Adolescence And Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach

by Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen

• ISBN13: 9780131950719
• ISBN10: 0131950711
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

A rich and timely introduction to the field of adolescent development, this book incorporates culture throughout the world as a key element in understanding development in adolescence and emerging adulthood (ages 18-25). It uses a timely interdisciplinary perspective to present key theories, research and application. Many first person accounts from adolescents across cultures as well as critical thinking questions make this an engaging and interesting introduction to the field of adolescent development. Chapter topics include: biological foundations, cognitive foundations, cultural beliefs, gender, the self, family relationships, friends and peers, dating, love, sexuality, school, work, media, and adolescence and emerging adulthood in the 21st century. For individuals in a variety of fields relating to adolescents.

Table of Contents

preface	xiii
Introduction	2	(30)
Adolescence in Western Cultures: A Brief History	5	(6)
Adolescence in Ancient Times	5	(1)
Adolescence From Early Christian Times Through the Middle Ages	5	(1)
Adolescence From 1500 to 1890	6	(1)
The Age of Adolescence, 1890-1920	6	(5)
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood	11	(6)
The Transition to Adulthood	17	(1)
The Transition to Adulthood, American Style	17	(1)
The Transition to Adulthood: Other Perspectives	17	(1)
The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood	18	(8)
Methods Used in Research	20	(4)
Analysis and Interpretation	24	(1)
Theories and Research	25	(1)
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory	25	(1)
Themes of the Book	26	(3)
Cultural Contrasts	26	(1)
Historical Contrasts	27	(1)
Interdisciplinary Approach	27	(1)
Gender Issues	28	(1)
Globalization	28	(1)
Framework of the Book	29	(3)
Biological Foundations	32	(32)
The Biological Revolution of Puberty	34	(11)
The Endocrine System	34	(2)
Physical Growth During Puberty	36	(5)
Primary Sex Characteristics	41	(1)
Secondary Sex Characteristics	42	(1)
The Order of Pubertal Events	43	(2)
Cultural, Social, and Psychological Responses to Puberty	45	(14)
Culture and the Timing of Puberty	45	(4)
Cultural Responses to Puberty: Puberty Rituals	49	(3)
Social and Personal Responses to Puberty	52	(5)
Early and Late Pubertal Timing	57	(2)
Biological Development and the Environment: The Theory of Genotype-Environment Interactions	59	(5)
Genotype-Environment Interactions Over Time	60	(4)
Cognitive Foundations	64	(38)
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development	66	(6)
Stages of Cognitive Development in Childhood and Adolescence	67	(1)
Formal Operations in Adolescence	68	(1)
Abstract Thinking	69	(1)
Complex Thinking	69	(1)
Metacognition: Thinking About Thinking	70	(1)
Limitations of Piaget's Theory	71	(1)
Cognitive Development in Emerging Adulthood: Postformal Thinking	72	(4)
Pragmatism	72	(1)
Reflective Judgment	73	(3)
The Information-Processing Approach	76	(5)
Attention	77	(1)
Storing and Retrieving Information: Short-Term and Long-Term Memory	77	(3)
Processing Information: Speed and Automaticity	80	(1)
Limitations of the Information-Processing Approach	81	(1)
Practical Cognition: Critical Thinking and Decision Making	81	(3)
The Development of Critical Thinking	82	(1)
Can Adolescents Make Competent Decisions?	82	(2)
Social Cognition	84	(4)
Perspective Taking	84	(2)
Adolescent Egocentrism	86	(2)
The Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Testing	88	(7)
The Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Intelligence Tests	89	(1)
Intelligence Tests and Adolescent Development	90	(2)
The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)	92	(1)
Other Conceptions of Intelligence: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences	93	(2)
Brain Development in Adolescence Culture and Cognitive Development	95	(5)
Cultural Beliefs	100	(2)
What are Cultural Beliefs?	102	(30)
Cultural Beliefs and Socialization	104	(1)
Cultural Values: Individualism and Collectivism	104	(6)
Broad and Narrow Socialization	106	(1)
Sources of Socialization	107	(1)
An Example of Socialization for Cultural Beliefs	108	(1)
Socialization for Cultural Beliefs in the West	109	(1)
Cultural Beliefs and the Custom Complex	110	(1)
