American Public School Law

by Alexander, Kern; Alexander, M. David

• ISBN13: 9780314929525
• ISBN10: 0314929525
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1992-01-01
• Publisher: West Group

Summary

This popular and well-known textbook provides a comprehensive view of the law that governs the state schools systems of the United States. It presents and discusses legal cases concerned with the multitude of issues facing the public school system, including such issues as teaching diverse student populations, teacher rights, and the role of the Federal government. Over 1300 citations and school law case excerpts are included.

Table of Contents

Table of Cases	p. xiii
Preface	p. xxxi
The Legal System	p. 1
Constitutions	p. 2
Statutes	p. 2
Court, or Case, Law	p. 3
Common Law	p. 3
Powers and Functions of Courts	p. 3
Applying Principles	p. 4
Interpreting Statutes	p. 4
Determining Constitutionality	p. 5
The Purpose of Law	p. 6
An Invitation to Jurisprudence, Harry W. Jones	p. 6
Stare Decisis	p. 7
The Historical Development of the Doctrine of Precedent, Harold J. Berman and William R. Greiner	p. 7
Nature and Authority of Judicial Precedents, Henry Campbell Black	p. 8
Commentaries	p. 9
The Role of Precedent in Judicial Decision, John Hanna	p. 9
Understanding Judicial Decisions	p. 10
Case or Controversy	p. 11
A Legitimate Controversy	p. 11
The American Court System	p. 12
State Courts	p. 13
Federal Courts	p. 14
The Role of the Supreme Court in American Society, Archibald Cox	p. 15
Vertical Judicial Federalism: The Legal Context	p. 17
Historical Perspective of Public Schools	p. 21
America's First School Laws	p. 22
The Puritan Influence	p. 22
A System of Education	p. 23
Education as a Right	p. 24
Common School Ideal Implemented	p. 25
The Massachusetts Law of 1647	p. 27
Preamble to a Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge (1779)	p. 28
Education as an Absolute Right, Horace Mann's Tenth Report (1846)	p. 28
Education, the Balance-Wheel of Social Machinery, Horace Mann's Twelfth Report (1848)	p. 29
Education Provisions of State Constitutions	p. 30
Jami McDuffy et al. v. Secretary of the Executive Office of Education et al.	p. 32
Education Provision as Limitation on Legislature	p. 38
Rose v. The Council for Better Education, Inc.	p. 38
Judicial Approval of Common Schools	p. 42
Commonwealth v. Hartman	p. 42
Expansion of Public Schools	p. 44
Charter Schools	p. 45
Council of Organizations of Others for Education about Parochiad v. Governor	p. 47
Tuition and Fees in Public Schools	p. 50
Randolph County Board of Education v. Adams	p. 51
Cardiff v. Bismarck Public School District	p. 53
Hartzell v. Connell	p. 56
Role of the Federal Government	p. 62
The Land Ordinances	p. 63
Indirect Federal Role	p. 64
State Sovereignty and the Tenth Amendment	p. 66
Federal Involvement in Education	p. 68
Education and General Welfare	p. 68
Education and Commerce	p. 69
United States v. Lopez	p. 72
Supremacy Clause	p. 76
Shepheard v. Godwin	p. 78
Wheeler v. Barrera	p. 79
Eleventh Amendment Immunity of the States	p. 83
Governance of Public Schools	p. 89
Education as a State Function	p. 90
Limits of State Control	p. 91
State and Local Educational Agencies	p. 91
Functions of Educational Agencies	p. 93
Delegation of Legislative Powers	p. 93
Executive Functions	p. 94
Quasi-Judicial Functions	p. 95
Hortonville Joint School District No. 1 v. Hortonville Education Association	p. 96
Fremont RE-1 School District v. Jacobs	p. 98
Judicial Review of Educational Agency Actions	p. 102
State ex rel. Clark v. Haworth	p. 103
McGilvra v. Seattle School District No. 1	p. 106
Board of Education of Boone County v. Bushee	p. 108
Clark v. Jefferson County Board of Education	p. 110
School Officers	p. 113
Smith v. Dorsey	p. 114
Williams v. Augusta County School Board	p. 116
School Elections	p. 117
