Young Children with Special Needs An Introduction to Early Childhood Special Education

by Gargiulo, Richard; Kilgo, Jennifer L.

• ISBN13: 9780534541446
• ISBN10: 0534541445
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-12-23
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This book is dedicated to addressing the educational needs of young children with delays and disabilities, as well as those with anticipated learning difficulties. The authors take a practical approach to sharing a wealth of knowledge in this introduction to the educational policies, programs, practices, and services appropriate to infants, toddlers, and preschoolers who exhibit such characteristics. They employ educational vignettes, an Online Resource Web site with a host of supporting materials, photographs, tables and figures to make research-based theories and philosophical foundations take on practical meaning for the reader. New to this edition is an emphasis on instructional strategies and pedagogical recommendations necessary for creating inclusive learning environments, as well as suggestions for incorporating technology into the learning environment, especially adaptive/assistive technology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Part I Perspectives, Policies, and Practices of Early Childhood Special Education	1	(84)
Foundations of Early Childhood Special Education	2	(23)
The Origins of Early Childhood Special Education	3	(1)
The Development of Early Childhood Education	3	(10)
Early Contributors	3	(1)
Pioneers in Early Childhood Education	4	(2)
Leaders of the Twentieth Century	6	(7)
Historical Perspectives on Children with Disabilities	13	(5)
People and Ideas	15	(1)
The Establishment of Institutions	16	(1)
Special Education in Public Schools	16	(2)
Compensatory Education Programs	18	(7)
Representative Compensatory Programs	19	(1)
Research Activities	20	(2)
Summary	22	(1)
Test Your Understanding	22	(1)
References	22	(3)
The Context of Early Childhood Special Education	25	(35)
Definitions and Terminology	26	(4)
Exceptional Children	26	(1)
Disability and Handicap	26	(1)
Federal Definition of Disability	27	(1)
Developmental Delay and At-Risk	27	(3)
Early Intervention and Early Childhood Special Education	30	(1)
Litigation and Legislation Affecting Children with Special Needs	30	(14)
Key Judicial Decisions	30	(1)
Key Federal Legislation	30	(14)
Prevalence of Young Children with Special Needs	44	(2)
The Importance of Early Intervention	46	(14)
Representative Research Evidence on the Effectiveness of Intervention	47	(4)
An Ecological Perspective on Young Children with Special Needs and Their Families	51	(3)
Summary	54	(1)
Test Your Understanding	55	(1)
References	55	(5)
Family-Centered Early Childhood Services	60	(25)
Historical and Legal Perspectives	61	(3)
General Early Childhood Education Influences	62	(1)
Compensatory Education Influences	62	(1)
Early Childhood Special Education Influences	63	(1)
Influences from Professional Organizations	64	(1)
The Changing American Family	64	(1)
Family Reactions to a Child with a Disability	65	(2)
Family Systems Theory	67	(4)
Family Characteristics	67	(1)
Family Interactions	68	(1)
Family Functions	69	(1)
Family Life Cycle	69	(2)
How to Apply Family Systems Theory	71	(1)
A Family-Centered Philosophy	72	(3)
Parent-Professional Partnerships	75	(2)
The IEP and the IFSP	77	(3)
Parent-Professional Communication	80	(5)
Summary	81	(1)
Test Your Understanding	82	(1)
References	82	(3)
Part II Identifying and Assessing Young Children with Special Needs	85	(48)
Initial Assessment of Young Children with Known or Suspected Disabilities	86	(26)
Overview of Assessment Purposes, Procedures, and Types	87	(4)
Assessment Purposes	88	(1)
General Assessment Considerations	88	(2)
Types of Assessment in Early Childhood	90	(1)
Assessing Interrelated Developmental Domains	91	(4)
Cognitive Skills	93	(1)
Motor Skills	93	(1)
Communication and Language Skills	93	(1)
Social and Emotional Skills	94	(1)
Self-Care and Adaptive Skills	94	(1)
Problems Associated with the Assessment of Young Children	95	(3)
Over-Reliance on Intelligence Testing	95	(1)
Limited Number of Assessment Instruments Appropriate for Young Children	96	(1)
The Nature and Characteristics of Young Children	96	(1)
Culturally Biased Assessments	97	(1)
Early Labeling of Young Children	97	(1)
Appropriate Assessment Practices for Young Children	98	(4)
Assessment Guidelines for Professionals	98	(3)
Cultural Considerations	101	(1)
Screening Young Children	102	(3)
Screening Procedures and Instruments	102	(3)
Diagnosis of Young Children with Known or Suspected Disabilities	105	(1)
Determining Eligibility for Services	105	(7)
Eligibility Criteria	105	(1)
Eligibility Procedures and Instruments	106	(2)
Summary	108	(1)
Test Your Understanding	109	(1)
References	109	(3)
