Animal Structure and Function

by Starr, Cecie; Taggart, Ralph

• ISBN13: 9780534397487
• ISBN10: 0534397484
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-08
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

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Table of Contents

PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
How Plants and Animals Work
On High-Flying Geese and Edelweiss	488	(2)
Levels of Structural Organization	490	(2)
From Cells to Multicelled Organisms	490	(1)
Growth Versus Development	490	(1)
Structural Organization Has a History	490	(1)
The Body's Internal Environment	491	(1)
How Do Parts Contribute to the Whole?	491	(1)
Connections: The Nature of Adaptation	492	(2)
Defining Adaptation	492	(1)
Salt-Tolerant Tomatoes	492	(1)
No Polar Bears in the Desert	492	(1)
Adaptation to What?	493	(1)
Mechanisms of Homeostasis in Animals	494	(2)
Negative Feedback	494	(1)
Positive Feedback	495	(1)
Does the Concept of Homeostasis Apply to Plants?	496	(2)
Walling Off Threats	496	(1)
Sand, Wind, and the Yellow Bush Lupine	497	(1)
About Rhythmic Leaf Folding	497	(1)
Communication Among Cells, Tissues, and Organs	498	(2)
Signal Reception, Transduction, and Response	498	(1)
Communication in the Plant Body	498	(1)
Communication in the Animal Body	499	(1)
Connections: Recurring Challenges to Survival	500	(68)
Constraints on Gas Exchange	500	(1)
Requirements for Internal Transport	500	(1)
Maintaining a Solute-Water Balance	501	(1)
Requirements for Integration and Control	501	(1)
On Variations in Resources and Threats	501	(65)
VI ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
Meerkats, Humans, It's All the Same	566	(2)
Epithelial Tissue	568	(2)
General Characteristics	568	(1)
Cell-to-Cell Contacts	568	(1)
Glandular Epithelium and Glands	569	(1)
Connective Tissue	570	(2)
Soft Connective Tissues	570	(1)
Specialized Connective Tissues	570	(2)
Muscle Tissue	572	(1)
Nervous Tissue	573	(1)
Focus on Science: Frontiers in Tissue Research	573	(1)
Organ Systems	574	(6)
Overview of Major Organ Systems	574	(1)
Tissue and Organ Formation	575	(3)
Integration and Control: Nervous Systems
Why Crack the System?	578	(2)
Neurons---The Communication Specialists	580	(2)
Functional Zones of a Neuron	580	(1)
What Is a ``Resting'' Neuron?	580	(1)
Gradients Required for Action Potentials	580	(2)
How Are Action Potentials Triggered and Propagated?	582	(2)
Approaching Threshold	582	(1)
An All-or-Nothing Spike	582	(1)
The Direction of Propagation	583	(1)
Chemical Synapses	584	(2)
A Smorgasbord of Signals	584	(1)
Synaptic Integration	585	(1)
How Is Neurotransmitter Removed From the Synaptic Cleft?	585	(1)
Paths of Information Flow	586	(2)
Blocks and Cables of Neurons	586	(1)
Reflex Arcs	586	(2)
Invertebrate Nervous Systems	588	(2)
Regarding the Nerve Net	588	(1)
On the Importance of Having a Head	588	(2)
Vertebrate Nervous Systems---An Overview	590	(2)
Evolution of the Spinal Cord and Brain	590	(1)
The System's Functional Divisions	590	(2)
What Are the Major Expressways?	592	(2)
Peripheral Nervous System	592	(1)
Somatic and Autonomic Subdivisions	592	(1)
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nerves	592	(1)
Spinal Cord	593	(1)
The Vertebrate Brain	594	(2)
Hindbrain	594	(1)
Midbrain	594	(1)
Evolution of the Forebrain	594	(1)
Reticular Formation	595	(1)
Protection at the Blood-Brain Barrier	595	(1)
The Human Cerebrum	596	(2)
Functional Divisions of the Cerebral Cortex	596	(1)
Connections With the Limbic System	597	(1)
Focus on Science: Sperry's Split-Brain Experiments	598	(1)
