The Amygdala A Functional Analysis

by Aggleton, John P.

• ISBN13: 9780198505013
• ISBN10: 0198505019
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-12-21
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

The amygdala is a central component of the limbic brain system and is known to be vital to understanding aspects of emotions, memory and social behavior. Dysfuction of the structure is also thought to contribute to a variety of disorders, including autism, Alzheimer's Disease and schizophrenia. The nature of its contribution to these fundamental aspects of behavior and cognition, and its relationship with other regions of the brain has remained elusive. However, since Aggleton's first book on the subject - The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction (1992) - there have been some major advances in our understanding of the processes involved and a dramatic rise in the volume of research. Scientists are now able to define its contribution in an increasingly precise manner. Leading experts from around the world have contributed chapters to this comprehensive and unique review, describing current thinking on the enigmatic brain structure. This book for all those with an interest in the neural basis of emotion and memory.

Table of Contents

List of contributors	xiii
The amygdala---what's happened in the last decade?	1	(30)
John P. Aggleton
Richard C. Saunders
Introduction
Does the amygdala exist?	1	(2)
Connectional analyses of the amygdala	3	(4)
The amygdala and olfactory processing	7	(8)
Plastic mechanisms within the amygdala	15	(1)
Neurotoxic lesions of the amygdala	16	(1)
The effects of amygdala pathology in humans	16	(15)
Connectivity of the rat amygdaloid complex	31	(86)
Asla Pitkanen
Introduction	31	(2)
Intra-amygdaloid, afferent, and efferent connections of different amygdaloid nuclei	33	(55)
Organization of intra-amygdaloid connections	88	(1)
Convergence of afferent inputs in the amygdala	89	(4)
Parallel innervation of amygdaloid nuclei	93	(2)
Organization of amygdaloid outputs	95	(4)
Knock-out of amygdaloid nuclei in brain diseases: what does the anatomy predict about the functional consequences?	99	(18)
Synaptic plasticity in the amygdala	117	(38)
Paul F. Chapman
Sumantra Chattarji
Introduction	117	(1)
Long-term potentiation	118	(4)
Electrophysiological survey of the amygdala: circuits, cells, and synapses	122	(10)
LTP in the amygdala	132	(12)
Summary of amygdala LTP: properties and parameters	144	(11)
Amygdala plasticity: the neurobiological implications of kindling	155	(40)
Susan R.B. Weiss
He Li
Martina Sitcoske-O'Shea
R.M. Post
Introduction	155	(2)
Kindling	157	(3)
Kindling-induced plasticity	160	(11)
Synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity in the unkindled amygdala	171	(5)
Clinical implications	176	(19)
The amygdala: anxiety and benzodiazepines	195	(18)
Sandra E. File
Introduction	195	(5)
Central nucleus	200	(2)
Basolateral nucleus	202	(4)
Conclusions	206	(7)
The role of the amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear and anxiety	213	(76)
Michael Davis
Introduction	213	(2)
Anatomical connections between the central nucleus of the amygdala and brain areas involved in fear and anxiety	215	(3)
Elicitation of fear responses by electrical or chemical stimulation of the amygdala	218	(6)
Effects of amygdala lesions on conditioned fear	224	(8)
Effects of amygdala lesions on unconditioned fear	232	(5)
Effects of infusing drugs into the amygdala on measures of fear and anxiety	237	(14)
The role of excitatory amino acids receptors in the amygdala in fear conditioning	251	(2)
Are aversive memories actually stored in the amygdala?	253	(36)
The amygdala and emotion: a view through fear	289	(22)
Joseph LeDoux
Introduction	289	(1)
The emotional brain in a historical context	289	(2)
The amygdala and fear: Pavlovian versus instrumental conditioning	291	(2)
Neural mechanisms underlying Pavlovian fear learning	293	(1)
Circuits into, within, and out of the amygdala involved in fear conditioning	293	(4)
Cellular and molecular plasticity in the amygdala related to fear conditioning	297	(2)
Memory versus modulation	299	(1)
Fear conditioning and the human amygdala	300	(1)
So where's the fear?	300	(1)
Views of the emotional brain in the light of conditioned fear research: have we made progress?	301	(10)
The amygdala and associative learning	311	(20)
Michela Gallagher
Introduction	311	(1)
Connectivity of BLA/CeA to output/action systems from brainstem to cortex	312	(1)
Connectional systems for the control of species-typical behaviour by associative learning	313	(1)
Connectional systems for the control of voluntary behaviour on the basis of learning	314	(2)
Additional connectional systems for the control of goal-directed behaviour	316	(3)
Connectivity of BLA/CeA to systems for regulating attention	319	(1)
Central nucleus regulation of attention	320	(3)
An integrative neurobiology of the BLA/CeA system	323	(8)
The amygdala in conditioned taste aversion: it's there, but where	331	(22)
Raphael Lamprecht
Yadin Dudai
Conditioned taste aversion	331	(4)
The amygdala and circuits that process taste and malaise	335	(1)
A selection of questions	336	(1)
The effects of lesions	337	(2)
Cellular and molecular mechanisms	339	(3)
