Analog Signal Processing

by Pallás-Areny, Ramón; Webster, John G.

• ISBN13: 9780471125280
• ISBN10: 0471125288
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-02-05
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

A proven, cost-effective approach to solving analog signal processing design problems Most design problems involving analog circuits require a great deal of creativity to solve. But, as the authors of this groundbreaking guide demonstrate, finding solutions to most analog signal processing problems does not have to be that difficult. Analog Signal Processing presents an original, five-step, design-oriented approach to solving analog signal processing problems using standard ICs as building blocks. Unlike most authors who prescribe a "bottom-up" approach, Professors PallAreny and Webster cast design problems first in functional terms and then develop possible solutions using available ICs, focusing on circuit performance rather than internal structure. The five steps of their approach move from signal classification, definition of desired functions, and description of analog domain conversions to error classification and error analysis. Featuring 90 worked examples-many of them drawn from actual implementations-and more than 130 skill-building chapter-end problems, Analog Signal Processing is both a valuable working resource for practicing design engineers and a textbook for advanced courses in electronic instrumentation design.An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.

Author Biography

RAM+N PALL-S-ARENY, PhD, is a professor in the Electronic Engineering Department of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia in Barcelona, Spain.<br> <br> . WEBSTER, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
1 Signals and Signal Processing	1	(41)
1.1 Signals, Information, Interference, and Noise	1	(1)
1.2 Signal Classification	2	(12)
1.2.1 Analog and Digital Signals	2	(2)
1.2.2 Single-Ended, Differential, and Floating Signals	4	(8)
1.2.3 Low-Impedance and High-Impedance Signals	12	(2)
1.3 Dynamic Range and Signal-to-Noise Ratio	14	(2)
1.4 Functions in Analog Signal Processing	16	(13)
1.4.1 Linear and Nonlinear Functions	16	(3)
1.4.2 Amplitude and Level Matching	19	(1)
1.4.3 Impedance Adaptation. Buffering	20	(3)
1.4.4 Domain Conversions	23	(2)
1.4.5 Filtering	25	(1)
1.4.6 Linearization	26	(1)
1.4.7 Interference Compensation	26	(1)
1.4.8 Level Comparison and Threshold Detection	26	(1)
1.4.9 Terminal Matching	27	(2)
1.5 Errors in Analog Signal Processing	29	(10)
1.5.1 Errors and Their Classification	29	(3)
1.5.2 Systematic Errors	32	(1)
1.5.3 Random Errors	32	(1)
1.5.4 Static Errors	33	(1)
1.5.5 Dynamic Errors	33	(6)
1.6 Problems	39	(1)
References	40	(2)
2 Voltage Amplification	42	(80)
2.1 Ideal Voltage Amplifiers	42	(3)
2.2 Practical Voltage Amplifiers	45	(12)
2.2.1 Figures of Merit of Fully Differential Amplifiers	45	(2)
2.2.2 Effects of Finite Input Impedances	47	(6)