How Are Memories Tucked Away?	599	(1)
Connections: Reflections on the Not-Quite-Complete Teen Brain	600	(2)
Focus on Health: Drugging the Brain	602	(6)
Sensory Reception
Different Strokes for Different Folks	606	(2)
Overview of Sensory Pathways	608	(2)
Somatic Sensations	610	(2)
Receptors Near the Body Surface	610	(1)
Muscle Sense	610	(1)
What Is Pain?	610	(1)
Referred Pain	611	(1)
Chemical Senses	612	(1)
Sense of Balance	613	(1)
Sense of Hearing	614	(2)
Properties of Sound	614	(1)
Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear	614	(2)
Sense of Vision	616	(2)
What Are the Requirements for Vision?	616	(1)
A Sampling of Invertebrate Eyes	616	(2)
Structure and Function of Vertebrate Eyes	618	(2)
The Eye's Structure	618	(1)
Visual Accommodation	619	(1)
Case Study---From Signaling to Visual Perception	620	(2)
How Is the Retina Organized?	620	(1)
Neuronal Responses to Light	620	(2)
Focus on Health: Disorders of the Human Eye	622	(6)
Integration and Control: Endocrine Systems
Hormone Jamboree	626	(2)
The Endocrine System	628	(2)
Hormones and Other Signaling Molecules	628	(1)
Discovery of Hormones and Their Sources	628	(2)
Signaling Mechanisms	630	(2)
The Nature of Hormonal Action	630	(1)
Characteristics of Steroid Hormones	630	(1)
Characteristics of Peptide Hormones	631	(1)
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland	632	(2)
Posterior Lobe Secretions	632	(1)
Anterior Lobe Secretions	632	(2)
Focus on Health: Abnormal Pituitary Outputs	634	(1)
Sources and Effects of Other Hormones	635	(1)
Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions	636	(2)
Negative Feedback From the Adrenal Cortex	636	(1)
Local Feedback in the Adrenal Medulla	636	(1)
Cases of Skewed Feedback From the Thyroid	636	(1)
Feedback Control of the Gonads	637	(1)
Direct Responses to Chemical Changes	638	(2)
Secretions from Parathyroid Glands	638	(1)
Effects of Local Signaling Molecules	638	(1)
Secretions from Pancreatic Islets	638	(2)
Hormones and the External Environment	640	(6)
Daylength and the Pineal Gland	640	(1)
Thyroid Function and Frog Habitats	640	(1)
Comparative Look at a Few Invertebrates	641	(3)
Protection, Support, and Movement
Of Men, Women, and Polar Huskies	644	(2)
Evolution of Vertebrate Skin	646	(2)
Focus on Health: Sunlight and Skin	648	(1)
The Vitamin Connection	648	(1)
Suntans and Shoe-Leather Skin	648	(1)
Sunlight and the Front Line of Defense	648	(1)
Types of Skeletons	649	(1)
Operating Principles for Skeletons	649	(1)
Examples From the Invertebrates	649	(1)
Connections: Evolution of the Vertebrate Skeleton	650	(2)
A Closer Look at Bones and Joints	652	(2)
Bone Formation and Remodeling	652	(1)
Where Bones Meet---Skeletal Joints	652	(1)
Bones and the Blood Level of Calcium	653	(1)
Skeletal--Muscular Systems	654	(2)
How Do Muscles and Bones Interact?	654	(1)
Human Skeletal-Muscular System	655	(1)
How Does Skeletal Muscle Contract?	656	(2)
What Controls Contraction?	658	(1)
Energy For Contraction	659	(1)
Properties of Whole Muscles	660	(1)
Muscle Tension	660	(1)
What Is Muscle Fatigue?	660	(1)
What Are Muscular Dystrophies?	660	(1)
Muscles, Exercise, and Aging	661	(1)
Focus on Health: A Bad Case of Tetanic Contraction	661	(5)
Circulation
Heartworks	664	(2)
Connections: Evolution of Circulatory Systems	666	(2)
From Structure to Function	666	(1)
Evolution of Vertebrate Circulation	667	(1)
Links With the Lymphatic System	667	(1)
Characteristics of Blood	668	(2)
Functions of Blood	668	(1)
Blood Volume and Composition	668	(2)
Focus on Health: Blood Disorders	670	(1)