Assessment for Program Planning, Progress Monitoring, and Evaluation	112	(21)
Assessment of Program Planning	113	(11)
Family Involvement in the Assessment Process	114	(1)
Purpose of Assessment for Program Planning	114	(1)
Ecological Assessment	115	(3)
Methods and Procedures for Collecting Information	118	(6)
Progress Monitoring and Program Evaluation	124	(9)
Monitoring Child Progress and Outcomes	124	(3)
Family Input	127	(1)
Overall Program Effectiveness	128	(1)
Summary	129	(1)
Test Your Understanding	130	(1)
References	130	(3)
Part III Planning and Organizing Educational Programs	133	(140)
Delivering Services to Young Children with Special Needs	134	(50)
Service Delivery Models	135	(4)
Home-Based Programs	136	(1)
Center-Based Programs	137	(2)
Combination Programs	139	(1)
Inclusive Settings	139	(9)
Mainstreaming	141	(2)
Least Restrictive Environment	143	(1)
Regular Education Initiative	144	(1)
Full Inclusion	145	(3)
Transition	148	(6)
Child Involvement	150	(1)
Family Involvement	150	(2)
Professional Involvement	152	(1)
Steps for Planning Effective Transitions	152	(2)
Professional Teaming and Collaboration	154	(4)
Multidisciplinary	155	(1)
Interdisciplinary	156	(1)
Transdisciplinary	157	(1)
Delivering Individualized Services	158	(26)
Individualized Family Service Plan	158	(6)
Individualized Education Program	164	(15)
Summary	179	(1)
Test Your Understanding	180	(1)
References	180	(4)
Curriculum for Young Children with Special Needs	184	(25)
Definition of Curriculum	185	(1)
Theoretical Approaches to Curriculum Development	185	(3)
Developmental Curriculum Model	185	(1)
The Developmental-Cognitive Curriculum Model	186	(1)
Academic (or Preacademic) Skills Curriculum Model	187	(1)
Behavioral Curriculum Model	187	(1)
Functional Curriculum Model	187	(1)
Curriculum Development	188	(6)
Curriculum Content	188	(1)
Curriculum Packages	189	(3)
Curriculum Planning and Implementation	192	(1)
Curriculum Evaluation	193	(1)
Current Influences on Curriculum Development	194	(15)
Recommended Practices in General Early Childhood Education (ECE)	194	(2)
Recommended Practices in Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE)	196	(4)
The Utility of the DAP Guidelines for Children with Disabilities	200	(2)
Blending ECE and ECSE Recommended Practices	202	(4)
Summary	206	(1)
Test Your Understanding	206	(1)
References	207	(2)
Designing Learning Environments for Young Children with Special Needs	209	(21)
Considerations in Designing the Learning Environment	210	(10)
Classroom Dimensions	210	(1)
Providing Spaces	211	(5)
Promoting Engagement	216	(1)
The Learning Environment and Stimulus-Control	216	(1)
The Learning Environment and Reinforcement	217	(1)
Responsivity	218	(2)
Methods Based Primarily on Environmental Arrangement	220	(1)
Selecting Materials	221	(1)
General Considerations	222	(1)
Instructional Considerations	222	(1)
The Nurturing Preschool	222	(4)
The Accessible Environment	222	(2)
The Safe Environment	224	(1)
A Healthy Environment	225	(1)
Evaluating Learning Environments	226	(4)
Summary	227	(1)
Test Your Understanding	227	(1)
References	228	(2)
Strategies for Teaching Young Children with Special Needs	230	(43)
Adapting the Home and School Setting, Materials, and Instruction	231	(19)
Young Children with Sensory Impairments: Vision	231	(4)
Young Children with Sensory Impairments: Hearing	235	(1)
Young Children with Delays in Motor Development and Health Impairments	236	(5)
Young Children with Delays in Cognitive Development	241	(3)
Young Children with Delays in Social and Emotional Development	244	(2)
Young Children with Delays in Communication and Language Development	246	(4)
Strategies for Creating Less Restrictive Environments	250	(23)
Teacher-Mediated Strategies	251	(7)
Peer-Mediated Strategies	258	(2)
Routine-Based Strategies	260	(4)
Specific Naturalistic (Milieu) Strategies	264	(3)
Summary	267	(1)
Test Your Understanding	267	(1)
References	268	(5)
Part IV A Look to the Future	273	(26)
Contemporary Issues and Challenges in Early Childhood Special Education	274	(25)
Celebrating Cultural Diversity	275	(5)
Culture	276	(1)
Early Childhood Special Education and Cultural Diversity	276	(4)
Emerging Populations of Young Children with Special Needs	280	(10)
Homelessness	281	(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect	282	(3)
Young Children with Special Health Needs	285	(5)
Preparation of Early Childhood Special Educators	290	(9)
Summary	293	(1)
Test Your Understanding	294	(1)
References	294	(5)
APPENDIXES	299	(32)
A Federal Definitions of Disabilities	300	(2)
B Chart of Typical Developmental Milestones	302	(10)
C Preschool Environmental Rating Scale	312	(15)
D Personnel Standards for Early Education and Early Intervention	327	(2)
E Resource Organizations for Young Children with Special Needs and Their Families	329	(2)
Glossary	331	(8)
Index	339