Advances in Atomic, Molecular, And Optical Physics

by Berman; Lin; Arimondo

• ISBN13: 9780120038541
• ISBN10: 0120038544
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-11-20
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Volume 54 of the Advances Series contains ten contributions, covering a diversity of subject areas in atomic, molecular and optical physics. The article by Regal and Jin reviews the properties of a Fermi degenerate gas of cold potassium atoms in the crossover regime between the Bose-Einstein condensation of molecules and the condensation of fermionic atom pairs. The transition between the two regions can be probed by varying an external magnetic field. Sherson, Julsgaard and Polzik explore the manner in which light and atoms can be entangled, with applications to quantum information processing and communication. They report on the result of recent experiments involving the entanglement of distant objects and quantum memory of light. Recent developments in cold Rydberg atom physics are reviewed in the article by Choi, Kaufmann, Cubel-Liebisch, Reinhard, and Raithel. Fascinating experiments are described in which cold, highly excited atoms (Rydberg atoms) and cold plasmas are generated. Evidence for a collective excitation of Rydberg matter is also presented. Griffiin and Pindzola offer an account of non-perturbative quantal methods for electron-atom scattering processes. Included in the discussion are the R-matrix with pseudo-states method and the time-dependent close-coupling method. An extensive review of the R-matrix theory of atomic, molecular, and optical processes is given by Burke, Noble, and Burke. They present a systematic development of the R-matrix method and its applications to various processes such as electron-atom scattering, atomic photoionization, electron-molecule scattering, positron-atom scattering, and atomic/molecular multiphoton processes. Electron impact excitation of rare-gas atoms from both their ground and metastable states is discussed in the article by Boffard, Jung, Anderson, and Lin. Excitation cross sections measured by the optical method are reviewed with emphasis on the physical interpretation in terms of electronic structure of the target atoms. Ozier and Moazzen-Ahmadi explore internal rotation of symmetric top molecules. Developments of new experimental methods based on high-resolution torsional, vibrational, and molecular beam spectroscopy allow accurate determination of internal barriers for these symmetric molecules. The subject of attosecond and angstrom science is reviewed by Niikura and Corkum. The underlying physical mechanisms allowing one to generate attosecond radiation pulses are described and the technology needed for the preparation of such pulses is discussed. LeGouët, Bretenaker, and Lorgeré describe how rare earth ions embedded in crystals can be used for processing optically carried broadband radio-frequency signals. Methods for reaching tens of gigahertz instantaneous bandwidth with submegahertz resolution using such devices are analyzed in detail and demonstrated experimentally. Finally, in the article by Illing, Gauthier, and Roy, it is shown that small perturbations applied to optical systems can be used to suppress or control optical chaos, spatio-temporal dynamics, and patterns. Applications of these techniques to communications, laser stabilization, and improving the sensitivity of low-light optical switches are explored. · International experts · Comprehensive articles · New developments