Cultural Beliefs in Multicultural Societies	111	(4)
When East Meets West: Chinese Adolescents in Australia and the United States	113	(2)
Religious Beliefs	115	(4)
Religious Beliefs and Cognitive Development	118	(1)
Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development	119	(7)
Piaget's Theory	120	(1)
Kohlberg's Theory	120	(1)
Critiques of Kohlberg	121	(5)
Political Beliefs	126	(6)
Political Ideas as Cultural Beliefs	128	(1)
Political Socialization in Communist Countries	128	(4)
Gender	132	(30)
Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures	134	(6)
From Girl to Woman	134	(1)
From Boy to Man	135	(5)
Adolescents and Gender in American History	140	(3)
From Girl to Woman	140	(1)
From Boy to Man	141	(2)
Socialization and Gender in the West	143	(12)
The Gender Intensification Hypothesis	143	(1)
Cultural Beliefs About Gender	143	(1)
Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School	143	(2)
Media and Gender	145	(2)
Gender Socialization as a Source of Problems	147	(1)
Cognition and Gender	147	(2)
Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny	149	(2)
Gender Roles in American Minority Groups	151	(4)
Gender Stereotypes in Emerging Adulthood	155	(2)
The Persistence of Beliefs About Gender Differences	156	(1)
Gender and Globalization	157	(5)
The Self	162	(30)
Culture and the Self	164	(1)
Self-Conceptions	165	(2)
More Abstract	165	(1)
More Complex	166	(1)
Self-Esteem	167	(5)
Self-Esteem From Preadolescence Through Adolescence	167	(1)
Different Aspects of Self-Esteem	168	(1)
Self-Esteem and Physical Appearance	169	(2)
Causes and Effects of Self-Esteem	171	(1)
Self-Esteem in Emerging Adulthood	172	(1)
The Emotional Self	172	(3)
Gender and the Emotional Self: Do Adolescent Girls Lose Their ``Voice''?	174	(1)
Identity	175	(10)
Erikson's Theory	175	(4)
Research on Identity	179	(2)
Gender and Identity	181	(1)
Culture and Identity	182	(1)
Ethnic Identity	183	(2)
Identity and Globalization	185	(3)
The Self, Alone	188	(4)
Family Relationships	192	(44)
The Adolescent in the Family System	194	(7)
Parents' Development During Midlife	194	(4)
Sibling Relationships	198	(2)
Extended Family Relationships	200	(1)
Parenting Styles	201	(9)
An American Parenting Style?	202	(1)
The Effects of Parenting Styles on Adolescents	203	(1)
A More Complex Picture of Parenting Effects	204	(2)
Parenting in Other Cultures	206	(4)
Attachments to Parents	210	(2)
Parent-Adolescent Conflict	212	(4)
Sources of Conflict With Parents	214	(1)
Culture and Conflict With Parents	215	(1)
Emerging Adults' Relationships with Parents	216	(3)
Historical Change and the Family	219	(5)
Patterns Over Two Centuries	219	(1)
The Past 50 Years	220	(4)
Effects of Divorce, Remarriage, Single Parenthood, and Dual-Earner Families	224	(5)
Divorce	224	(3)
Remarriage	227	(1)
Single Parenthood	228	(1)
Dual-Earner Families	228	(1)
Physical and Sexual Abuse in the Family	229	(2)
Physical Abuse	229	(1)
Sexual Abuse	230	(1)
Leaving Early: Runaways and ``Street Children''	231	(5)
Running Away From Home	231	(1)
``Street Children'' Around the World	232	(4)
Friends and Peers	236	(36)
Peers and Friends	238	(1)
Family and Friends	238	(4)
Emotional States With Friends: Higher Highs, Lower Lows	240	(1)
Family and Friends in Traditional Cultures	241	(1)
Developmental Changes in Friendships	242	(3)
Intimacy in Adolescent Friendships	242	(2)
Intimacy and Adolescent Development	244	(1)
Choosing Friends	245	(1)
Friends' Influence and Peer Pressure	246	(4)
Friends' Influence: Risk Behavior	248	(1)
Friends' Influence: Support and Nurturance	249	(1)
Friends and Leisure Activities in Emerging Adulthood	250	(1)
Cliques and Crowds	251	(7)
Sarcasm and Ridicule in Cliques	252	(1)
Relational Aggression	253	(1)
Developmental Changes in Crowds	253	(3)
Changes in Clique and Crowd Composition During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood	256	(2)
Popularity and Unpopularity	258	(4)
The Importance of Social Skills	259	(1)
Social Skills and Social Cognition	260	(1)
The Continuity of Popularity and Unpopularity	260	(1)
Interventions for Unpopularity	261	(1)
Youth Culture	262	(10)
A New Youth Subculture: Raves	266	(1)
Technological Change and the Power of Youth Culture	267	(5)
Dating, Love and Sexuality	272	(42)
Dating	274	(4)
Defining a ``Date''	274	(1)
Developmental Patterns in Adolescent Dating	275	(3)
Love	278	(9)
Sternberg's Theory of Love	278	(3)
