African-American Odyssey, The: Volume II, Since 1863

by Hine, Darlene Clark; Hine, William C.; Harrold, Stanley

• ISBN13: 9780130977953
• ISBN10: 0130977950
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For one/two-semester, undergraduate courses in African-American History, African-American Studies, and United States History. Written by leading scholars, The African-American Odyssey is a clear and comprehensive narrative of African-American history, from its African roots to the 21st century. This text places African-American history at the center, and in the context, of American History. Biographical profiles, documents, art, a Living Word CD, and the Companion Website dramatize the narrative and illuminate key personalities, events, and issues that shaped African-American history.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction, 1865-1868	258	(26)
The End of Slavery	260	(1)
Differing Reactions of Former Slaves	260	(1)
Reuniting Black Families	260	(1)
Land	261	(1)
Special Field Order #15	261	(1)
The Port Royal Experiment	262	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau	262	(1)
Voices A Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner Tells Freed People What Freedom Means	262	(2)
Southern Homestead Act	264	(1)
Sharecropping	264	(1)
The Black Church	264	(3)
Education	267	(1)
Black Teachers	267	(1)
Voices A Northern Black Woman on Teaching Freedmen	268	(3)
Black Colleges	269	(1)
Response of White Southerners	270	(1)
Profile Charlotte E. Ray	271	(1)
Violence	271	(1)
The Crusade for Political and Civil Rights	272	(1)
Profile Aaron A. Bradley	273	(1)
Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson	274	(1)
Black Codes	274	(1)
Black Conventions	274	(2)
The Radical Republicans	276	(1)
Radical Proposals	276	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Bill	276	(1)
Johnson's Vetoes	276	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	277	(1)
Radical Reconstruction	277	(1)
Universal Manhood Suffrage	278	(1)
Black Politics	278	(1)
Sit-Ins and Strikes	278	(1)
The Reaction of White Southerners	278	(6)
Conclusions	279	(1)
Review Questions	280	(1)
Recommended Reading	281	(1)
Additional Bibliography	282	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	282	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	283	(1)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction	284	(22)
Constitutional Conventions	286	(1)
Elections	287	(1)
Black Political Leaders	287	(1)
The Issues	288	(1)
Education and Social Welfare	288	(1)
Profile the Gibbs Brothers	289	(1)
Civil Rights	290	(1)
Economic Issues	290	(1)
Land	290	(1)
Business and Industry	291	(1)
Black Politicians: An Evaluation	291	(1)
Republican Factionalism	291	(1)
Opposition	291	(1)
Profile The Rollin Sisters	292	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	293	(2)
Voices An Appeal for Help Against the Klan	295	(1)
The Fifteenth Amendment	295	(1)
The Enforcement Acts	296	(1)
The North Loses Interest	297	(1)
The Freedmen's Bank	297	(1)
The Civil Rights Act of 1875	298	(1)
Voices Black Leaders Support the Passage of a Civil Rights Act	299	(1)
The End of Reconstruction	299	(7)
Violent Redemption	300	(1)
The Shotgun Policy	300	(1)
The Hamburg Massacre	300	(1)
The Compromise of 1877	301	(1)
Conclusion	302	(1)
Review Questions	302	(1)
Recommended Reading	303	(1)
Additional Bibliography	303	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	304	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	305	(1)
PART IV Searching for Safe Spaces	306	(120)
White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the South in the Late Nineteenth Century	309	(25)
Politics	310	(4)
Black Congressmen	311	(1)
Democrats and Farmer Discontent	311	(2)
The Colored Farmers' Alliance	313	(1)
The Populist Party	313	(1)
Disfranchisement	314	(1)
Evading the Fifteenth Amendment	314	(1)
Mississippi	314	(1)
South Carolina	315	(1)
The Grandfather Clause	315	(1)
Segregation	315	(2)