Table of Contents

CONTRIBUTORS	xi
PREFACE	xiii
Experimental Realization of the BCS-BEC Crossover with a Fermi Gas of Atoms
C.A. Regal and D.S. Jin
1. Introduction	2	(8)
1.1. Historical Perspective	2	(6)
1.2. Contents	8	(2)
2. BCS-BEC Crossover Physics	10	(8)
2.1. Pairing in a Fermi Gas of Atoms	11	(1)
2.2. Varying Interactions	12	(2)
2.3. Simple Theory	14	(2)
2.4. Beyond T = 0	16	(1)
2.5. Modern Challenges	17	(1)
3. Feshbach Resonances	18	(6)
3.1. Description	18	(1)
3.2. A Specific Example	19	(5)
4. Cooling a Fermi Gas and Measuring its Temperature	24	(12)
4.1. Cooling 40K	24	(2)
4.2. Measuring the Temperature of a Fermi Gas	26	(10)
5. Elastic Scattering near Feshbach Resonances between Fermionic Atoms	36	(6)
5.1. Measuring the Elastic Collision Cross Section	36	(2)
5.2. Anisotropic Expansion	38	(1)
5.3. Measuring the Mean-Field Interaction Energy	39	(3)
5.4. 40K Feshbach Resonance Summary	42	(1)
6. Creating Molecules from a Fermi Gas of Atoms	42	(9)
6.1. Magnetic-Field Association	43	(1)
6.2. Rf Spectroscopy	44	(3)
6.3. Understanding Molecule Conversion Efficiency	47	(3)
6.4. A Precise Measurement of B0	50	(1)
7. Inelastic Collisions near a Fermionic Feshbach Resonance	51	(5)
7.1. Expected Inelastic Decay Processes	51	(1)
7.2. Lifetime of Feshbach Molecules	52	(2)
7.3. Three-Body Recombination	54	(1)
7.4. Comparison of 40K and 6Li	54	(2)
8. Creating Condensates from a Fermi Gas of Atoms	56	(8)
8.1. Emergence of a Molecular Condensate from a Fermi Gas of Atoms	56	(4)
8.2. Observing Condensates in the Crossover	60	(3)
8.3. Measurement of a Phase Diagram	63	(1)
9. The Momentum Distribution of a Fermi Gas in the Crossover	64	(64)
9.1. Measuring the Momentum Distribution	65	(2)
9.2. Extracting the Kinetic Energy	67	(1)
9.3. Comparing the Kinetic Energy to Theory	68	(2)
9.4. Temperature Dependence	70	(1)
10. Conclusions and Future Directions	71	(1)
11. Acknowledgements	72	(1)
12. References	72	(10)
Deterministic Atom–Light Quantum Interface
Jacob Sherson, Brian Julsgaard and Eugene S. Polzik
1. Introduction	82	(3)
2. Atom-Light Interaction	85	(8)
2.1. Atomic Spin Operators	86	(1)
2.2. Polarization States of Light	87	(1)
2.3. Off-Resonant Coupling	88	(2)
2.4. Propagation Equations	90	(1)
2.5. The Rotating Frame	91	(1)
2.6 Two Oppositely Oriented Spin Samples	92	(1)
3. Quantum Information Protocols	93	(10)
3.1. Entanglement—Two Mode Squeezing Protocol	95	(4)
3.2. Quantum Memory	99	(4)
4. Experimental Methods	103	(5)
4.1. Paraffin Coated Vapor Cells	103	(1)
4.2. Detection of Polarization States	104	(1)
4.3. Magnetic Fields	105	(3)
5. Experimental Results	108	(13)
5.1. Projection Noise Level	108	(5)
5.2. Decoherence	113	(2)
5.3. Entanglement Results	115	(3)
5.4. Quantum Memory Results	118	(3)
6. Conclusions	121	(1)
7. Aknowledgements	122	(1)
8. Appendices	122	(6)
A. Effect of Atomic Motion	122	(1)
A.1 Modeling Atomic Motion	122	(2)
A.2 Atomic Motion as a Source of Decoherence	124	(1)
B. Technical Details	125	(1)
B.1. Light Polarization and Stark Shifts	125	(2)
B.2. Influence of Laser Noise	127	(1)
9. References	128	(4)
Cold Rydberg Atoms
