p. 234
Numbers Checklist	p. 235
Citations and References Checklist	p. 235
Abbreviations Checklist	p. 235
Title Page Checklist	p. 236
Summary	p. 236
References	p. 239
APA Copy Style Versus APA Final-Form Style	p. 241
Problem Plurals	p. 243
Index	p. 247
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Writing for Psychology

1111840636

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