Hadley v. Junior College District of Metropolitan Kansas City, Mo.	p. 118
School Board Meetings	p. 120
Aldridge v. School District of North Platte	p. 121
Open Meetings and Public Records Laws	p. 124
Public Records	p. 125
Open Records	p. 126
Rhode Island Affiliate, American Civil Liberties Union, Inc. v. Bernasconi	p. 127
Hovet v. Hebron Public School District	p. 129
Church and State	p. 133
Wall of Separation	p. 134
Religious Intolerance	p. 135
Colonial Establishments	p. 137
Religious Assessments	p. 138
An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom, Thomas Jefferson	p. 138
Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments, James Madison	p. 139
Church Opposition to Schools of the Republic	p. 141
The Public School and Religion	p. 144
Public Taxation to Support Religious Schools	p. 145
Everson v. Board of Education	p. 146
Board of Education of Central School District No. 1 v. Allen	p. 149
The Establishment Clause and the Lemon Test	p. 152
The Lemon Test	p. 153
Lemon v. Kurtzman	p. 153
Precedents Shortly after Lemon	p. 158
The Wall Begins to Crumble	p. 160
The Marginalizing of Lemon	p. 161
The Establishment Clause Reduced	p. 162
Mueller v. Allen	p. 164
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet	p. 167
Agostini v. Felton	p. 171
Mitchell v. Helms	p. 175
Antiestablishment Provisions in State Constitutions	p. 183
Dickman v. School District No. 62 C	p. 187
Released Time for Religious Instruction	p. 189
Illinois ex rel. McCollum v. Board of Education of School District No. 71, Champaign County, Illinois	p. 189
Zorach v. Clauson	p. 191
Secularization of Public Schools: Prayer and Bible Reading	p. 193
A Bifurcated Standard	p. 194
Volitional Exercises	p. 194
Secular Purpose	p. 195
Silent Meditation	p. 195
Student-Initiated Religious Speech	p. 195
Prayer at Graduation and Extracurricular Activities	p. 196
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett	p. 197
Wallace v. Jaffree	p. 199
Lee v. Weisman	p. 202
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe	p. 205
Equal Access Act	p. 212
Board of Education of the Westside Community Schools v. Mergens	p. 212
Facilities	p. 221
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District	p. 221
Flag Salute	p. 224
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette	p. 225
School Attendance	p. 231
State Prerogative	p. 232
Plyler v. Doe	p. 233
Martinez v. Bynum	p. 237
Compulsory School Attendance	p. 240
Parens Patriae	p. 241
Instruction in Private Schools	p. 243
Equivalent Instruction	p. 244
Pierce v. Society of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary	p. 245
Religion: The Amish Exception	p. 247
State of Wisconsin v. Yoder	p. 248
Johnson v. Charles City Community Schools of Board of Education	p. 252
Home Instruction	p. 255
Swanson v. Guthrie Independent School District I-L	p. 258
Murphy v. State of Arkansas	p. 260
Birst v. Sanstead	p. 264
Other Reasons for Nonattendance	p. 266
Excessive Absences	p. 266
Travel	p. 266
Illness	p. 267
Marriage	p. 267
Vaccination	p. 267
Maack v. School District of Lincoln	p. 269
The Instructional Program	p. 275
Robust Exchange of Ideas	p. 276
Judges Not Education Experts	p. 276
Limitation on State Power	p. 277
State ex rel. Andrews v. Webber	p. 278
Sandlin v. Johnson	p. 280
Meyer v. Nebraska	p. 281
Steirer by Steirer v. Bethlehem Area School District	p. 283
Curriculum and the Pall of Orthodoxy	p. 287
Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico	p. 289
Virgil v. School Board of Columbia County, Florida	p. 293
Mozert v. Hawkins County Board of Education	p. 296
Brown v. Woodland Joint Unified School District	p. 300
Obscenity and Sex	p. 304
Films	p. 306
Cornwell v. State Board of Education	p. 307
Keefe v. Geanakos	p. 309
Fowler v. Board of Education of Lincoln County, Kentucky	p. 312
Evolution versus Creationism	p. 314