2.2.3 Error Modeling for Voltage Amplifiers	53	(4)
2.2.4 Differential Versus Single-Ended Amplifiers	57	(1)
2.3 Building Blocks for Voltage Amplifiers	57	(17)
2.3.1 Voltage-Feedback Operational Amplifiers	57	(8)
2.3.2 Current-Feedback Operational Amplifiers	65	(3)
2.3.3 Difference Amplifiers	68	(1)
2.3.4 Instrumentation Amplifiers	69	(3)
2.3.5 Switched Capacitors	72	(1)
2.3.6 Voltage Buffers	73	(1)
2.4 dc Amplifiers	74	(23)
2.4.1 Single-Ended de Amplifiers	74	(13)
2.4.2 Differential-Input dc Amplifiers	87	(6)
2.4.3 Fully Differential dc Amplifiers	93	(4)
2.5 ac Amplifiers	97	(12)
2.5.1 Single-Ended ac Amplifiers	100	(4)
2.5.2 Differential-Input ac Amplifiers	104	(3)
2.5.3 Fully Differential ac Amplifiers	107	(2)
2.6 Composite Amplifiers	109	(4)
2.6.1 Cascaded Amplifiers	109	(2)
2.6.2 Feedback Composite Amplifiers	111	(2)
2.6.3 Paralleled Amplifiers	113	(1)
2.7 Programmable-Gain Amplifiers	113	(4)
2.8 Problems	117	(4)
References	121	(1)
3 Current-to-Voltage and Voltage-to-Current Conversion	122	(59)
3.1 Ideal Current-to-Voltgage Converters	122	(2)
3.2 Practical Current-to-Voltage Converters	124	(4)
3.2.1 Figures of Merit of Fully Differential Current-to-Voltage Converters	124	(2)
3.2.2 Error Modeling for Current-to-Voltage Converters	126	(2)
3.3 Building Blocks for Current-to-Voltage Converters	128	(2)
3.3.1 Current Integrators	128	(2)
3.3.2 Integrated Transimpedance Amplifiers	130	(1)
3.4 Current-to-Voltage Converter Amplifiers	130	(18)
3.4.1 Transimpedance Amplifiers	130	(12)
3.4.2 Charge Amplifiers	142	(6)
3.5 Ideal Voltage-to-Current Converters	148	(2)
3.6 Practical Voltage-to-Current Converters	150	(2)
3.6.1 Figures of Merit of Fully Differential Voltage-to-Current Converters	150	(1)
3.6.2 Error Modeling for Voltage-to-Current Converters	150	(2)
3.7 Operational Transconductance Amplifiers	152	(2)
3.8 Voltage-to-Current Converter Circuits	154	(13)
3.8.1 dc Current Sources and Sinks	154	(5)
3.8.2 Transconductance Amplifiers	159	(6)
3.8.3 Voltage-to-(4 mA to 20 mA) Converters	165	(2)
3.9 Other Components and Circuits for Processing Currents	167	(7)
3.9.1 Current Mirrors	167	(1)
3.9.2 Current Amplifiers	168	(4)
3.9.3 Current Conveyors	172	(1)
3.9.4 Bidirectional Current Sources	173	(1)
3.10 Problems	174	(5)
References	179	(2)
4 Linear Analog Functions	181	(48)
4.1 Addition	181	(12)
4.1.1 Single-Ended Voltage Addition	181	(6)
4.1.2 Differential Voltage Addition	187	(3)
4.1.3 Level Shifting	190	(3)
4.2 Subtraction	193	(2)
4.2.1 Single-Ended Voltage Subtraction	193	(1)
4.2.2 Differential Voltage Subtraction	194	(1)
4.3 Differentiation	195	(8)
4.3.1 Single-Ended Differentiator	196	(5)
4.3.2 Difference Differentiator	201	(2)
4.4 Integration	203	(11)
4.4.1 Single-Ended Integrator	203	(7)
4.4.2 Difference Integrator	210	(4)
4.5 Impedance Transformation and Conversion	214	(11)
4.5.1 Negative Impedance Conversion	214	(5)
4.5.2 Impedance Gyration	219	(3)
4.5.3 Capacitance Multiplication	222	(3)
4.6 Problems	225	(3)