A reminder of sources of variability and some caveats	342	(2)
Concluding remarks	344	(9)
Differential involvement of amygdala subsystems in appetitive conditioning and drug addiction	353	(38)
Barry J. Everitt
Rudolf N. Cardinal
Jeremy Hall
John A. Parkinson
Trevor W. Robbins
Introduction	353	(2)
Appetitive Pavlovian conditioning and conditioned reinforcement	355	(11)
Associative representations in the amygdala	366	(10)
Dissociable amygdala subsystems and drug addiction	376	(5)
Conclusion	381	(10)
Amygdala: role in modulation of memory storage	391	(34)
James. L. McGaugh
Barbara Ferry
Almira Vazdarjanova
Benno Roozendaal
Introduction	391	(1)
Amygdala stimulation and modulation of memory storage	392	(1)
Hormonal modulation of memory storage	393	(1)
Amygdala mediation of neuromodulatory influences on memory storage	394	(5)
Selective involvement of the basolateral nucleus	399	(4)
α- and β-adrenergic interactions in the BLA	403	(3)
Amygdala interactions with other brain systems modulating memory storage	406	(6)
Concluding comments	412	(13)
Modulation of long-term memory in humans by emotional arousal: adrenergic activation and the amygdala	425	(22)
Larry Cahill
Introduction	425	(1)
Understanding memory formation for emotionally stressful events: the foundation in animal research	426	(1)
Neural mechanisms of explicit memory for emotionally arousing events in humans	427	(10)
Modulation of memory by modulation of reverberation?	437	(3)
Concluding remarks	440	(7)
Neurophysiology and functions of the primate amygdala, and the neural basis of emotion	447	(32)
Edmund Rolls
Introduction	448	(6)
Neurophysiology of the primate amygdala	454	(13)
Comparisons of the responses of neurons in the primate amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex	467	(2)
The role of the amygdala in emotion	469	(10)
Primate evolution and the amygdala	479	(30)
Robert A. Barton
John P. Aggleton
Introduction	480	(2)
The comparative method and evolutionary neuroanatomy	482	(4)
Evolution of amygdala size	486	(8)
Lifestyle correlates of amygdala evolution	494	(3)
Synopsis	497	(12)
The amygdala, social behaviour, and autism	509	(36)
Jocelyne Bachevalier
Introduction	509	(2)
Anatomical considerations	511	(2)
The amygdala and social cognition in primates	513	(6)
Amygdala and social cognition during development	519	(7)
The amygdala and autism	526	(5)
Conclusions	531	(14)
Reinterpreting the behavioural effects of amygdala lesions in non-human primates	545	(24)
Mark G. Baxter
Elisabeth A. Murray
Introduction	545	(1)
Disconnection of temporal cortex produced by amygdala aspiration	546	(2)
Reinterpreting behavioural effects of amygdala lesions	548	(1)
Stimulus memory	549	(4)
Stimulus-reward associations	553	(5)
Stimulus-affect association	558	(2)
Additional considerations	560	(1)
Summary and future directions	561	(8)
Amygdala and the memory of reward: the importance of fibres of passage from the basal forebrain	569	(18)
Alexander Easton
David Gaffan
The learning of object-reward associations	569	(1)
The amygdala and learning about the intrinsic reward value of objects	570	(1)
Functions of fibres of passage	571	(2)
Perceptual demand increases reliance on perirhinal cortex	573	(2)
The basal forebrain and reward learning	575	(1)
The subcortical communication of frontal and inferior temporal cortex via the basal forebrain	576	(3)
Reinforcement of visual memories in inferior temporal cortex	579	(1)
What is the role of the amygdala?	580	(7)
Emotion, recognition, and the human amygdala	587	(44)
Ralph Adolphs
Daniel Tranel
Introduction	587	(2)
Neuroanatomy and neuropsychological background of S.M	589	(6)
Recognition of emotion in facial expressions	595	(12)
Recognition of emotion in auditory stimuli	607	(4)
The amygdala's role in processing stimuli with high emotional arousal	611	(4)
Recognition of social information	615	(6)
Influences of emotional processing on other aspects of cognition	621	(1)
Conclusions	622	(9)
Functional neuroimaging of the amygdala during emotional processing and learning	631	(24)
Raymond J. Dolan
Introduction	631	(2)
The amygdala is sensitive to sensory stimuli that represent fear	633	(1)
The role of the amygdala in classical conditioning	633	(2)
Amygdala-hippocampal interactions during trace conditioning	635	(1)
The expression of conditioned responses	636	(4)
Cortical and subcortical interactions of the amygdala during the expression of learning	640	(1)
The amygdala's contribution to experience-dependent sensory plasticity	641	(3)
Intra-amygdala differential neural responses during conditioning and representation of a US	644	(1)
Is the amygdala involved in episodic memory function?	645	(3)
Conclusions	648	(7)
The amygdala and Alzheimer's disease	655	(26)
Tiffany W. Chow
Jeffrey L. Cummings
Introduction	655	(2)
Neuroanatomy of the amygdalar complex	657	(3)
Neurochemistry of the amygdala	660	(2)
Changes in the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease	662	(6)
Neurochemistry of the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease	668	(1)
Neuroimaging evidence of amygdalar involvement in Alzheimer's disease	669	(1)
Clinical correlates of amygdalar involvement in Alzheimer's disease	670	(2)
Amygdalar involvement in other dementias	672	(1)
Conclusions	673	(8)
Index	681