Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students

by Crowley, Sharon; Hawhee, Debra

• ISBN13: 9780321172761
• ISBN10: 0321172760
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

This rhetoric revives the classical strategies of ancient Greek and Roman rhetoricians and adapts them to the needs of contemporary writers and speakers. This is a fresh interpretation of the ancient canons of composing: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. It shows that rhetoric, as it was practiced and taught by the ancients, was an intrinsic part of daily life and of communal discourse about current events. This book gives special emphasis to classic strategies of invention, devoting separate chapters to stasis theory, common and special topics, formal topics, ethos, pathos, extrinsic proofs, and Aristotelian means of reasoning. The authors' engaging discussion and their many contemporary examples of ancient rhetorical principles present rhetoric as a set of flexible, situational practices. This practical history draws the most relevant and useful concepts from ancient rhetorics and discusses, updates, and offers them for use in the contemporary composition classroom. Individuals interested in reading about the ancient canons of composing. Crowley Ancient_Rhetorics_for_Contemporary_Students SMP Page 1 of 1

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
CHAPTER 1 Ancient Rhetorics: Their Differences and the Differences They Make	1	(35)
A History of Ancient Rhetorics	7	(9)
Early Rhetors, Rhetoricians, and Teachers	8	(1)
The Older Sophists	9	(2)
Philosophers on Rhetoric	11	(1)
Isocrates	12	(1)
An Early Sophistic Textbook	13	(1)
Hellenistic Rhetoric	13	(1)
Roman Rhetorics	14	(1)
Rhetoric in Later Antiquity	15	(1)
Some Differences Between Ancient and Modern Thought	16	(12)
Just the Facts, Please	17	(4)
That's Just Your Opinion	21	(4)
On Ideology and the Commonplaces	25	(2)
Rhetorical Situations	27	(1)
Language as Power	28	(5)
EXERCISES	33	(2)
NOTES	35	(1)
WORKS CITED	35	(1)
PART ONE: INVENTION
CHAPTER 2 Kairos and the Rhetorical Situation: Seizing the Moment	36	(17)
Ancient Depictions of Kairos	37	(3)
Kairos, Change, and Rhetorical Situations	40	(3)
Questions Raised by Kairos	43	(1)
An Example of Kairos at Work	43	(5)
Urgency: How Urgent or Immediate Is the Issue?	48	(1)
Arguments and Interests	49	(1)
A Web of Related Issues	50	(1)
EXERCISES	51	(1)
WORKS CITED	52	(1)
CHAPTER 3 Stasis Theory: Asking the Right Questions	53	(42)
The Stases and Contrary Arguments	55	(1)
Theoretical Versus Practical Questions	56	(4)
Putting These Distinctions to Work	60	(2)
What Happens When Stasis Is Not Achieved?	62	(5)
The Four Questions	67	(1)
Elaborating the Questions	68	(6)
Using the Stases	74	(18)
The First Example: Abortion	75	(8)
A Second Example: Hate Speech	83	(9)
EXERCISES	92	(2)
NOTE	94	(1)
WORKS CITED	94	(1)
CHAPTER 4 The Common Topics and the Commonplaces: Finding the Available Means	95	(38)
Ancient Topical Traditions	96	(2)
Aristotle's Topical System	98	(8)
The Topic of Past and Future Fact (Conjecture)	99	(3)
The Common Topic of Greater/Lesser (Degree)	102	(3)
The Common Topic of Possible/Impossible (Possibility)	105	(1)
Commonplaces and Ideology	106	(6)
Commonplaces in American Political Rhetoric	112	(6)
Using Common Topics and Commonplaces to Invent Arguments	118	(3)
The Common Topic of Conjecture	120	(1)
The Common Topic of Degree	120	(1)
The Common Topic of Possibility	121	(1)
An Extended Example	121	(3)
The Example Embedded in a Rhetorical Situation	124	(6)
EXERCISES	130	(2)
NOTES	132	(1)
WORKS CITED	132	(1)
CHAPTER 5 Logical Proof Reasoning in Rhetoric	133	(30)
Probabilities	135	(2)
Aristotle on Reasoning in Rhetoric	137	(19)
Deduction	137	(3)
Induction	140	(1)
Enthymemes	141	(5)
Rhetorical Examples	146	(2)
Historical Examples-Brief and Extended	148	(3)
Fictional Example	151	(1)
Analogy	152	(3)
Similar and Contrary Examples	155	(1)
Using Examples	156	(5)
Maxims	158	(2)
Signs	160	(1)
EXERCISES	161	(1)
WORKS CITED	162	(1)