Blood Transfusion and Typing	670	(2)
Concerning Agglutination	670	(1)
ABO Blood Typing	671	(1)
Rh Blood Typing	671	(1)
Human Cardiovascular System	672	(2)
The Heart Is a Lonely Pumper	674	(2)
Cardiac Cycle	674	(1)
Cardiac Muscle Contraction	675	(1)
Blood Pressure in the Cardiovascular System	676	(2)
Arterial Blood Pressure	676	(1)
How Can Arterioles Resist Flow?	677	(1)
Controlling Mean Arterial Blood Pressure	677	(1)
From Capillary Beds Back to the Heart	678	(2)
Capillary Function	678	(1)
Venous Pressure	679	(1)
Focus on Health: Cardiovascular Disorders	680	(2)
Hemostasis	682	(1)
Lymphatic System	682	(6)
Lymph Vascular System	682	(1)
Lymphoid Organs and Tissues	682	(4)
Immunity
Russian Roulette, Immunological Style	686	(2)
Three Lines of Defense	688	(1)
Surface Barriers to Invasion	688	(1)
Nonspecific and Specific Responses	688	(1)
Complement Proteins	689	(1)
Inflammation	690	(2)
The Roles of Phagocytes and Their Kin	690	(1)
The Inflammatory Response	690	(2)
Overview of the Immune System	692	(2)
Defining Features	692	(1)
The Key Defenders	692	(1)
The Main Targets	692	(1)
Control of Immune Responses	693	(1)
How Lymphocytes Form and Do Battle	694	(2)
B and T Cell Formation	694	(1)
Lymphocyte Battlegrounds	695	(1)
Antibody-Mediated Response	696	(2)
The Roles of Antibodies	696	(1)
Classes of Immunoglobulins	696	(2)
Cell-Mediated Response	698	(1)
Focus on Science: Cancer and Immunotherapy	699	(1)
Monoclonal Antibodies	699	(1)
Multiplying the Tumor Killers	699	(1)
Therapeutic Vaccines	699	(1)
Defenses Enhanced, Misdirected, or Compromised	700	(2)
Immunization	700	(1)
Allergies	700	(1)
Autoimmune Disorders	701	(1)
Deficient Immune Responses	701	(1)
Focus on Health: AIDS---The Immune System Compromised	702	(6)
Characteristics of AIDS	702	(1)
How HIV Replicates	702	(1)
A Titanic Struggle Begins	702	(1)
How HIV Is Transmitted	702	(1)
On Drug Treatments and Vaccines	703	(3)
Respiration
Of Lungs and Leatherbacks	706	(2)
The Nature of Respiration	708	(1)
The Basis of Gas Exchange	708	(1)
Which Factors Influence Gas Exchange?	708	(1)
Surface-to-Volume Ratio	708	(1)
Ventilation	708	(1)
Transport Pigments	708	(1)
Invertebrate Respiration	709	(1)
Vertebrate Respiration	710	(2)
Gills of Fishes and Amphibians	710	(1)
Evolution of Paired Lungs	710	(2)
Human Respiratory System	712	(2)
What Are the System's Functions?	712	(1)
From Airways Into the Lungs	713	(1)
Cyclic Reversals in Air Pressure Gradients	714	(2)
The Respiratory Cycle	714	(1)
Lung Volumes	715	(1)
Gas Exchange and Transport	716	(2)
Exchanges at the Respiratory Membrane	716	(1)
Oxygen Transport	716	(1)
Carbon Dioxide Transport	716	(1)
How To Match Air Flow With Blood Flow	717	(1)
Focus on Health: When the Lungs Break Down	718	(2)
Bronchitis	718	(1)
Emphysema	718	(1)
Effects of Smoking	718	(2)
High Climbers and Deep Divers	720	(6)
Respiration at High Altitudes	720	(1)
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning	720	(1)
Respiration in Deep Water	720	(4)
Digestion and Human Nutrition
Lose It---And It Finds Its Way Back	724	(2)
The Nature of Digestive Systems	726	(2)
Incomplete and Complete Systems	726	(1)
Correlations With Feeding Behavior	726	(2)
Visual Overview of the Human Digestive System	728	(1)
Into the Mouth, Down the Tube	729	(1)
Digestion in the Stomach and Small Intestine	730	(2)
The Stomach	730	(1)
The Small Intestine	730	(1)
The Role of Bile in Fat Digestion	731	(1)
Controls Over Digestion	731	(1)
Absorption From the Small Intestine	732	(2)
Structure Speaks Volumes About Function	732	(1)