J.-H. Choi, B. Knuffinan, T. Cubel Liebisch, A. Reinhard and G. Raithel
1. Introduction	132	(3)
2. Preparation and Analysis of Cold Rydberg-Atom Clouds	135	(14)
2.1. Atom Trapping	135	(2)
2.2. Rydberg-Atom Excitation	137	(2)
2.3. STIRAP Excitation into Rydberg States	139	(4)
2.4. Rydberg-Atom Detection	143	(3)
2.5. Laser Cooling and Magnetic Trapping in Strong Magnetic Fields	146	(3)
3. collision-Induced Rydberg-Atom Gas Dynamics	149	(10)
3.1. State-Mixing Collisions in Cold Rydberg-Atom Gases	150	(3)
3.2. Relation between Cold Rydberg-Atom Gases and Cold Plasmas	153	(2)
3.3. Collision-Induced Production of Fast Rydberg Atoms	155	(4)
4. Towards Coherent Control of Rydberg-Atom Interactions	159	(17)
4.1. Motivation	159	(1)
4.2. Coherent Rydberg Excitations in Many-Body Systems	160	(1)
4.3. The Yin and Yang of Rydberg–Rydberg Interactions	161	(4)
4.4. Control Options for Rydberg–Rydberg Interactions	165	(3)
4.5. Methods to Measure the Blockade Effect	168	(1)
4.6. Experimental Implementation of an Excitation-Statistics Measurement	169	(1)
4.7. Results of Excitation-Statistics Measurements	170	(3)
4.8. Effect of the Excitation Blockade on the Transition Linewidth	173	(2)
4.9. Experiments in Progress and Planned Research	175	(1)
5. Rydberg-Atom Trapping	176	(10)
5.1. Electrostatic Rydberg-Atom Trapping	177	(2)
5.2. Rydberg-Atom Trapping in Weak Magnetic Fields	179	(1)
5.3. Ponderomotive Optical Lattices for Rydberg Atoms	180	(2)
5.4. Trapping of Rydberg Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields	182	(4)
6. Experimental Realization of Rydberg-Atom Trapping	186	(6)
6.1. Production and Decay of Long-Lived Rydberg Atoms	186	(3)
6.2. Oscillations in Trapped Rydberg-Atom Clouds	189	(1)
6.3. State Analysis of Trapped Rydberg Atoms	190	(2)
7. Landau Quantization and State Mixing in Cold, Strongly Magnetized Rydberg Atoms	192	(4)
8. Conclusion	196	(1)
9. Acknowledgements	197	(1)
10.References	198	(6)
Non-Perturbative Quantal Methods for Electron–Atom Scattering Processes
D.C. Griffin and M.S. Pindzola
1. Introduction	204	(1)
2. The Configuration-Average Distorted-Wave Method	204	(2)
3. The R-Matrix with Pseudo-States Method	206	(5)
3.1. The R-Matrix Method	206	(3)
3.2. The Addition of Pseudo States	209	(2)
4. The Time-Dependent Close-Coupling Method	211	(7)
4.1. Exact Solutions to One-Electron Atomic Systems	211	(3)
4.2. Approximate Solutions to Multi-Electron Atomic Systems	214	(1)
4.3. Exact Solutions to Two-Electron Atomic Systems	215	(3)
5. Results	218	(14)
5.1. Excitation and Ionization of All Ionization Stages of Be	218	(3)
5.2. Electron-Impact Excitation and Ionization of Ne	221	(6)
5.3. Ionization out of Excited States of H-Like Ions	227	(3)
5.4. Electron-Impact Single and Double Ionization of He	230	(2)
6. Summary	232	(1)
7. Acknowledgements	233	(1)
8. References	234	(3)
R-Matrix Theory of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Processes
P.G. Burke, C.J. Noble and V.M. Burke
1. Introduction	237	(4)
2. Electron Atom Scattering at Low Energies	241	(15)
2.1. R-Matrix Theory	241	(8)
2.2. Computer Programs	249	(2)
2.3. Illustrative Results	251	(5)
3. Electron Scattering at Intermediate Energies	256	(15)
3.1. Pseudostate Methods	256	(8)
3.2. Distorted Wave and Born-Series Methods	264	(7)
4. Atomic Photoionization and Photorecombination	271	(11)