References	228	(1)
5 ac/dc Signal Conversion	229	(45)
5.1 Description of ac Signals	229	(2)
5.2 Signal Rectification	231	(14)
5.2.1 Half-Wave Rectification	231	(3)
5.2.2 Full-Wave Rectification: Absolute-Value Circuits	234	(11)
5.3 Peak and Valley Detection	245	(4)
5.3.1 Peak Detection	245	(3)
5.3.2 Valley Detection	248	(1)
5.4 rms-to-dc Conversion	249	(6)
5.4.1 Thermal rms-to-dc Conversion	249	(2)
5.4.2 Direct Computation rms-to-dc Conversion	251	(2)
5.4.3 Implicit Computation rms-to-dc Conversion	253	(2)
5.5 Amplitude Demodulation	255	(15)
5.5.1 Envelope Detection	257	(2)
5.5.2 Coherent Demodulation	259	(11)
5.6 Problems	270	(3)
References	273	(1)
6 Other Nonlinear Analog Functions	274	(48)
6.1 Voltage Comparison	274	(14)
6.1.1 Voltage Comparators	274	(11)
6.1.2 Schmitt Triggers	285	(2)
6.1.3 Window Comparators	287	(1)
6.2 Voltage Limiting (Clipping)	288	(5)
6.3 Logarithmic Amplifiers	293	(9)
6.3.1 Transdiode Logarithmic Amplifiers	296	(5)
6.3.2 Log Ratio Amplifiers	301	(1)
6.4 Exponential (Antilog) Amplifiers	302	(2)
6.5 Analog Multipliers	304	(11)
6.5.1 Multiplier Error Specifications	304	(1)
6.5.2 Transconductance Multipliers	304	(7)
6.5.3 Log-Antilog Multiplier	311	(1)
6.5.4 Additional Multiplier Circuits	312	(3)
6.6 Analog Dividers	315	(3)
6.6.1 Analog Division by Feedback	315	(2)
6.6.2 Log-Antilog Dividers	317	(1)
6.7 Problems	318	(3)
References	321	(1)
7 Analog Signal Filtering	322	(57)
7.1 Introduction to Filtering and Filter Design	322	(16)
7.1.1 Filter Specification	322	(4)
7.1.2 Frequency Response	326	(4)
7.1.3 Transformation Rules	330	(1)
7.1.4 Normalization and Scaling Laws	331	(1)
7.1.5 Transient Response	331	(2)
7.1.6 Differential Filters	333	(5)
7.1.7 Filter Sensitivity	338	(1)
7.2 Components for Filter Implementation	338	(7)
7.2.1 Passive Components	339	(3)
7.2.2 Operational Amplifiers	342	(1)
7.2.3 Switched Capacitors	343	(2)
7.3 Low-Pass Filters	345	(7)
7.3.1 RC Low-Pass Filters	345	(2)
7.3.2 LC Low-Pass Filters	347	(1)
7.3.3 Active Low-Pass Filters	348	(4)
7.4 High-Pass Filters	352	(5)
7.4.1 RC High-Pass Filters	352	(1)
7.4.2 LC High-Pass Filters	352	(2)
7.4.3 Active High-Pass Filters	354	(3)
7.5 Bandpass Filters	357	(4)
7.5.1 Passive Bandpass Filters	357	(2)
7.5.2 Active Bandpass Filters	359	(2)
7.6 Band-Reject (Notch) Filters	361	(4)
7.6.1 Passive Band-Reject Filters	361	(1)
7.6.2 Active Band-Reject Filters	362	(3)
7.7 All-Pass Filters	365	(4)
7.8 Nonlinear Analog Filters	369	(3)
7.9 Input Filters and Circuit Protection	372	(4)
7.9.1 Single-Ended Inputs	372	(2)
7.9.2 Differential Inputs	374	(2)
7.10 Problems	376	(1)
References	377	(2)
8 Analog Signal Switching, Multiplexing, and Sampling	379	(46)
8.1 Introduction to Signal Acquisition	379	(3)
8.2 Analog Switches	382	(11)
8.2.1 The Ideal Analog Switch	382	(1)
8.2.2 Practical Analog Switches	383	(2)
8.2.3 dc Model and Errors for Analog Switches	385	(4)
8.2.4 ac Model and Errors for Analog Switches	389	(4)