Jim Crow	316	(1)
Segregation on the Railroads	316	(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson	316	(1)
Voices Majority and Dissenting Opinions on Plessy v. in Ferguson	317	(1)
Streetcar Segregation	318	(1)
Segregation Proliferates	318	(1)
Racial Etiquette	318	(1)
Violence	319	(3)
Washington County, Texas	319	(1)
The Phoenix Riot	319	(1)
The Wilmington Riot	319	(1)
The New Orleans Riot	319	(1)
Lynching	320	(1)
Rape	321	(1)
Profile Ida Wells Barnett	322	(1)
Migration	323	(1)
The Liberian Exodus	323	(1)
The Exodusters	323	(1)
Migration within the South	324	(1)
Black Farm Families	324	(2)
Sharecroppers	324	(1)
Renters	325	(1)
Crop Liens	325	(1)
Peonage	326	(1)
Voices Cash and Debt for the Black Cotton Farmer	326	(2)
Black Landowners	326	(1)
White Resentment of Black Success	327	(1)
Profile Johnson C. Whittaker	328	(1)
African Americans and Southern Courts	329	(5)
Segregated Justice	329	(1)
The Convict Lease System	329	(1)
Conclusion	330	(1)
Review Questions	331	(1)
Recommended Reading	332	(1)
Additional Bibliography	332	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	333	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	333	(1)
Black Southerners Challenge White Supremacy	334	(30)
Social Darwinism	336	(1)
Education and Schools	336	(4)
Segregated Schools	337	(1)
The Hampton Model	338	(1)
Washington and the Tuskegee Model	338	(2)
Critics of the Tuskegee Model	340	(1)
Voices Thomas E. Miller and the Mission of the Black Land-Grant College	340	(1)
Church and Religion	341	(3)
The Church as Solace and Escape	343	(1)
The Holiness Movement and the Pentecostal Church	343	(1)
Profile Henry McNeal Turner	344	(3)
Roman Catholics and Episcopalians	345	(1)
Red versus Black: The Buffalo Soldiers	345	(1)
Discrimination in the Army	345	(1)
The Buffalo Soldiers in Combat	346	(1)
Civilian Hostility to Black Soldiers	346	(1)
Brownsville	346	(1)
African Americans in the Navy	347	(1)
The Black Cowboys	347	(1)
The Spanish-American War	347	(3)
Black Others	348	(1)
A Splendid Little War	349	(1)
After the War	349	(1)
Voices Black Men in Battle in Cuba	350	(1)
The Philippine Insurrection	351	(1)
Would Black Men Fight Brown Men?	351	(1)
Black Businesspeople and Entrepreneurs	351	(1)
Profile Maggie Lena Walker	352	(1)
African Americans and Labor	353	(2)
Unions	353	(1)
Strikes	354	(1)
Black Professionals	355	(1)
Medicine	355	(1)
The Law	356	(1)
Music	356	(2)
Ragtime	356	(1)
Jazz	357	(1)
The Blues	357	(1)
Sports	358	(6)
Jack Johnson	358	(1)
Baseball	359	(1)
Basketball and Other Sports	359	(1)
College Athletics	359	(1)
Conclusions	360	(1)
Review Questions	360	(1)
Recommended Reading	361	(1)
Additional Bibliography	362	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	363	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	363	(1)
Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century	364	(36)
Race and the Progressive Movement	366	(1)
Booker T. Washington's Approach	366	(3)
Washington's Influence	367	(1)
The Tuskegee Machine	368	(1)
Opposition to Washington	369	(1)
W. E. B. Du Bois	369	(1)
Voices W E. B. Du Bois on Being Black in America	370	(1)
The Niagara Movement	371	(1)
The NAACP	372	(2)
Using the System	372	(1)
Du Bois and The Crisis	372	(1)
Washington versus the NAACP	373	(1)
The Urban League	374	(1)
Black Women and the Club Movement	374	(1)
The NACW: ``Lifting as We Climb''	374	(1)
Phillis Wheatley Clubs	374	(1)
Profile Mary Church Terrell	375	(1)
Anna Julia Cooper and Black Feminism	376	(1)
Women's Suffrage	376	(1)
The Black Elite	376	(1)
The American Negro Academy	376	(1)
Profile Lewis Latimer, Black Inventor	377	(1)
The Upper Class	378	(1)
Fraternities and Sororities	378	(1)
Presidential Politics	378	(1)
Frustrated by the Republicans	378	(1)
Woodrow Wilson	378	(1)
Profile George Washington Carver and Ernest Everett Just	379	(1)
Black Men and the Military in World War I	380	(3)
The Punitive Expedition to Mexico	380	(1)
World War I	381	(1)