4.1. Photoionization	271	(4)
4.2. Photorecombination and Radiation Damping	275	(7)
5. Electron Molecule Scattering	282	(7)
6. Positron Atom Scattering	289	(4)
7. AtoMic and Molecular Multiphoton Processes	293	(14)
7.1. Atomic R-Matrix-Floquet Theory	293	(8)
7.2. Molecular R-Matrix–Floquet Theory	301	(4)
7.3. Time-Dependent R-Matrix Theory	305	(2)
8. Elcetron Energy Loss from Transition Metal Oxides	307	(4)
9. Conclusions	311	(1)
10. Acknowledgements	312	(1)
11. References	312	(8)
Electron-Impact Excitation of Rare-Gas Atoms from the Ground Level and Metastable astable Levels
John B. Boffard, R.O. Jung, L.W. Anderson and C.C. Lin
1. Introduction	320	(1)
2. Electronic Structure	321	(4)
2.1. Neon and Argon	321	(1)
2.2. Krypton and Xenon	322	(3)
2.3. Helium as a Misfit	325	(1)
3. Experimental Methods	325	(17)
3.1. Optical Method	325	(1)
3.2. Resonance Radiation Trapping	326	(3)
3.3. Measurements with Ground State Targets	329	(4)
3.4. Measurements with Metastable Targets	333	(6)
3.5. Special Optical Techniques	339	(3)
4. Background: Excitation of Helium and the Multipole Field Picture	342	(6)
4.1. Excitation out of the Ground Level	342	(2)
4.2. Excitation out of He Metastable Levels	344	(2)
4.3. Multipole Field Model Applied to the Heavy Rare Gases	346	(2)
5. Argon	348	(24)
5.1. Excitation out of the Ground Level	349	(16)
5.2. Excitation out of Metastable Levels	365	(6)
5.3. Experimental Uncertainty of Excitation Cross Sections	371	(1)
6. Neon	372	(12)
6.1. Excitation out of the Ground Level	372	(10)
6.2. Excitation out of the Metastable Levels	382	(2)
7. Krypton	384	(13)
7.1. Excitation out of the Ground Level	385	(6)
7.2. Excitation out of the Metastable Levels	391	(6)
8. Xenon	397	(9)
8.1. Excitation out of the Ground Level	397	(5)
8.2. Excitation out of the Metastable Levels	402	(4)
9 Comparison to Theoretical Calculations	406	(4)
10. Conclusions	410	(14)
10.1. Systematic Trends in Rare-Gas Cross Sections	410	(5)
10.2. Applications	415	(1)
10.3. Concluding Remarks	416	(8)
11. Acknowledgements
12. References
Internal Rotation in Symmetric Tops
I. Ozier and N. Moazzen-Ahmadi
1. Introduction	424	(12)
2. Theory	436	(13)
2.1. The Zeroth-Order Hamiltonian and the Hybrid Approach	436	(3)
2.2. The Vibration–Torsion–Rotation Hamiltonian	439	(5)
2.3. Basis Functions, Eigenfunctions, and Eigenvalues	444	(5)
3. Spectroscopy from 50 kHz to 1000 cm-1	449	(49)
3.1. Rotational Spectroscopy	449	(6)
3.2. The Avoided Crossing Molecular Beam Method	455	(5)
3.3. Torsion–Rotation Spectroscopy	460	(16)
3.4. Vibration–Torsion–Rotation Spectroscopy	476	(22)
4. Discussion	498	(7)
5. Acknowledgements	505	(1)
6. References	506	(6)
Attosecond and Angstrom Science
Hiromichi Niikura and P.B. Corkum
1. Introduction	512	(3)
2. Tunnel Ionization and Electron Re-collision	515	(5)
2.1. Tunnel Ionization	515	(1)
2.2. Classical Electron Motion in an Intense Laser Field	516	(2)
2.3. Re-collision	518	(1)
2.4. Quantum Perspective of the Re-collision Process	519	(1)
3. Producing and Measuring Attosecond Optical Pulses	520	(3)
3.1. Producing Single Attosecond Pulses	521	(1)
3.2. Attosecond Streak Camera	521	(2)
4. Measuring an Attosecond Electron Pulse	523	(11)
4.1. Forming an Electron Wave Packet/Launching a Vibrational Wave Packet in H-2E	523	(1)
