America and Its Peoples: A Mosaic in the Making, Volume I (Chapters 1-16)

by Martin, James Kirby; Roberts, Randy; Mintz, Steven; McMurry, Linda O.; Jones, James H.

• ISBN13: 9780321162137
• ISBN10: 0321162137
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

Now in its Fifth Edition, America and Its Peoples presents American history filled with the drama and conflict that holds the attention of all students. Social historywith an emphasis on sports, leisure, and popular cultureis effectively integrated with more traditional coverage of military history, politics, and diplomacy. This edition highlights the rich ethnic diversity of the American people with vivid character sketches, colorful anecdotes, primary sources, new pedagogy, and a spirited narrative.

Table of Contents

Maps	xvii
Tables and Figures	xix
Features	xxi
Preface	xxiii
About the Authors	xxxi
The Peopling and Unpeopling of America	2	(30)
Squanto Saves the Pilgrims	3	(2)
The First Discovery of America	5	(4)
A Diversity of Cultures
The Myth of the ``Virgin'' Land
Eastern Indians on the Eve of Contact
Preparing Europe for Westward Expansion	9	(5)
Changing Population Pressures
Crusades, Commerce, and the New Learning
Nation-States Support the First Explorations
Explorers, Conquerors, and the Making of New Spain	14	(4)
Conquistadores Overrun Native Americans
Constructing the Spanish Empire
Success Breeds Envy and Contempt
Challengers for North America: France and England	18	(4)
The Protestant Reformation Stirs Deep Tensions
Defying the Supremacy of Spain
England Prepares for Westward Expansion
Joining in the Invasion of America	22	(5)
The Roanoke Disaster
Merchant Capitalists Sponsor the Founding of Virginia
Struggling Jamestown Survives
Dutch and French Adventurers
Conclusion	27	(5)
Chronology of Key Events	28	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	29	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	29	(1)
Media Resources	30	(1)
Key Terms	30	(1)
People You Should Know	30	(1)
Review Questions	30	(2)
Plantations and Cities Upon a Hill, 1620--1700	32	(28)
John Punch: From Servant to Slave	33	(1)
From Settlements to Societies in the South	34	(5)
Searching for Laborers
To Be Like English Subjects at Home
Crushing Powhatan's Confederacy
A Model for Other Royal Colonies
Proprietary Maryland and the Carolinas
Religious Dissenters Colonize New England	39	(7)
The Rise of Puritan Dissenters at Home
Godly Mission to New England
Testing the Limits of Toleration
``Hivings Out'' Provoke Bloody Indian Relations
Families, Individuals, and Communities: Surviving in Early America	46	(3)
Life and Death, North and South
Roles for Men, Women, and Children
Commercial Values and the Rise of Chattel Slavery	49	(7)
Declension in New England
Stabilizing Life in the Chesapeake Region
The Beginnings of American Slavery
Shifting to Slavery in Maryland and Virginia
The World the Slaves Made
Conclusion	56	(4)
Chronology of Key Events	58
Chapter Summary and Key Points	57	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	57	(1)
Media Resources	58	(1)
Key Terms	59	(1)
People You Should Know	59	(1)
Review Questions	59	(1)
Provincial America in Upheaval, 1660--1760	60	(32)
Hannah Dustan and Eliza Lucas: Colonial Women in Time of War	61	(2)
Designing England's North American Empire	63	(5)
To Benefit the Parent Nation
Seizing Dutch New Netherland
Proprietary Difficulties in New York and New Jersey
Planting William Penn's ``Holy Experiment''
Defying the Imperial Will: Provincial Convulsions and Rebellions	68	(5)
Bacon's Bloody Rebellion in Virginia
The Glorious Revolution Spills into America
New England's Witchcraft Hysteria
Settling Anglo-American Differences
Maturing Colonial Societies in Unsettled Times	73	(16)
An Exploding Population Base
The ``Europeanizing'' of America
Intellectual and Religious Awakening
International Wars Beset America
Showdown: The Great War for the Empire
Allies as Enemies: Making War on the Cherokees
Conclusion	89	(3)
Chronology of Key Events	89	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	90	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	90	(1)
Media Resources	91	(1)
Key Terms	91	(1)
People You Should Know	91	(1)