Black Troops and Officers	381	(1)
Discrimination and Its Effects	381	(2)
Du Bois's Disappointment	383	(1)
Race Riots	383	(5)
Atlanta 1906	384	(1)
Springfield 1908	385	(1)
East St. Louis 1917	385	(1)
Houston 1917	386	(1)
Chicago 1919	387	(1)
Elaine 1919	387	(1)
Tulsa 1921	387	(1)
Rosewood 1923	388	(1)
The Great Migration	388	(2)
Why Migrate?	388	(2)
Destinations	390	(1)
Voices A Migrant to the North Writes Home	390	(1)
Northern Communities	391	(2)
Chicago	392	(1)
Harlem	392	(1)
Families	393	(7)
Conclusion	394	(1)
Review Questions	395	(1)
Recommended Reading	395	(1)
Additional Bibliography	395	(3)
Retracing the Odyssey	398	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	398	(2)
African Americans and the 1920s	400	(26)
Strikes and the Red Scare	402	(1)
Varieties of Racism	402	(2)
Scientific Racism	403	(1)
The Birth of a Nation	403	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	404	(1)
Protest, Pride, and Pan Africanism: Black Organizations in the Twenties	404	(1)
The NAACP	404	(1)
Voices The Negro National Anthem: ``Lift Every Voice and Sing''	405	(1)
Profile James Weldon Johnson	406	(2)
``Up You Mighty Race'': Marcus Garvey and the UNIA	407	(1)
Voices Marcus Garvey Appeals for a New African Nation	408	(3)
Pan-Africanism	410	(1)
Labor	411	(2)
The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters	412	(1)
A. Philip Randolph	412	(1)
The Harlem Renaissance	413	(5)
Before Harlem	414	(1)
Writers and Artists	415	(2)
White People and the Harlem Renaissance	417	(1)
Harlem and the Jazz Age	418	(1)
Profile Bessie Smith	419	(1)
Song, Dance, and Stage	420	(1)
Sports	420	(6)
Rube Foster	421	(1)
College Sports	421	(1)
Conclusion	421	(1)
Review Questions	422	(1)
Recommended Reading	423	(1)
Additional Bibliography	423	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	424	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	425	(1)
PART V The Great Depression and World War II	426	(84)
The Great Depression and the New Deal	428	(26)
The Cataclysm, 1929-1933	430	(3)
Harder Times for Black America	430	(1)
Black Businesses in the Depression: Collapse and Survival	431	(2)
The Failure of Relief	433	(1)
African Americans and the New Deal	434	(2)
Roosevelt and the First New Deal, 1933-1935	434	(1)
Black Officials in the New Deal	435	(1)
Voices A Black Sharecropper Details Abuse in the Administration of Agricultural Relief	436	(2)
Black Social Scientists and the New Deal	437	(1)
Profile Mary McLeod Bethune	438	(3)
African Americans and the Second New Deal	439	(2)
Black Protest During the Great Depression	441	(3)
The NAACP and Civil Rights Struggles	441	(1)
Du Bois Ignites a Controversy	441	(1)
Challenging Racial Discrimination in the Courts	442	(1)
Black Women and Community Organizing	443	(1)
Organized Labor and Black America	444	(1)
The Communist Party and African Americans	445	(1)
The International labor Defense and the ``Scottsboro Boys''	445	(1)
Profile Angelo Herndon	446	(2)
Debating Communist Leadership	447	(1)
The National Negro Congress	448	(1)
The Tuskegee Study	448	(1)
Voices Hoboing in Alabama	449	(5)
Conclusion	450	(1)
Review Questions	450	(1)
Recommended Reading	450	(1)
Additional Bibliography	451	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	453	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	453	(1)
Black Culture and Society in the 1930s and 1940s	454	(26)
Black Culture in a Midwestern City	456	(1)
The Black Culture Industry and American Racism	457	(1)
The Music Culture from Swing to Bebop	457	(1)
Profile Charlie Parker	458	(2)
Popular Culture for the Masses: Comic Strips, Radio, and the Movies	460	(3)
The Comics	460	(1)
Radio and Race	460	(1)
Race, Representation, and the Movies	461	(2)
The Black Chicago Renaissance	463	(1)
Profile Langston Hughes	464	(3)
Jazz in Chicago	465	(1)
Gospel in Chicago: Thomas Dorsey	466	(1)
Chicago in Dance and Song: Katherine Dunham and Billie Holiday	466	(1)
Voices Margaret Walker on Black Culture	467	(2)