4.2. Spatial Distribution of the Re-collision Electron Wave Packet	524	(3)
4.3. Time-Structure of the Re-collision Electron	527	(1)
4.4. Reading the Molecular Clock–the Vibrational Wave Packet	528	(3)
4.5. Confirming the Time-Structure	531	(1)
4.6. The Importance of Correlation	532	(1)
4.7. Single, Attosecond Electron Pulse	533	(1)
5. Attosecond Imaging	534	(5)
5.1. Observing Vibrational Wave Packet Motion of IDF	534	(2)
5.2. Laser Induced Electron Diffraction	536	(2)
5.3. Controlling and Imaging a Vibrational Wave Packet	538	(1)
6. Imaging Electrons and Their Dynamics	539	(6)
6.1 Tomographic Imaging of the Electron Orbital	540	(1)
6.2. Attosecond Electron Wave Packet Motion	540	(5)
7. Conclusion	545	(1)
8. References	546	(4)
Atomic Processing of Optically Carried RF Signals
Jean-Louis Le Gouet, Fabien Bretenaker and Ivan Lorgere
1. Introduction	550	(2)
2. Radio Frequency Spectral Analyzers	552	(3)
3. Spectrum Photography Architecture	555	(9)
3.1. Principle of Operation	555	(1)
3.2. Basic Spectroscopic Properties of Tm³+:YAG for SHB Experiments	556	(2)
3.3. Experimental Demonstration	558	(6)
4. Frequency Selective Materials as Programmable Filters	564	(6)
4.1. Reconfigurable Filtering	564	(1)
4.2. Linear Response	565	(2)
4.3. Time-Delayed Four-Wave Mixing	567	(2)
4.4. Coherent Combination of Local Response: Photon Echo	569	(1)
5. Rainbow Analyzer	570	(11)
5.1. Principle of Operation	570	(2)
5.2. Programming Stage	572	(3)
5.3. Spectral Resolution	575	(2)
5.4. Experimental Setup	577	(1)
5.5. Experimental Results	578	(1)
5.6. Future Improvements	579	(2)
6. Photon Echo Chirp Transform Spectrum Analyzer	581	(14)
6.1. Photon Echo Chirp Transform	581	(8)
6.2. Experimental Demonstration in Er³+:YSO	589	(5)
6.3. Discussion	594	(1)
7. Frequency Agile Laser Technology	595	(12)
7.1. Requirements	595	(1)
7.2. Electro-Optic Tuning of Diode Laser Extended Cavity	596	(2)
7.3. Laser Chirp Spectral Purity Characterization	598	(9)
7.4. Perspectives	607	(1)
8. Conclusion	607	(1)
9. Acknowledgements	608	(1)
10. References	608	(8)
Controlling Optical Chaos, Spatio-Temporal Dynamics, and Patterns
Lucas Ming, Daniel J. Gauthier and Rajarshi Roy
1. Introduction	616	(4)
2. Recent Examples	620	(8)
2.1. The 'Green Problem'	620	(1)
2.2. Synchronizing Laser Chaos	621	(2)
2.3. Optical Chaos Communication	623	(3)
2.4. Spatio-Temporal Chaos	626	(2)
3. Control	628	(28)
3.1. Introduction	628	(5)
3.2. Controlling Unstable Periodic Orbits	633	(14)
3.3. Controlling Unstable Steady States	647	(8)
3.4. Summary of Controlling Chaos Research	655	(1)
4. Synchronization	656	(16)
4.1. Introduction and Connection to Control	656	(1)
4.2. Identical Synchronization	657	(4)
4.3. Generalized Synchronization	661	(4)
4.4. Phase Synchronization	665	(3)
4.5. Synchronization Errors	668	(4)
4.6. Summary of Synchronizing Chaos Research	672	(1)
5. Communication	672	(10)
5.1. Introduction	672	(2)
5.2. Chaos Communication Using Fiber Lasers	674	(4)
5.3. Adverse Effects of Realistic Communication Channels	678	(2)
5.4. Minimizing the Effect of Channel Distortions on Synchronization	680	(1)
5.5. Summary of Chaos Communication Research	681	(1)
6. Spatio-Temporal Chaos and Patterns	682	(9)
6.1. Spatio-Temporal Chaos Communication	682	(6)
6.2. All-Optical Switching	688	(3)
7. Outlook	691	(1)
8. Acknowledgement	691	(1)
9. References	692	(5)
INDEX	697