Review Questions	91	(1)
Breaking the Bonds of Empire, 1760--1775	92	(28)
Samuel Adams: The Man of the Revolution	93	(2)
Provoking an Imperial Crisis	95	(4)
A Legacy of War-Related Problems
Getting Tough with the Americans
Parliament Endorses Direct Taxes
``Liberty, Property, and No Stamps''	99	(6)
Emerging Patterns of Resistance
Protest Takes a Violent Turn
Resistance Spreads Across the Landscape
Parliament Retreats
A Second Crisis: The Townshend Duties	105	(6)
Formulating a New Taxation Scheme
Mustering Further American Resistance
A ``Bloody Massacre'' in Boston
Parliament Backs Down Again
The Rupturing of Imperial Relations	111	(5)
The Necessity of Vigilance
The Tea Crisis of 1773
Parliament Adopts the Coercive Acts
Hurling Back the Challenge: The First Continental Congress
Conclusion	116	(4)
Chronology of Key Events	117	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	118	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	118	(1)
Media Resources	118	(1)
Key Terms	119	(1)
People You Should Know	119	(1)
Review Questions	119	(1)
The Times That Tried Many Souls, 1775--1783	120	(30)
Joseph Plumb Martin: Patriot Soldier	121	(2)
Reconciliation or Independence	123	(10)
The Shooting War Starts
Moderates Versus Radicals in Congress
The Expanding Martial Conflict
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation of Emancipation
Resolving the Independence Question
Without Visible Allies: The War in the North	133	(6)
Britain's Massive Military Buildup
The Campaign for New York
Saving the Cause at Trenton
The Real Continentals
Rescuing the Patriots: Toward Global Conflict	139	(3)
France Offers Covert Assistance
The British Seize Philadelphia
Capturing Burgoyne's Army at Saratoga
The World Turned Upside Down	142	(5)
Revamping British Strategy
The Tide of War Turns at Last
Franco-American Triumph at Yorktown
A Most Generous Peace Settlement
Conclusion	147	(3)
Chronology of Key Events	147	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	147	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	148	(1)
Media Resources	149	(1)
Key Terms	149	(1)
People You Should Know	149	(1)
Review Questions	149	(1)
Securing the Republic and Its Ideals, 1776-1789	150	(30)
Nancy Shippen and Phillis Wheatley: Second-Class Citizens of the New Republic	151	(2)
Establishing New Republican Governments	153	(3)
People Victorious: The New State Governments
The Articles of Confederation
Crises of the Confederation	156	(6)
Struggle to Ratify the Articles
Turmoil over Financing the War
Threatened Military Coup: The Newburgh Conspiracy
Drifting Toward Disunion
Daniel Shays's Rebellion
Human Rights and Social Change	162	(9)
In Pursuit of Religious Freedom
The Propertyless Poor and the West
Women Appeal for Fundamental Liberties
The Dilemma of Race and Racism
Second New Beginning, New National Government	171	(5)
The Framers of the Constitution
A Document Constructed by Compromises
The Ratification Struggle
Conclusion	176	(4)
Chronology of Key Events	176	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	177	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	177	(1)
Media Resources	178	(1)
Key Terms	178	(1)
People You Should Know	178	(1)
Review Questions	178	(2)
The Formative Decade, 1790-1800	180	(22)
James Callender and the Power of the Press	181	(1)
The Roots of American Economic Growth	182	(1)
Implementing the Constitution	183	(3)
Establishing the Machinery of Government
Defining the Presidency
Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program
The Birth of Political Parties	186	(7)
World Events and Political Polarization
1793 and 1794: Years of Crisis
Washington Retires
A New President and New Challenges	193	(3)
The Presidency of John Adams
A New National Capital
The Quasi War with France
The Alien and Sedition Acts
The Revolution of 1800	196	(2)
Conclusion	198	(4)
Chronology of Key Events	199
Chapter Summary and Key Points	198	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	199	(1)
Media Resources	200	(1)
Key Terms	200	(1)
People You Should Know	200	(1)
Review Questions	201	(1)
The Jeffersonians in Power, 1800-1815	202	(22)
The Burr-Hamilton Duel	203	(1)
Jefferson Takes Command	204	(8)
Who Was Thomas Jefferson?