Voices Billie Holiday, 1915-1959 and ``Strange Fruit''	469	(1)
Black Graphic Art	470	(1)
Black Literature	470	(2)
Richard Wright's Native Son	471	(1)
James Baldwin Challenges Wright	471	(1)
Ralph Ellison and Invisible Man	472	(1)
African Americans in Sports	472	(2)
Jesse Owens and Joe Louis	473	(1)
Breaking the Color Barrier in Baseball	473	(1)
Black Religious Culture	474	(6)
The Nation of Islam	474	(1)
Father Divine and the Peace Mission Movement	474	(1)
Conclusion	475	(1)
Review Questions	475	(1)
Recommended Reading	476	(1)
Additional Bibliography	477	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	479	(1)
African American History on the Internet	479	(1)
The World War II Era and Seeds of a Revolution	480	(30)
On the Eve of War, 1936-1941	482	(3)
African Americans and the Emerging World Crisis	483	(1)
A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington Movement	483	(2)
Executive Order #8802	485	(1)
Race and the U.S. Armed Forces	485	(3)
Institutional Racism in the American Military	485	(1)
The Costs of Military Discrimination	486	(1)
Soldiers and Civilians Protest Military Discrimination	487	(1)
Black Women in the Struggle to Desegregate the Military	487	(1)
Voices William H. Hastie Resigns m Protest	488	(2)
The Beginning of Military Desegregation	489	(1)
Voices Separate but Equal Training for Black Army Nurses?	490	(1)
Profile Mabel K. Staupers (1890-1989)	491	(2)
The Tuskegee Airmen	491	(1)
The Transformation of Black Soldiers	492	(1)
Black People on the Home Front	493	(3)
Black Workers: From Farm to Factory	493	(1)
The FEPC during the War	494	(1)
Anatomy of a Race Riot: Detroit, 1943	494	(1)
Old and New Protest Groups on the Home Front	495	(1)
Profile Bayard Rustin	496	(1)
The Transition to Peace	497	(1)
The Cold War and International Politics	497	(3)
African Americans in World Affairs: W. E. B. Du Bois and Ralph Bunche	498	(1)
Anticommunism at Home	498	(1)
Paul Robeson	498	(1)
Henry Wallace and the 1948 Presidential Election	499	(1)
Desegregating the Armed Forces	499	(1)
The Road to Brown	500	(10)
Constance Baker Motley and Black Lawyers in the South	500	(2)
Brown and the Coming Revolution	502	(4)
Conclusion	506	(1)
Review Questions	506	(1)
Recommended Reading	506	(1)
Additional Bibliography	507	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	509	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	509	(1)
PART VI The Black Revolution	510	(98)
The Freedom Movement, 1954-1965	512	(30)
The 1950s: Prosperity and Prejudice	514	(1)
Brown II	514	(1)
Massive White Resistance	514	(1)
The Lynching of Emmett Till	515	(1)
New Forms of Protest: The Montgomery Bus Boycott	515	(2)
The Roots of Revolution	516	(1)
Voices Letter of the Montgomery Women's Political Council to Mayor W. A. Gayle	517	(1)
Rosa Parks	517	(1)
Profile Rosa Loiuse McCauley Parks (1913-)	518	(3)
Montgomery Improvement Association	519	(1)
Martin Luther King, Jr.	519	(1)
Walking for Freedom	520	(1)
Friends in the North	520	(1)
Victory	521	(1)
No Easy Road to Freedom: 1957-1960	521	(1)
Martin Luther King and the SCLC	521	(1)
Civil Rights Act of 1957	521	(1)
Little Rock, Arkansas	522	(1)
Black Youth Stand Up by Sitting Down	522	(3)
Sit-ins: Greensboro, Nashville, Atlanta	523	(1)
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee	524	(1)
Freedom Rides	524	(1)
A Sight to be Seen: The Movement at High Tide	525	(1)
The Election of 1960	525	(1)
Profile Robert Parris Moses	526	(2)
The Kennedy Administration and the Civil Rights Movement	527	(1)
Voter Registration Projects	527	(1)
The Albany Movement	528	(1)
Voices Bernice Johnson Reagon on How to Raise a Freedom Song	528	(1)
The Birmingham Confrontation	529	(1)
A Hard Victory	530	(4)
The March on Washington	530	(1)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964	531	(2)
Mississippi Freedom Summer	533	(1)
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party	533	(1)
Profile Fannie Lou Hamer	534	(8)