Epperson v. State of Arkansas	p. 317
Edwards v. Aguillard	p. 319
Student Testing and Promotion	p. 322
Due Process and Testing	p. 322
Equal Protection and Testing	p. 323
Debra P. v. Turlington	p. 324
Grading and Academic Requirements	p. 328
Withholding Diploma	p. 328
Grade Reduction	p. 328
Grade Standards for Extracurricular Activities	p. 329
Campbell v. Board of Education of Town of New Milford	p. 329
Bilingual Education Programs	p. 333
Lau v. Nichols	p. 334
Student Rights	p. 339
Common Law and the Student	p. 340
Reasonableness	p. 342
In Loco Parentis	p. 342
Wiemerslage v. Maine Township High School District 207	p. 343
Constitutional Due Process	p. 345
Substantive Due Process	p. 346
Dunn v. Fairfield Community High School District No. 225	p. 350
Corporal Punishment, the Eighth Amendment, and Substantive Due Process	p. 352
Ingraham v. Wright	p. 353
Procedural Due Process	p. 358
Dixon v. Alabama State Board of Education	p. 359
Goss v. Lopez	p. 360
McClain v. Lafayette County Board of Education	p. 363
Sexual Harassment of Students	p. 368
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools	p. 369
Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District	p. 372
Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education	p. 375
Child Abuse	p. 378
Definition	p. 379
Reporting	p. 379
Penalty for Failure to Report	p. 380
Defenses for Failure to Report	p. 380
Arkansas Department of Human Services v. Caldwell	p. 381
Freedom of Speech and Expression	p. 383
Material and Substantial Disruption	p. 383
Tinker Defined	p. 384
Student Appearance	p. 384
Hair Length	p. 384
School Uniforms	p. 385
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District	p. 386
Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser	p. 389
Chandler v. McMinnville School District	p. 392
Student Publications	p. 397
Forum Analysis of Hazelwood	p. 398
Categories of Publications	p. 399
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier	p. 401
Beussink v. Woodland R-IV School District	p. 406
Search and Seizure	p. 409
Reasonable Suspicion	p. 410
Canine Searches	p. 412
Strip Searches	p. 413
Metal Detector Searches	p. 413
Exclusionary Rule	p. 414
Drug Testing	p. 414
Liability for Illegal Search	p. 415
New Jersey v. T. L. O.	p. 415
Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton	p. 420
Cornfield v. Consolidated High School District No. 230	p. 424
DesRoches v. Caprio and School Board of the City of Norfolk	p. 427
Isiah B. v. State of Wisconsin	p. 430
Rights of Disabled Children	p. 438
A History of Neglect	p. 439
The Turning Point	p. 440
The Mills Case	p. 440
Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia	p. 441
Congressional Action	p. 444
Rehabilitation Act of 1973	p. 444
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA)	p. 445
Amendments to the EAHCA	p. 446
Interpretation of the IDEA (EAHCA)	p. 447
Free Appropriate Public Education	p. 448
Procedural Safeguards	p. 451
Individualized Education Program (IEP)	p. 451
Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley	p. 452
Timothy W. v. Rochester, New Hampshire, School District	p. 456
Least-Restrictive Environment	p. 459
Oberti v. Board of Education	p. 461
Separate School Placement	p. 465
Florence County School District Four v. Carter	p. 467
Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District	p. 470
Foley v. Special School District of St. Louis County	p. 472
KDM v. Reedsport School District	p. 474
Related Services	p. 476
Irving Independent School District v. Tatro	p. 477
Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F.	p. 479
Discipline and the Stay-Put Provision	p. 482
Honig v. Doe	p. 483
Attorney's Fees	p. 488
Liability for Reimbursement of Parents	p. 489
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	p. 490
Rehabilitation Act of 1973	p. 491
IDEA and AIDS	p. 492
