American Foreign Policy : Past, Present, Future

by Hastedt, Glenn P.

• ISBN13: 9780136037507
• ISBN10: 013603750X
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This textbrings together 3 key elementsfor both students and professors. It provides an overview of the historical information to make sense of current U.S. foreign policy; it supplies case studies to give students grounding in key events in U.S. foreign policy and information on contemporary issues; and it incorporates concepts that structure an investigation into U.S. foreign policy. The focus is on U.S. policy itself andnoton U.S. foreign policy toward specific regions or issues.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. XV
The Global Setting of American Foreign Policy	p. 1
Why the International System Matters	p. 1
The International System: Structural Constraints	p. 2
Decentralization	p. 2
Self-Help System	p. 3
A Stratified System	p. 3
The International System: Cold War Trends	p. 4
Diffusion of Power	p. 4
Issue Proliferation	p. 5
Actor Proliferation	p. 7
Regional Diversity	p. 8
The Contemporary International System: Dominant Features	p. 9
Globalization	p. 10
American Hegemony	p. 11
America and the World: Attitudes and Perceptions	p. 14
Summary and the Future	p. 16
Notes	p. 17
The Foreign Policy Agenda: Past, Present, and Future	p. 19
Foreign Policy Problems	p. 19
What Do Americans Want in Foreign Policy?	p. 20
Thinking About Foreign Policy Problems	p. 21
The National Interest	p. 23
Grand Strategy	p. 25
Presidential Foreign Policy Doctrines	p. 28
The Truman Doctrine	p. 28
The Nixon Doctrine	p. 29
The Carter Doctrine	p. 30
The Reagan Doctrine	p. 32
The Bush Doctrine	p. 34
Foreign Policy Doctrines Evaluated	p. 35
Terrorism as a Foreign Policy Problem	p. 39
Terrorism	p. 41
Combatting Terrorism	p. 44
Strategy	p. 48
Summary and the Future	p. 49
Notes	p. 53
The American National Style	p. 56
Isolationism versus Internationalism	p. 58
Sources of the American National Style	p. 60
Patterns	p. 62
Unilateralism	p. 62
Moral Pragmatism	p. 64
Legalism	p. 67
Consequences of the American National Style	p. 68
A Revival of Wilsonianism?	p. 71
Other Voices from the Past	p. 73
Summary and the Future	p. 74
Notes	p. 75
Learning from the Past	p. 77
How Do Policy Makers Learn from the Past?	p. 77
Events Policy Makers Learn from	p. 79
Types of Calculations Made about Those Events	p. 81
Lessons Learned	p. 82
Learning from the Past: Case Studies	p. 83
The Cold War	p. 83
The Vietnam War	p. 92
The Iraq War	p. 100
Summary and the Future	p. 110
Notes	p. 110
The Domestic Context of American Foreign Policy	p. 114
The Media and American Foreign Policy	p. 115
The New Media and American Foreign Policy	p. 118
The Media, Public Opinion, and War	p. 120
Public Opinion	p. 123
Trends and Content	p. 124
Public Opinion and the Use of Force	p. 126
Impact	p. 129
Elections	p. 130
Voter Knowledge and Issue Voting	p. 131
Party and Candidate Differences	p. 132
Impact	p. 133
Interest Groups	p. 134
Types of Interest Groups	p. 135
Impact	p. 144
Political Protest	p. 146
Policy-Maker Response	p. 147
An Example: The Public Use of Intelligence and the Iraq War	p. 148
Summary and the Future	p. 151
Notes	p. 152
The Constitution and Foreign Affairs	p. 156
Treaty-Making Powers	p. 157
Senatorial Advice and Consent	p. 157
Executive Agreements	p. 161
The Role of the House in the Panama Canal Treaties	p. 163
Appointment Powers	p. 164
War Powers	p. 167
War Powers Resolution	p. 168
Civil Liberties	p. 170
Commerce Powers	p. 173
Federalism and the States	p. 176
Summary and the Future	p. 179
Notes	p. 181
The Presidency	p. 184
When Does the President Matter?	p. 186
Presidential Personality	p. 187
Presidential Managerial Style	p. 190
Presidential Bureaucracy	p. 192
The National Security Council	p. 192
The War Czar	p. 196
Other White House Voices	p. 196
The Vice President	p. 196
The White House Chief of Staff	p. 197
Presidential Decision Making	p. 199
Presidential Transitions	p. 199
Summary and the Future	p. 201
Notes	p. 203
Congress and Foreign Policy	p. 205
Congressional Structure and Foreign Policy	p. 205
Blunt Foreign Policy Tools	p. 205
Decentralization	p. 216
Policy Entrepreneurship	p. 217
Staff Aides	p. 219
The Influence of Party and Region	p. 219
Outsourcing Foreign Policy	p. 220
Congress and the President	p. 224
Constants	p. 224