Jefferson's Goal: To Restore Republican Government
Reforming the Federal Government
War on the Judiciary
International Conflict
Disunionist Conspiracies
The American Eagle Challenges the French Tiger and the British Shark	212	(8)
``Dambargo''
A Second War of Independence
Early Defeats
The Tide Turns
The War's Significance
Conclusion	220	(4)
Chronology of Key Events	220	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	221	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	221	(1)
Media Resources	221	(1)
Key Terms	222	(1)
People You Should Know	222	(1)
Review Questions	222	(2)
Nationalism, Economic Growth, and the Roots of Sectional Conflict, 1815-1824	224	(22)
Francis Lowell Builds a Textile Mill in Massachusetts	225	(1)
The Growth of American Nationalism	226	(7)
Neo-Hamiltonianism
Strengthening American Finances
Protecting American Industry
Conquering Space
Judicial Nationalism
Defending American Interests in Foreign Affairs
The Growth of the American Economy	233	(5)
Accelerating Transportation
Speeding Communications
Transforming American Law
Resistance to Technological Innovation
Early Industrialization
The Growth of Cities
The Growth of Political Factionalism and Sectionalism	238	(5)
The Panic of 1819
The Missouri Crisis
Conclusion	243	(3)
Chronology of Key Events	243	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	244	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	244	(1)
Media Resources	244	(1)
Key Terms	244	(1)
People You Should Know	245	(1)
Review Questions	245	(1)
Power and Politics in Jackson's America	246	(24)
The Election of 1840: Symbol Over Substance	247	(1)
Political Democratization	248	(3)
The Expansion of Voting Rights
Popular Attacks on Privilege
The Rebirth of Parties	251	(6)
Birth of the Second Party System
The Presidency of John Quincy Adams
The ``American System'' and the ``Tariff of Abominations''
The Election of 1828
Andrew Jackson: The Politics of Egalitarianism	257	(9)
Expanding the Powers of the Presidency
Clearing the Land of Indians
Sectional Disputes over Public Lands and Nullification
The Bank War
The Jacksonian Court
Jackson's Legacy
Rise of a Political Opposition	266	(1)
A Party Formed by Coalition
Who Were the Whigs?
Conclusion	267	(3)
Chronology of Key Events	268
Chapter Summary and Key Points	267	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	268	(1)
Media Resources	269	(1)
Key Terms	269	(1)
People You Should Know	269	(1)
Review Questions	269	(1)
America's First Age of Reform	270	(34)
Connecticut Schoolmistress Prudence Crandall Defies the Law	271	(1)
Sources of the Reform Impulse	272	(3)
Social Problems on the Rise
A New Moral Sensibility
The Second Great Awakening
Religious Diversity
Moral Reform	275	(1)
Social Reform	276	(3)
The Problem of Crime in a Free Society
The Struggle for Public Schools
Asylums for Society's Outcasts
Radical Reform	279	(8)
Early Antislavery Efforts
The Rise of Abolitionist Sentiment in the North
Abolitionist Arguments and Public Reaction
Division Within the Antislavery Movement
The Birth of Feminism
Catalyst for Women's Rights
Utopian Communities
Artistic and Cultural Ferment	287	(7)
American Transcendentalism
A Literary Renaissance
Ethnic Voices
American Art
American Popular Culture	294	(6)
The Popular Novel
Forms of Popular Entertainment
Conclusion	300	(4)
Chronology of Key Events	301
Chapter Summary and Key Points	300	(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading	302	(1)
Media Resources	302	(1)
Key Terms	302	(1)
People You Should Know	302	(1)
Review Questions	303	(1)
The Divided North, The Divided South	304	(30)
Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin Revitalizes Slavery	305	(1)
A Divided Culture	306	(1)
The Emergence of a New Industrial Order in the North	307	(11)
The Transformation of the Rural Countryside
The Disruption of the Artisan System of Labor
The Introduction of the Factory System
Labor Protests
The Movement for a 10-Hour Day
The Laboring Poor
Immigration Begins
The Divided North
Southern Distinctiveness	318	(6)
The Plantation Legend
The Old South: Images and Realities
Impact of Slavery on the Southern Economy
Growth of a Distinctive Southern Identity
The Decline of Antislavery Sentiment in the South
``Reforming'' Slavery from Within
Southern Nationalism
Southern Radicalism
Slavery	324	(6)
The Legal Status of Slaves
Slave Labor
Material Conditions of Slave Life
Slave Family Life
Slave Cultural Expression
Slave Resistance
Free African Americans
Conclusion	330	(4)
Chronology of Key Events	331	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	331	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	332	(1)
Media Resources	332	(1)
Key Terms	333	(1)
People You Should Know	333	(1)
Review Questions	333	(1)
Cultures Collide in the Far West	334	(26)
Social Bandits: Robin Hoods of the Southwest	335	(1)
The Hispanic and Native American West	336	(2)
Spanish America
The Mission System
Impact of Mexican Independence
Native Americans
Impact of Contact
The Surge Westward	338	(4)
Opening the West
Pathfinders
Mountain Men
Trailblazing
Settling the Far West
Life on the Trail
Manifest Destiny	342	(8)
Gone to Texas
The Texas Question
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Oregon
The Mormon Frontier
War with Mexico	350	(8)
Why War?