CHAPTER 6 Ethical Proof Arguments from Character	163	(42)
Ethos in Ancient Rhetorics	166	(2)
Invented Ethos	168	(13)
Demonstrating Intelligence by Doing the Homework	171	(4)
Establishing Good Character	175	(4)
Achieving Good Will	179	(2)
Voice and Rhetorical Distance	181	(15)
Grammatical Person	183	(8)
Verb Tense and Voice	191	(2)
Word Size	193	(1)
Qualifiers	193	(2)
Punctuation	195	(1)
Situated Ethos	196	(3)
An Example	199	(3)
EXERCISES	202	(1)
NOTE	203	(1)
WORKS CITED	203	(2)
CHAPTER 7 Pathetic Proof Passionate Appeals	205	(15)
Ancient Teachers on the Emotions	207	(2)
Emotions as Rhetorical Proofs	209	(2)
The Characters of Audiences	211	(2)
Composing Passionate Proofs	213	(5)
Enargeia	214	(3)
Honorific and Pejorative Language	217	(1)
EXERCISES	218	(1)
NOTE	219	(1)
WORKS CITED	219	(1)
CHAPTER 8 Extrinsic Proofs: Arguments Waiting to Be Used	220	(19)
Extrinsic Proofs in Ancient Rhetorics	221	(2)
Testimony	223	(8)
Community Authorities	223	(3)
Evaluating Community Authorities	226	(3)
Proximate Authorities	229	(2)
Data	231	(3)
Evaluating Data	233	(1)
Some Examples	234	(3)
EXERCISES	237	(1)
WORK CITED	238	(1)
PART TWO: ARRANGEMENT
CHAPTER 9 The Sophistic Topics: Define, Divide, and Conquer	239	(18)
Definition	242	(8)
Definition by Species/Genus	242	(3)
Enumerative Definition	245	(1)
Analytic Definition	245	(1)
Etymological Definition	245	(5)
Division	250	(1)
Classification or Generalization	251	(2)
Similarity or Comparison	253	(2)
EXERCISES	255	(2)
CHAPTER 10 Arrangement: Getting It Together	257	(21)
Ancient Teachings about Arrangement	258	(2)
The Exordium	260	(5)
Introductions	261	(2)
Topics for Making Audiences Attentive and Receptive	263	(2)
Insinuations	265	(1)
The Narrative (Statement of the Case)	265	(3)
The Partition	268	(1)
The Arguments: Confirmation and Refutation	269	(1)
The Peroration (Conclusion)	270	(3)
Composing a Summary	270	(1)
Composing Appeals to the Emotions	270	(2)
Enhancing Ethos	272	(1)
An Example	273	(3)
EXERCISES	276	(1)
WORKS CITED	277	(1)
PART THREE: STYLE, MEMORY, AND DELIVERY
CHAPTER 11 Style: Composition and Ornament	278	(38)
Correctness	280	(1)
Clarity	280	(2)
Appropriateness: Kairos and Style	282	(3)
Ornament	285	(28)
Sentence Composition	286	(4)
Figurative Language	290	(8)
Figures of Thought	298	(8)
Tropes	306	(7)
EXERCISES	313	(1)
NOTES	314	(1)
WORKS CITED	315	(1)
CHAPTER 12 Memory: The Treasure-House of Invention	316	(14)
Memory and Kairos	317	(1)
Memory in Ancient Rhetorics	317	(2)
Ancient Memory Systems	319	(3)
Modern Versions of Ancient Memory Systems	322	(6)
Cultural Memory	322	(1)
Organizational Memory	323	(2)
Literate Memory Systems	325	(3)
Electronic Memory Systems	328	(1)
WORKS CITED	329	(1)
CHAPTER 13 Delivery: Attending to Eyes and Ears	330	(23)
Ancient Commentary on Delivery	331	(3)
Delivery of Oral Discourse	334	(2)
Delivery of Written Discourse	336	(7)
Spelling and Punctuation	338	(3)
Traditional Grammar and Usage	341	(2)
Visual Rhetoric	343	(5)
Ocular Demonstration	343	(1)
Textual Presentation	344	(2)
Picture Theory	346	(2)
Cyberrhetors	348	(2)
EXERCISES	350	(1)
RESOURCES FOR PRINT DESIGN	351	(1)
RESOURCES FOR WEB DESIGN	352	(1)
WORKS CITED	352	(1)
PART FOUR: RHETORICAL EXERCISES
CHAPTER 14 Imitation: Achieving Copiousness	353	(31)
Ancient Rhetorical Exercises	354	(2)
The Exercises in Ancient Rhetorics	356	(27)
Reading Aloud and Copying	356	(3)
Imitation	359	(7)
Translation	366	(1)
Paraphrase	366	(6)
Paraphrasing Poetry	372	(11)
WORKS CITED	383	(1)
CHAPTER 15 The Progymnasmata, or Rhetorical Exercises	384	(44)
Fable	386	(3)
Tale	389	(3)
Chreia	392	(3)
Proverb	395	(1)
Confirmation and Refutation	396	(3)
Commonplace	399	(2)
Encomium and Invective	401	(6)
Comparison	407	(5)
Character	412	(6)
Description	418	(2)
Thesis	420	(4)
Introduction of Law	424	(3)
WORKS CITED	427	(1)
Glossary	428	(12)
Appendix A: A Calendar of Ancient Rhetorics	440	(1)
Appendix B: Signposts in Ancient Rhetorics	441	(4)
Bibliography	445	(3)
Suggestions for Further Readings	448	(1)
Credits	449	(4)
Index	453