Martinez v. School Board of Hillsborough County, Florida	p. 492
Desegregation	p. 498
Historical Background	p. 499
Erosion of Separate-But-Equal	p. 501
Brown and the Demise of Segregated Schools	p. 502
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka	p. 504
Interpreting Brown	p. 506
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County	p. 508
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, Virginia	p. 511
Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education	p. 512
De Facto Segregation	p. 512
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver	p. 513
Quotas and Busing	p. 516
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education	p. 517
Unitariness	p. 520
Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler	p. 521
Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools, Independent School District No. 89 v. Dowell	p. 525
Freeman v. Pitts	p. 527
Remedial and Compensatory Remedies	p. 532
Missouri v. Jenkins	p. 533
Missouri v. Jenkins	p. 536
Diversity and Racial Classifications	p. 539
Narrow Tailoring	p. 539
Diversity	p. 540
Interdistrict Desegregation	p. 540
Milliken v. Bradley	p. 542
Title VI and Bakke	p. 544
Torts	p. 548
Definition of a Tort	p. 549
Intentional Interference	p. 549
Assault	p. 550
Battery	p. 550
Interference with Peace of Mind	p. 551
Spears v. Jefferson Parish School Board	p. 551
Strict Liability	p. 553
Fallon v. Indiana Trail School	p. 554
Negligence	p. 555
Standard of Conduct	p. 555
The Reasonable Person	p. 556
Elements of Negligence	p. 556
Duty	p. 556
Standard of Care	p. 557
Proximate or Legal Cause	p. 558
Injury or Actual Loss	p. 559
Brown v. Tesack	p. 559
Brownell v. Los Angeles Unified School District	p. 561
Johnson v. School District of Millard	p. 564
Richardson v. Corvallis Public School District No. 1	p. 567
Defenses for Negligence	p. 569
Contributory Negligence	p. 569
Comparative Negligence	p. 570
Assumption of Risk	p. 570
Immunity	p. 571
Stevens v. Chesteen	p. 571
Simonetti v. School District of Philadelphia	p. 573
Hutchinson v. Toews	p. 573
Hammond v. Board of Education of Carroll County	p. 576
Wagenblast v. Odessa School District No. 105-157-166J	p. 579
Educational Malpractice	p. 581
Donohue v. Copiague Union Free School District	p. 582
Defamation and Student Records	p. 587
Defamation Defined	p. 588
Defamation in Public Schools	p. 588
Privilege	p. 589
Good Faith	p. 589
Defamation Actionable Per Se and Per Quod	p. 589
Public Officials and Figures	p. 590
Malice	p. 593
Truth	p. 593
Hett v. Ploetz	p. 594
Desselle v. Guillory	p. 598
Phillips v. Lincoln County School District	p. 600
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.	p. 602
Richmond Newspapers, Inc., v. Lipscomb	p. 606
Johnson v. Robbinsdale Independent School District No. 281	p. 610
Student Records	p. 616
Practices Suggested by Common Law	p. 616
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)	p. 616
Fay v. South Colonie Central School District	p. 617
Governmental Immunity	p. 622
Sovereign Immunity	p. 622
Molitor v. Kaneland Community Unit District No. 302	p. 624
Richardson v. Rankin County School District	p. 627
Dollar v. Dalton Public Schools	p. 628
Lentz v. Morris	p. 630
Abolition of Immunity	p. 632
Discretionary Functions	p. 632
Mosley v. Portland School District No. 1J	p. 633
Insurance Waiver of Immunity	p. 635
Dugger v. Sprouse	p. 635
Proprietary Functions	p. 636
Licensee and Invitee	p. 637
Tanari v. School Directors of District No. 502	p. 637
Nuisance	p. 639
Hendricks v. Southfield Public Schools	p. 640
Section 1983, Civil Rights Act of 1871 Liability	p. 640
Persons	p. 641
School Board Liability	p. 642
Official Negligence	p. 642
Individual Liability	p. 643
Wood v. Strickland	p. 643
Eleventh Amendment and Local School Districts	p. 647
Minton v. St. Bernard Parish School Board	p. 648
Duke v. Grady Municipal Schools	p. 650