8.2.5 Switching and Control Models for Analog Switches	393	(1)
8.3 Analog Multiplexers	393	(18)
8.3.1 Basic Structure and Models	393	(3)
8.3.2 dc Model and Errors for Analog Multiplexers	396	(4)
8.3.3 ac Model and Errors for Analog Multiplexers	400	(5)
8.3.4 Switching and Control Models for Analog Multiplexers	405	(1)
8.3.5 Input Channel Extension	406	(5)
8.4 Crosspoint Switch Arrays	411	(1)
8.5 Sample-and-Hold Amplifiers	412	(10)
8.5.1 The Need for Sample-and-Hold Amplifiers	412	(2)
8.5.2 The Basic Sample-and-Hold Circuit	414	(1)
8.5.3 Errors in Sample-and-Hold Amplifiers	415	(7)
8.6 Problems	422	(2)
References	424	(1)
9 Error Analysis and Reduction	425	(32)
9.1 Error Sources in Analog Signal Processing	425	(7)
9.1.1 Sources of Systematic Errors	426	(5)
9.1.2 Sources of Random Errors	431	(1)
9.2 Error Budget and Calculation	432	(7)
9.3 Error Reduction by Internal Calibration	439	(11)
9.3.1 Single-Point Calibration	439	(2)
9.3.2 Two-Point Calibration	441	(3)
9.3.3 Three-Point Calibration	444	(4)
9.3.4 n-Point Calibration	448	(2)
9.4 Offset Reduction Techniques	450	(3)
9.4.1 Autozero Techniques	451	(1)
9.4.2 The Recirculation Method	452	(1)
9.5 Gain-Error Reduction Techniques	453	(2)
9.6 Problems	455	(1)
References	456	(1)
10 Interference and its Reduction	457	(42)
10.1 Interference Coupling in Electronic Circuits	457	(19)
10.1.1 Conductive Coupling	458	(5)
10.1.2 Capacitive Coupling	463	(9)
10.1.3 Inductive Coupling	472	(4)
10.2 Grounding for Interference Reduction	476	(4)
10.2.1 Safety Ground	476	(1)
10.2.2 Signal Grounding	477	(2)
10.2.3 Partition Grounding	479	(1)
10.3 Shielding of Conductors and Circuits	480	(13)
10.3.1 The Electric Shield Concept	481	(1)
10.3.2 Circuit Guards	482	(2)
10.3.3 Electric Shield Grounding	484	(5)
10.3.4 Magnetic Shielding	489	(4)
10.4 Signal Isolation. Isolation Amplifiers	493	(3)
10.5 Problems	496	(1)
References	497	(2)
11 Noise, Drift, and Their Reduction	499	(67)
11.1 Noise Fundamentals	499	(20)
11.1.1 Noise Description	499	(4)
11.1.2 Thermal Noise	503	(2)
11.1.3 Shot Noise	505	(2)
11.1.4 Low-Frequency Noise	507	(2)
11.1.5 Noise Bandwidth	509	(4)
11.1.6 Noise Calculations	513	(6)
11.2 Noise in Electronic Components and Circuits	519	(39)
11.2.1 Equivalent Input Noise	520	(5)
11.2.2 Optimal Source Resistance and Noise Matching	525	(2)
11.2.3 Noise in Operational Amplifiers	527	(17)
11.2.4 Noise in Instrumentation Amplifiers	544	(2)
11.2.5 Noise in Resistors	546	(3)
11.2.6 Noise in Transimpedance Amplifiers	549	(2)
11.2.7 Noise in Charge Amplifiers	551	(3)
11.2.8 Noise in Differentiators	554	(2)
11.2.9 Noise in Integrators	556	(2)
11.3 Drift in Electronic Components	558	(1)
11.4 Environmental Noise (Pseudonoise)	559	(4)
11.4.1 Thermal Pseudonoise	560	(2)
11.4.2 Chemical Pseudonoise	562	(1)
11.4.3 Mechanical Pseudonoise	562	(1)
11.5 Problems	563	(1)
References	564	(2)
APPENDIX A: Web Sites of Interest in Analog Signal Processing	566	(4)
APPENDIX B: Standard EIA Resistor and Capacitor Values	570	(3)
INDEX	573