The Changing Relationship	p. 225
Summary and the Future	p. 227
Notes	p. 228
The Foreign Affairs Bureaucracy	p. 230
The State Department	p. 231
Structure and Growth	p. 231
The State Department's Value System	p. 233
Impact on Foreign Policy	p. 238
The Defense Department	p. 239
Structure and Growth	p. 239
The Defense Department's Value System	p. 241
Impact on Foreign Policy	p. 246
CIA and the Intelligence Community	p. 247
Structure and Growth	p. 247
The Intelligence Community's Value System	p. 252
Impact on Foreign Policy	p. 255
The Domestic Bureaucracies	p. 256
Treasury, Commerce, and Agriculture	p. 256
Homeland Security	p. 257
Policy Makers' Response	p. 259
Summary and the Future	p. 260
Notes	p. 262
Models of Policy Making: Overview	p. 265
The Rational Actor Model	p. 266
The Bureaucratic Politics Model	p. 267
The Small-Group Decision-Making Model	p. 269
Elite Theory and Pluralism	p. 273
Summary: Integrating Models and Additional Possibilities	p. 276
Notes	p. 278
Decision Making: Case Studies	p. 281
The Cuban Missile Crisis	p. 281
The Crisis: An Overview	p. 281
Three Views of the Cuban Missile Crisis	p. 284
Pre-9/11 Intelligence Policy on Terrorism	p. 287
The Intelligence Cycle	p. 287
Intelligence on Terrorism Before 9/11	p. 288
Three Views of an Intelligence Failure	p. 293
Negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	p. 295
The Bargaining Phase	p. 295
The Ratification Phase	p. 298
Summary	p. 300
Notes	p. 301
Diplomacy	p. 303
Selecting a Policy Instrument	p. 303
Bilateral Diplomacy	p. 305
Incentives Versus Sanctions	p. 307
Bilateralism Versus Multilateralism	p. 307
Summit Diplomacy	p. 308
East-West Superpower Summits	p. 309
Economic Summits	p. 310
Conference Diplomacy	p. 311
GATT and WTO	p. 311
Environmental Conferences	p. 315
UN Diplomacy	p. 317
Public Diplomacy	p. 318
The Political Use of Force	p. 320
Post-Cold War Coercive Diplomacy	p. 320
Nuclear Diplomacy	p. 321
Arms Transfers	p. 322
Summary and the Future	p. 326
Notes	p. 328
Covert Action	p. 330
Techniques of Covert Action	p. 331
Post-Cold War Covert Action	p. 339
The Covert War Against Osama bin Laden	p. 339
Renditions	p. 340
Controlling Covert Action	p. 341
Era of Trust	p. 342
Era of Skepticism	p. 344
Era of Uneasy Partnership	p. 346
Congress as Impatient Overseer	p. 348
Summary and the Future	p. 349
Notes	p. 351
Economic Instruments	p. 354
Strategic Outlooks	p. 355
Trade Strategies	p. 355
Monetary Strategies	p. 360
Economic Sanctions	p. 361
Inventory of Options	p. 363
Case Studies	p. 366
Rules of Economic Conflict	p. 367
Smart Sanctions	p. 368
Foreign Aid	p. 369
Types of Foreign Aid	p. 371
Cold War Foreign Aid	p. 373
Post-Cold War Foreign Aid	p. 374
Post-9/11 Foreign Aid	p. 375
Summary and the Future	p. 378
Notes	p. 380
Military Power	p. 381
Development of U.S. and Soviet Nuclear Arsenals	p. 382
What Does It All Mean?	p. 384
A Historical Survey of U.S. Nuclear Strategy	p. 387
Post-Cold War Nuclear Strategy	p. 391
The U.S. Strategic Nuclear Arsenal	p. 391
U.S. Nuclear Strategy	p. 392
Bridging the Nuclear-Conventional Divide	p. 394
Deterrence	p. 394
Preemption	p. 396
Asymmetric Conflicts	p. 397
Strategies for the Use of Conventional Military Force	p. 397
War Fighting	p. 399
Humanitarian/Peacekeeping Operations	p. 401
Terrorism/Counterinsurgency Conflicts	p. 403
Summary and the Future	p. 404
Notes	p. 406
Arms Control and Missile Defense	p. 408
Judging Success and Failure	p. 408
Superpower Arms Control and Disarmament	p. 409
1946 to 1957	p. 410
1958 to 1972	p. 411
1973 to 1988	p. 412
1989 to 2001	p. 414
2001 to Present	p. 416
Defense	p. 418
The Strategic Defense Initiative	p. 418
Missile Defense Systems	p. 419
Counterproliferation	p. 421
The Post-Cold War Agenda	p. 422
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction	p. 422
Proliferation of Conventional Weapons	p. 424
Combining Approaches	p. 425
Summary and the Future	p. 426
Notes	p. 428
Alternative Futures	p. 430
Choices	p. 430
Alternative Futures	p. 432
The United States as an Ordinary State	p. 432
Reformed America	p. 433
The United States as a Global Manager	p. 435
Pragmatic America	p. 436
Neocontainment	p. 438
Triumphant America	p. 439
American Crusader	p. 440
America the Balancer	p. 442
Disengaged America	p. 443
The Future	p. 445
Notes	p. 445
Index	p. 448
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