Alfred Russell Wallace Contributions to the theory of Natural Selection, 1870, and Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace , 'On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties' (Papers presented to the Linnean Society 30th June 1858)

by Thompson,Noel

• ISBN13: 9780415327398
• ISBN10: 0415327393
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-12-16
• Publisher: Routledge

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Table of Contents

On the Law which has regulated the introduction of New Species	1	(25)
Geographical distribution dependent on Geologic Changes
A Law deduced from well-known Geographical and Geological facts
The form of a true system of Classification determined by this Law
Geographical Distribution of Organisms
Geological Distribution of the forms of Life
High Organization of very ancient Animals consistent with this Law
Objections to Forbes' Theory of Polarity
Rudimentary Organs
Conclusion
On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type	26	(19)
Instability of Varieties supposed to prove the permanent distinctness of Species
The Struggle for Existence
The Law of Population of Species
The Abundance or Rarity of a Species dependent upon its more or less perfect Adaptation to the Conditions of Existence
Useful Variations will tend to Increase, useless or hurtful Variations to Diminish
Superior Varieties will ultimately extirpate the Original Species
The Partial Reversion of Domesticated Varieties explained
Lamarck's Hypothesis very different from that now advanced
Conclusion
Mimicry, and other Protective Resemblances among Animals	45	(85)
Test of true and false Theories
Importance of the Principle of Utility
Popular Theories of Colour in Animals
Importance of Concealment as influencing Colour
Special modifications of Colour
Theory of Protective Colouring
Objection that Colour as being dangerous should not exist in Nature
Mimicry
Mimicry among Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera mimicking other Insects
Mimicry among Beetles
Beetles mimicking other Insects
Insects mimicking Species of other Orders
Cases of Mimicry among the Vertebrata
Mimicry among Snakes
Mimicry among Birds
Mimicry among Mammals
Objections to Mr. Bates' Theory of Mimicry
Mimicry by Female Insects only
Cause of the dull Colours of Female Birds
Use of the gaudy Colours of many Caterpillars
Summary
General deductions as to Colour in Nature
Conclusion
The Malayan Papilionidae, or Swallow-tailed Butterflies, as illustrative of the Theory of Natural Selection	130	(71)
Special value of the Diurnal Lepidoptera for inquiries of this Nature
Question of the rank of the Papilionidae
Distribution of the Papilionidae
Definition of the word Species
Laws and Modes of Variation
Simple Variability
Polymorphism or Dimorphism
Local form or variety
Co-existing Variety
Race or Subspecies
Species
Variation as specially influenced by Locality
Local Variation of Size
Local Variation of Form
Local Variations of Colour
Remarks on the facts of Local Variation
Mimicry
Concluding Remarks on Variation in Lepidoptera
Arrangement
Geographical Distribution
Remarkable peculiarities of the island of Celebes
Concluding Remarks
On Instinct in Man and Animals	201	(10)
How Instinct may be best Studied
Definition of Instinct
Does Man possess Instincts?
How Indians travel through unknown and trackless Forests
The Philosophy of Birds' Nests	211	(20)
Instinct or Reason in the Construction of Birds' Nests
Do Men build by Reason or by Imitation?
Why does each Bird build a peculiar kind of Nest?
How do young Birds learn to build their first Nest? Do Birds sing by Instinct or by Imitation?
Man's Works mainly Imitative
Birds do Alter and Improve their Nests when altered conditions require it
Conclusion
A Theory of Birds' Nests; showing the relation of certain differences of colour in female birds to their mode of nidification	231	(33)
Changed Conditions and persistent Habits as influencing Nidification
Classification of Nests
Sexual differences of Colour in Birds
The Law which connects the Colours of Female Birds with the mode of Nidification
What the Facts Teach us
Colour more variable than Structure or Habits, and therefore the Character which has generally been modified
Exceptional cases confirmatory of the above Explanation
Real or apparent exceptions to the Law stated at p. 240
Various modes of Protection of Animals
Females of some groups require and obtain more Protection than the Males
Conclusion
Creation by Law	264	(38)
Laws from which the Origin of Species may be deduced
Mr. Darwin's Metaphors liable to Misconception
A case of Orchis-structure explained by Natural Selection
Adaptation brought about by General Laws
Beauty in Nature
How new Forms are produced by Variation and Selection
The Objection that there are Limits to Variation
Objection to the argument from Classification
The Times on Natural Selection
Intermediate or generalized forms of Extinct Animals an indication of Transmutation or Development
Conclusion
A Demonstration of the Origin of Species
The Development of Human Races under the Law of Natural Selection	302	(30)
Wide difference of Opinion as to Man's Origin
Outline of the Theory of Natural Selection
Different effects of Natural Selection on Animals and on Man
Influence of External Nature in the development of the Human Mind
Extinction of Lower Races
The Origin of the Races of Man
The Bearing of these views on the Antiquity of Man
Their Bearing on the Dignity and Supremacy of Man
Their Bearing on the future Development of Man
Summary
Conclusion
The Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man	332
What Natural Selection can Not do
The Brain of the Savage shown to be Larger than he Needs it to be
Size of Brain an important Element of Mental Power
Comparison of the Brains of Man and of Anthropoid Apes
Range of intellectual power in Man
Intellect of Savages and of Animals compared
The use of the Hairy Covering of Mammalia
The Constant absence of Hair from certain parts of Man's body a remarkable Phenomenon
Savage Man feels the want of this Hairy Covering
Man's Naked Skin could not have been produced by Natural Selection
Feet and Hands of Man considered as Difficulties on the Theory of Natural Selection
The Origin of Some of Man's Mental Faculties, by the preservation of Useful Variations, not possible
Difficulty as to the Origin of the Moral Sense
Summary of the Argument as to the Insufficiency of Natural Selection to account for the Development of Man
The Origin of Consciousness
The Nature of Matter
Matter is Force
All Force is probably Will-force
Conclusion