Selma and the Voting Rights Act of 1965	535	(1)
Conclusion	536	(1)
Review Questions	536	(1)
Recommended Reading	537	(3)
Additional Bibliography	540	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	541	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	541	(1)
The Struggle Continues, 1965-1980	542	(34)
The Fading Dream of Racial Integration: White Backlash and Black Nationalism	544	(3)
Malcolm X	545	(1)
Malcolm X's New Departure	545	(1)
Stokely Carmichael and Black Power	545	(1)
The National Council of Churches	546	(1)
The Black Panther Party	547	(1)
Police Repression and the FBI's Cointelpro	547	(1)
Voices the Black Panther Party Platform	548	(1)
Prisoners' Rights	549	(1)
The Inner-City Rebellions	549	(2)
Watts	550	(1)
Newark	550	(1)
Detroit	550	(1)
The Kerner Commission	551	(1)
Difficulties in Creating the Great Society	551	(1)
Johnson and the War in Vietnam	552	(2)
Black Americans and the Vietnam War	553	(1)
Project 100,000	553	(1)
Johnson: Vietnam Destroys the Great Society	554	(1)
Voices They Called Each Other ``Bloods''	555	(1)
Profile Muhammad Ali	556	(1)
King: Searching for a New Strategy	557	(1)
King on the Vietnam War	557	(1)
King's Murder	557	(1)
The Black Arts Movement and Black Consciousness	558	(3)
Poetry and Theater	559	(1)
Music	560	(1)
The Second Phase of the Black Student Movement	561	(1)
The Orangeburg Massacre	561	(1)
Black Studies	561	(1)
The Election of 1968	562	(1)
The Nixon Presidency	563	(2)
The ``Moynihan Report'' and FAP	563	(1)
Busing	564	(1)
Nixon and the War	564	(1)
Nixon's Downfall	565	(1)
The Rise of Black Elected Officials	565	(2)
The Gary Convention and the Black Political Agenda	566	(1)
Black People Gain Local Offices	567	(1)
Economic Downturn	567	(1)
Black Americans and the Carter Presidency	567	(1)
Black Appointees	567	(1)
Profile Eleanor Holmes Norton	568	(8)
Carter's Domestic Policies	569	(1)
Conclusion	569	(2)
Review Questions	571	(1)
Recommended Reading	572	(1)
Additional Bibliography	572	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	574	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	575	(1)
Modern Black America, 1980 to Present	576	(32)
Progress and Poverty	578	(1)
The Growth of the Black Middle Class	578	(1)
Profile Oprah Winfrey: World's Richest Black Woman	579	(1)
The Persistence of Black Poverty	580	(1)
Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Reaction	580	(3)
Dismantling the Great Society	581	(1)
Black Conservatives	581	(1)
The Thomas-Hill Controversy	581	(1)
Debating the ``Old'' and the ``New'' Civil Rights	582	(1)
Affirmative Action	582	(1)
Voices Black Women in Defense of Themselves	583	(2)
The Backlash	584	(1)
Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Reaction	585	(2)
The King Holiday	586	(1)
TransAfrica and the Antiapartheid Movement	586	(1)
Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition	587	(1)
Policing the Black Community	588	(2)
Human Rights in America	589	(1)
Police Director Hubert Williams of Newark	590	(1)
The Election of 1992	590	(3)
``It's The Economy, Stupid?''	591	(1)
Clinton Signs the Welfare Reform Act	592	(1)
Profile Spike Lee, A Voice of Protest	593	(1)
African-American Cultural and Intellectual Movements at the End of the Millennium	594	(6)
Black Feminism	594	(1)
Black Intellectuals	595	(1)
Afrocentricity	595	(2)
Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam	597	(1)
The Million Man March	598	(1)
The Million Woman March	599	(1)
Black Christianity on the Front lines	599	(1)
The Hip-Hop Nation	600	(1)
2000 and Beyond	600	(8)
The 2000 Census and Black America	601	(1)
Reparation	601	(2)
September 11, 2001	603	(1)
Conclusion	603	(1)
Review Questions	604	(1)
Recommended Reading	604	(1)
Additional Bibliography	604	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	606	(1)
African-American History on the Internet	606	(2)
Epilogue: ``A Nation Within a Nation''	608
Appendix	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1