Certification, Contracts, and Tenure	p. 656
Certification	p. 657
Background	p. 657
Requirements	p. 658
Ambach v. Norwick	p. 659
Wardwell v. Board of Ecucation of the City School District of the City of Cincinnati	p. 661
Application of Bay	p. 663
Erb v. Iowa State Board of Public Instruction	p. 665
Teacher Contracts	p. 667
The Standard Contract	p. 667
Fairplay School Township v. O'Neal	p. 669
Feldhusen v. Beach Public School District No. 3	p. 670
The Tenure Contract	p. 671
Grounds for Termination	p. 671
Scheer v. Independent School District No. I-26 of Ottawa County	p. 672
Appeal of Santee	p. 674
Incompetency	p. 675
Collins v. Faith School District #46-2	p. 676
Insubordination	p. 679
Gaylord v. Board of Education, Unified District No. 218, Morton County	p. 680
In re Termination of James E. Johnson	p. 681
Immorality	p. 683
Toney v. Fairbanks North Star Borough School District	p. 685
Board of Education of Hopkins County v. Wood	p. 687
Elvin v. City of Waterville	p. 689
Gaylord v. Tacoma School District No. 10	p. 691
Cause or Good Cause	p. 694
Board of Directors of Lawton-Bronson v. Davies	p. 695
Reduction in Force	p. 698
Zoll v. Eastern Allamakee Community School District	p. 698
Constitutional Protection of Contracts	p. 700
State v. Project Principle, Inc.	p. 702
Teacher Rights and Freedoms	p. 706
The Source of Rights	p. 707
Academic Freedom	p. 707
First Amendment: Primary Repository	p. 708
Speech Rights of Public Employees	p. 709
Speech and the Connick Rule	p. 710
Pickering v. Board of Education	p. 711
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle	p. 715
Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District	p. 720
Stroman v. Colleton County School District	p. 722
East Hartford Education Association v. Board of Education	p. 724
Seemuller v. Fairfax County School Board	p. 726
Privacy	p. 729
Search of Teacher Workplaces	p. 730
Teachers' Mental and Physical Examinations	p. 731
Daury v. Smith	p. 731
Privacy and Drug Testing of Teachers	p. 733
Knox County Education Association v. Knox County Board of Education	p. 735
Freedom of Religion	p. 741
Title VII	p. 741
Neither Inhibit nor Promote Religion	p. 742
Religious Garb	p. 742
Cooper v. Eugene School District No. 4J	p. 743
Privilege against Self-Incrimination	p. 746
Beilan v. Board of Public Education, School District of Philadelphia	p. 747
Due Process Rights of Teachers	p. 751
Four Aspects of Due Process	p. 752
Substantive Due Process	p. 752
Liberty Interests	p. 752
Property Interests	p. 753
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth	p. 754
Perry v. Sindermann	p. 757
Procedural Due Process	p. 762
Hearing	p. 762
Impartiality	p. 764
Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill	p. 764
Hortonville Joint School District No. 1 v. Hortonville Education Association	p. 767
The Vagueness Test	p. 771
Loyalty Oaths	p. 771
Wieman v. Updegraff	p. 773
Connell v. Higginbotham	p. 775
The Irrationality and Presumptions Test	p. 775
Resident Status	p. 775
Pregnancy	p. 776
Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur	p. 776
Discrimination in Employment	p. 780
Race Discrimination	p. 781
Equal Protection	p. 781
Title VI	p. 783
Title VII	p. 784
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.	p. 785
United States v. South Carolina	p. 787
Hazelwood School District v. United States	p. 795
Affirmative Action	p. 798
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education	p. 800
Taxman v. Board of Education of the Township of Piscataway	p. 803
Sex Discrimination	p. 807
Title VII	p. 807
Pregnancy	p. 808
Benefits	p. 808
Title IX	p. 809
North Haven Board of Education v. Bell	p. 809
Sexual Harassment	p. 811
Quid Pro Quo	p. 811
Hostile Environment	p. 812
Retaliation	p. 812
Masson v. School Board of Dade County, Florida	p. 813
Trautvetter v. Quick	p. 817
Religious Discrimination	p. 820