What Are the Absorption Mechanisms?	733	(1)
Disposition of Absorbed Organic Compounds	734	(1)
The Large Intestine	735	(1)
Human Nutritional Requirements	736	(2)
A Carbohydrate--Insulin Connection	737	(1)
So What Do We Eat?	737	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	738	(2)
Focus on Science: Weighty Questions, Tantalizing Answers	740	(6)
The Internal Environment
Tale of the Desert Rat	744	(2)
Urinary System of Mammals	746	(2)
The Challenge---Shifts in Extracellular Fluid	746	(1)
Water Gains and Losses	746	(1)
Solute Gains and Losses	746	(1)
Components of the Urinary System	747	(1)
Nephrons--Functional Units of Kidneys	747	(1)
Urine Formation	748	(2)
Factors Influencing Filtration	748	(1)
Reabsorption of Water and Sodium	749	(1)
Reabsorption Mechanism	749	(1)
Hormone-Induced Adjustments	749	(1)
Thirst Behavior	749	(1)
Focus on Health: When Kidneys Break Down	750	(1)
The Body's Acid-Base Balance	750	(1)
On Fish, Frogs, and Kangaroo Rats	751	(1)
How Are Core Temperatures Maintained?	752	(2)
Heat Gains and Heat Losses	752	(1)
Ectotherms, Endotherms, and In-Betweens	752	(2)
Temperature Regulation In Mammals	754	(6)
Responses to Heat Stress	754	(1)
Fever	754	(1)
Responses to Cold Stress	755	(3)
Principles of Reproduction and Development
From Frog to Frog and Other Mysteries	758	(2)
The Beginning: Reproductive Modes	760	(2)
Sexual Versus Asexual Reproduction	760	(1)
Costs and Benefits of Sexual Reproduction	760	(2)
Stages of Development---An Overview	762	(2)
Early Marching Orders	764	(2)
Information in the Egg Cytoplasm	764	(1)
Cleavage---The Start of Multicellularity	764	(1)
Cleavage Patterns	765	(1)
How Do Specialized Tissues and Organs Form?	766	(2)
Cell Differentiation	766	(1)
Morphogenesis	767	(1)
Pattern Formation	768	(2)
Embryonic Signals in Pattern Formation	768	(1)
A Theory of Pattern Formation	768	(1)
Evolutionary Constraints on Development	769	(1)
Focus on Science: To Know A Fly	770	(2)
Why Do Animals Age?	772	(1)
The Programmed Life Span Hypothesis	772	(1)
The Cumulative Assaults Hypothesis	772	(1)
Connections: Death in the Open	773	(5)
Human Reproduction and Development
Sex and the Mammalian Heritage	776	(2)
Reproductive System of Human Males	778	(2)
Where Sperm Form	778	(1)
Where Semen Forms	778	(1)
Cancers of the Prostate and Testis	779	(1)
Male Reproductive Function	780	(2)
Sperm Formation	780	(1)
Hormonal Controls	780	(2)
Reproductive System of Human Females	782	(2)
The Reproductive Organs	782	(1)
Overview of the Menstrual Cycle	782	(2)
Female Reproductive Function	784	(2)
Cyclic Changes in the Ovary	784	(1)
Cyclic Changes in the Uterus	785	(1)
Visual Summary of the Menstrual Cycle	786	(1)
Pregnancy Happens	787	(1)
Sexual Intercourse	787	(1)
Fertilization	787	(1)
Formation of the Early Embryo	788	(2)
Cleavage and Implantation	788	(1)
Extraembryonic Membranes	789	(1)
Emergence of the Vertebrate Body Plan	790	(1)
Why Is The Placenta So Important?	791	(1)
Emergence of Distinctly Human Features	792	(2)
Focus on Health: Mother as Provider, Protector, Potential Threat	794	(2)
From Birth Onward	796	(2)
Giving Birth	796	(1)
Nourishing the Newborn	796	(1)
Regarding Breast Cancer	797	(1)
Postnatal Development	797	(1)
Focus on Bioethics: Control of Human Fertility	798	(1)
Birth Control Options	798	(2)
Focus on Health: Sexually Transmitted Diseases	800	(2)
Focus on Bioethics: To Seek or End Pregnancy	802
Appendix I Classification System
Appendix II Units of Measure
Appendix III Answers to Self-Quizzes
Glossary
Credits and Acknowledgments
Subject Index
Index of Applications