The War
War Fever and Antiwar Protests
Peace
The Fate of Mexican Americans
The War's Significance
Political Crisis of the 1840s
The Gold Rush
Conclusion	358	(2)
Chronology of Key Events	357	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	358	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	358	(1)
Media Resources	358	(1)
Key Terms	359	(1)
People You Should Know	359	(1)
Review Questions	359	(1)
The House Divided	360	(26)
John Smith Dye and the Slave Power Conspiracy	361	(2)
The Crisis of 1850	363	(7)
The South's Dilemma
The Compromise of 1850: The Illusion of Sectional Peace
The Fugitive Slave Law
Disintegration of the Party System	370	(4)
The Know Nothings
Young America
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Revival of the Slavery Issue
The Gathering Storm	374	(5)
``Bleeding Kansas'' and ``Bleeding Sumner''
The Election of 1856
The Supreme Court Speaks
The Lecompton Compromise: ``A Swindle and a Fraud''
Crisis of the Union	379	(4)
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Harpers Ferry
Conclusion	383	(3)
Chronology of Key Events	383	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	383	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	384	(1)
Media Resources	384	(1)
Key Terms	384	(1)
People You Should Know	385	(1)
Review Questions	385	(1)
A Nation Shattered by Civil War, 1860-1865	386	(34)
Thomas Rushin and Alvin Flint, Jr.: ``Johnny Reb'' and ``Billy Yank'' at Antietam	387	(1)
From Secession to Full-Scale War	388	(7)
Electing a New President
Secession Rends the Union
Lincoln Takes Command
An Accounting of Resources
``Forward to Richmond!'' and ``On to Washington''	395	(5)
Planning the Union Offensive
Yankee Reverses and Rebel Victories in the East
Federal Breakthrough in the West
To and From Emancipation: The War on the Home Front	400	(9)
An Abundance of Confederate Shortages
Directing the Northern War Effort
Issuing the Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Tests Northern Resolve
Breaking Confederate Resistance, 1863-1865	409	(8)
The Tide Turns: Gettysburg and Vicksburg
Crushing Blows from Grant and Sherman
Total War Forces Surrender
Conclusion	417	(3)
Chronology of Key Events	416	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	417	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	418	(1)
Media Resources	418	(1)
Key Terms	419	(1)
People You Should Know	419	(1)
Review Questions	419	(1)
The Nation Reconstructed: North, South, and the West, 1865-1877	420	(1)
Thomas Pinckney Confronts His Former Slaves	421	(2)
Postwar Conditions and Issues	423	(4)
The War's Impact on Individuals
Unresolved Issues
Presidential Reconstruction	427	(2)
Lincoln's Plan
Johnson's Plan
Black Codes in the South
Congressional Reconstruction	429	(5)
``Radical'' Reconstruction
Black Suffrage
Reconstruction in the South	434	(7)
Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, and Black Republicans
Character of Republican Rule
Black and White Economic and Social Adaptation
Violent White Resistance
Reconstruction in the North and West	441	(7)
Northern Shifts in Attitudes
Western Expansion, Racism, and Native Americans
Final Retreat from Reconstruction
Conclusion	448	(1)
Chronology of Key Events	448	(1)
Chapter Summary and Key Points	449	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	449	(1)
Media Resources	450	(1)
Key Terms	451	(1)
People You Should Know	451	(1)
Review Questions	451
Appendix
The Declaration of Independence	2	(2)
The Constitution of the United States of America	4	(5)
Amendments to the Constitution	9	(5)
Presidential Elections	14	(4)
Present Day United States	18	(2)
Present Day World	20
Glossary	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1