Ansonia Board of Education v. Philbrook	p. 821
Cowan v. Strafford R-VI School District	p. 823
Equal Pay Act	p. 825
Danzl v. North St. Paul-Maplewood-Oakdale Independent School District No. 622	p. 826
Age Discrimination	p. 828
Wooden v. Board of Education of Jefferson County, Kentucky	p. 831
Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities	p. 833
School Board of Nassau County, Florida v. Arline	p. 834
Chalk v. United States District Court Central District of California and Orange County Superintendent of Schools	p. 838
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993	p. 840
Collective Bargaining	p. 844
Historical Development	p. 844
Private versus Public Sector	p. 845
The Right to Bargain Collectively	p. 847
Norwalk Teachers Association v. Board of Education of City of Norwalk	p. 849
Anderson Federation of Teachers, Local 519 v. School City of Anderson	p. 852
Board of Education v. New Jersey Education Association	p. 853
Indiana State Teachers Association v. Board of School Commissioners of the City of Indianapolis	p. 855
School Board of the City of Richmond v. Parham	p. 858
Pawtucket School Committee v. Pawtucket Teachers Alliance	p. 860
City of Biddeford v. Biddeford Teachers Association	p. 861
Scope of Bargaining	p. 863
Kenai Peninsula Borough School District v. Kenai Peninsula Education Association	p. 864
Collective and Individual Rights	p. 867
Bargaining Rights	p. 867
Constitutional Rights of Individuals	p. 867
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education	p. 868
Grunwald v. San Bernardino City Unified School District	p. 871
City of Madison v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission	p. 876
Finance	p. 880
Taxation for Education	p. 881
The Development of the American State and Local Tax System	p. 881
Florida Department of Education v. Glasser	p. 883
Marion and McPherson Railway Co. v Alexander	p. 884
Distribution of State School Funds	p. 886
Taxation and Equal Protection	p. 887
Distribution Formulas and the Equal Protection Clause	p. 887
Litigation under Federal Equal Protection	p. 888
The Rodriguez Case	p. 889
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez	p. 889
Papason and Fundamentality	p. 894
The Emergence of the Intermediate Test	p. 895
Papason v. Allain	p. 896
Litigation under State Constitutions	p. 900
Future Directions of State Litigation	p. 901
Fundamentality and State Constitutions	p. 901
Edgewood Independent School District v. Kirby	p. 903
Committee for Educational Rights v. Edgar	p. 908
DeRolph v. State	p. 911
Budgeting and Accounting for School Funds	p. 921
San Benito Independent School District v. Farmers' State Bank	p. 922
Petition of Auditors of Hatfield Township School District	p. 925
Public School Indebtedness	p. 926
Revell v. Mayor of City of Annapolis	p. 927
Hewitt v. Board of Education	p. 928
Property	p. 933
City of Baker School Board v. East Baton Rouge Parish School Board	p. 933
City of Bloomfield v. Davis County Community School District	p. 934
Edmonds School District No. 15 v. City of Mountlake Terrace	p. 936
Purchase of Property for Special Purposes	p. 938
In re Board of Public Instruction of Alachua County	p. 938
School Buildings	p. 940
Alexander v. Phillips	p. 941
School Site Selection	p. 944
Mullins v. Board of Education of Etowah County	p. 944
Eminent Domain	p. 946
Oxford County Agricultural Society v. School District No. 17	p. 946
In re School District of Pittsburgh	p. 947
Dare County Board of Education v. Sakaria	p. 949
Adverse Possession	p. 952
Lovejoy v. School District No. 46, Sedgwick County	p. 952
Reversion of School Property	p. 954
Williams v. McKenzie	p. 954
Selected Constitutional Provisions	p. 959
Selected Federal Statutes	p. 963
Public Schools Provisions in State Constitutions	p. 978
Glossary of Terms	p. 983
Index	p. 989
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