Adolescent Passion in Non-Western Cultures	281	(1)
Falling in Love	281	(2)
When Love Goes Bad: Breaking Up	283	(1)
Choosing a Marriage Partner	284	(1)
Arranged Marriages	285	(2)
Cohabitation	287	(1)
Sexuality	287	(27)
Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity	287	(4)
Cultural Beliefs and Adolescent Sexuality	291	(3)
Gender and the Meanings of Sex	294	(1)
Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents	295	(1)
Sexual Harassment and Date Rape	296	(2)
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents	298	(1)
Contraceptive Use and Nonuse	299	(3)
Pregnancy, Abortion, and Parenthood in Adolescence	302	(3)
Sexuality in Emerging Adulthood	305	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	306	(3)
Sex Education	309	(5)
School	314	(38)
The Rise of Schooling for Adolescents	316	(10)
Changes in Schooling for Adolescents	317	(2)
Secondary Education Around the World	319	(4)
International Comparisons	323	(3)
What Works? The Characteristics of Effective Schools	326	(4)
The Size Issue: Schools and Classes	326	(1)
Junior High, Middle School, or Neither?	326	(1)
Improving the School Experience of Adolescents	327	(1)
School Climate	328	(2)
Engagement and Achievement in High School: Beyond the Classroom	330	(6)
Family Environments and School	332	(1)
Peers, Friends, and School	333	(1)
Work, Leisure, and School	334	(1)
Cultural Beliefs and School	335	(1)
Academic Achievement in High School: Individual Differences	336	(8)
Ethnic Differences	336	(2)
Gender Differences	338	(1)
Extremes of Achievement	339	(5)
Education in Emerging Adulthood: College and University	344	(8)
Characteristics of College Students	345	(1)
Educational Success in College	346	(1)
Students' College Learning Experiences	347	(5)
Work	352	(32)
Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures	354	(4)
Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering	354	(1)
Farming and Care of Domestic Animals	355	(1)
Child Care and Household Work	355	(1)
Globalization and Adolescent Work in Traditional Cultures	356	(2)
The History of Adolescent Work in the West	358	(2)
Adolescent Work Before 1900	358	(1)
Adolescent Work in the 20th Century	359	(1)
The Adolescent Workplace	360	(3)
Work and Adolescent Development	363	(4)
Work and Psychological Functioning	363	(1)
Work and Problem Behavior	364	(1)
The Case in Favor of Adolescent Work	365	(2)
From School and Part-Time Work to a ``Real Job''	367	(4)
The Post-High-School Transition to Work	367	(1)
School-to-Work Programs in the United States	368	(1)
Apprenticeships in Western Europe	369	(2)
Occupational Choice	371	(5)
The Development of Occupational Goals	371	(3)
Influences on Occupational Goals	374	(2)
Work in Emerging Adulthood	376	(1)
Unemployment	377	(2)
Volunteer Work---Community Service	379	(5)
Community Service and Adolescent Development	379	(1)
Community Service in Emerging Adulthood	380	(4)
Media	384	(32)
Media and Young People's Development	386	(1)
Theories of Media Influence	387	(1)
Five Uses	388	(4)
Entertainment	388	(1)
Identity Formation	389	(1)
High Sensation	389	(2)
Coping	391	(1)
Youth Culture Identification	392	(1)
Media and Adolescent Socialization	392	(3)
Media and Other Sources of Socialization	393	(2)
Controversial Media	395	(12)
Television and Aggressiveness	395	(2)
Computer Games and Aggressiveness	397	(1)
Television and Movies and Sex	398	(3)
Sex and Violence on Music Television	401	(1)
Controversial Music: Rap and Heavy Metal	402	(3)
Controversial Advertising: Joe Camel and Friends	405	(2)
New Media	407	(2)
The Internet	407	(2)
Mobile Phones and Text Messaging	409	(1)
Media and Globalization	409	(7)
Problems	416	(38)
Two Types of Problems	418	(1)
Externalizing Problems	418	(22)
Problem Behavior Theory	418	(1)
Risky Automobile Driving	419	(3)
Substance Use	422	(4)
Delinquency and Crime	426	(6)
Factors Involved in Risk Behavior	432	(8)
Internalizing Problems	440	(14)
Depression	440	(6)
Eating Disorders	446	(8)
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood in the 21st Century	454	(12)
Sub-Saharan Africa	456	(1)
North Africa and the Middle East	457	(1)
India	458	(1)
Asia	459	(1)
Latin America	460	(1)
The West	461	(2)
Common Issues	463	(3)
The Future of Globalization	463	(1)
Equality of Wealth and Opportunity	463	(1)
The Urban-Rural Split	464	(2)
Glossary	466	(14)
References	480	(50)
Credits	530	(3)
Name Index	533	(15)
Subject Index	548