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Annual Editions: United States History, Volume 1: Colonial Through Reconstruction, 23/e
Preface
Correlation Guide
Topic Guide
America’s First Immigrants, Evan Hadingham, Smithsonian, November 2004
The conventional wisdom used to be that American Indians migrated to the New World via a now-submerged land bridge from Siberia. This view has been challenged by archaeologists who have found the remains of settlements dating at least 1,000 years before this supposed migration took place. What remains controversial is where these early peoples actually came from.
1491, Charles C. Mann, The Atlantic, March 2002
"Before it became the New World," Charles Mann writes, "the Western Hemisphere was vastly more populous and sophisticated than has been thought." He surveys new research that indicates Indians lived in this hemisphere much longer than previously assumed, and that they had a larger impact on the environment.
Massacre in Florida, Andrés Reséndez, American Heritage, Winter 2010
In June 1564 French colonists built a fort at the mouth of St. John’s River near present day Jacksonville, Florida. Spanish forces destroyed the fort a year later. This left a void of settlements along the Atlantic coast that later would be filled by English and Dutch settlers.
Representing the Portrayal of Pilgrims in Elementary History Textbooks and the Myth of the Founding of the American Nation, Cecelia L. Parks, Papers and Publications: Interdisciplinary Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2012
In 1620, the Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts, and with their settlement, their lives became woven into a legend embedded into the American psyche. Pilgrims eating a shared meal, coupled with the idea that the American holiday of Thanksgiving originated at this time, is a sometimes accepted pedagogical truism. The author dispels myths about just who the Pilgrims really were. An analysis is presented to show just how textbooks created a legend not entirely based in reality. She examines "three elements of the Pilgrims’ story, the First Thanksgiving, Pilgrim-Native American relations, and the Pilgrims’ American ideals, [that] represent Pilgrims as hard-working people who came to America to find religious freedom and found a society based on democratic ideals." Further, the author argues that while "such accounts suggest that Pilgrims lived harmoniously with Native Americans, celebrating the First Thanksgiving with them" they were not entirely correct, as "while this portrayal of Pilgrims appeals to America’s Western European heritage, it disregards the violence, cultural hierarchy, and oppression more characteristic of such settler-native exchanges."
A Pox on the New World, Charles C. Mann, American Heritage, Winter 2010
Disease preceded successful European settlements in the Americas in almost every instance. An estimated two-thirds to nine-tenths of the Native American population died from contagions against which they had no immunities. Later outbreaks of malaria proved a scourge to natives and newcomers alike.
Indentured Servants and the Pursuits of Happiness, Crandall Shifflett, Virginia Tech, 2000
Who were the indentured servants who came to North America for a better way of life? The author argues that these individu-als—who were primarily male—"played a substantial role in the formation of the charter culture." Over 120,000 indentured servants came to North America, and many suffered abuse, isolation, and marginalization. Women were especially affected by their indentured status.
New Amsterdam Becomes New York, Russell Shorto, American Heritage, Winter 2010
In 1664 the Dutch surrendered the city of New Amsterdam to British forces without a struggle. Promptly renamed New York, the city inherited the Dutch tradition of tolerance, free trade, and a multiethnic population.
Taken by Indians, Kevin Sweeney, American Heritage, Fall 2008
On February 10, 1676, Mary Rowlandson was taken prisoner by Native Americans during a raid on a small Massachusetts town. Wounded, she was held in captivity for 82 days before being ransomed. Six years later she published an account of her ordeal. It was the first, and perhaps most powerful, example of the "captivity narrative" which became very popular in American history.
Blessed and Bedeviled, Helen Mondloch, The World & I Online, May 2002
In 2001 the governor of Massachusetts signed a bill exonerating the last five individuals convicted in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. The author of this essay examines the attitudes and beliefs that led to the persecution of at least 150 people.
Pontiac’s War, Alan Taylor, American Heritage, Winter 2010
In 1763 the British executed a Native American slave woman for the murder of her master. Outraged by the thought of being subject to English law, a coalition of Indian tribes led by Ottawa Chief Pontiac captured a number of forts around the Great Lakes and in the Ohio Valley. The British succeeded in placating Pontiac and his followers to such an extent that when the Americans later launched their own rebellion they found themselves opposed by these same tribes.
"The Sparck of Rebellion," Douglas Brinkley, American Heritage, Winter 2010
On the night of December 16, 1773, about fifty men, some disguised as Indians, boarded three British vessels in Boston harbor and dumped 300 crates of tea into the water. This "Boston Tea Party," according to Brinkley, "ignited events that would lead to rebellion, war, and, finally, independence."
The Gain from Thomas Paine, David Nash, History Today, June 2009
One of Thomas Paine’s most important pamphlets, Common Sense, appeared in early 1776 and within months had sold 150,000 copies. In it Paine stated that "nothing can settle our affairs more expeditiously than an open and determined declaration of independence." Paine went on to become one of George Washington’s most trusted advisers and wrote a number of influential pamphlets on behalf of independence from the mother country.
One Revolution Two Wars, Thomas B. Allen, Military History, June 2011
A popular view of the Revolutionary War is simple: It pitted American patriots fighting against the hated British Redcoats. But many American "Loyalists" remained faithful to the king and "provided the British with food, spies, and recruits." Allen tells the story of this vicious civil war.
Equality and Schooling: Laggards, Percentiles and the U.S. Constitution, Benjamin H. Welsh, Philosophical Studies in Education, 2010
In the Constitution, the founding fathers did not include any discourse on education. Why? Was it intentional? How could they argue for equality without including some narrative on education? Welsh argues that by ignoring education, the founding fathers created a "power vacuum" ushering in centuries of inequality as well as ongoing institutional failures in education.
A Day to Remember: July 4, 1776, Charles Phillips, American History, August 2006
The second Continental Congress actually declared American independence on July 2, 1776. Two days later it approved the Declaration of Independence, which was a kind of early-day "press release." Author Charles Phillips analyzes how Thomas Jefferson’s draft statement emerged in its final form.
Building a Nation from Thirteen States: The Constitutional Convention and Preemption, Edward J. Larson, Pepperdine Law Review, 2005
The Constitutional Convention was filled with passionate discussion around the power of the states versus the power of the federal government. Those favoring power of the state prevailed in the discussion and that approach to government was held until the Progressive movement. Discover why the Founding Fathers were so passionate about their position of states rights.
America’s Worst Winter Ever: And Why Mythmakers Chose to Forget It, Ray Raphael, American History, April 2010
In January 1780 the most severe winter weather in recorded history descended upon General George Washington’s tiny army camped near Morristown, New Jersey. The suffering these men endured was far worse than that encountered two years earlier at Valley Forge. Yet, the latter has come down in history as a symbol of patriotic spirit while the former has been almost forgotten. Author Ray Raphael suggests that the reason is because the troops at Morristown nearly mutinied and hence their ordeal does not fit into "the triumphal story of the Revolution passed down from generation to generation."
Franklin Saves the Peace, Thomas Fleming, American Heritage, Winter 2010
Despite the American/French victory over the British at Yorktown in 1781, the success of the American Revolution was far from assured. The Continental Congress had gone bankrupt and seemed headed for dissolution. Fleming argues that Benjamin Franklin’s brilliant tactics in getting the British to negotiate a peace treaty and in getting the French to extend yet another loan really saved the day.
Madison’s Radical Agenda, Joseph J. Ellis, American Heritage, Winter 2010
James Madison went to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 determined to forge a far more powerful national government than that under the existing Articles of Confederation. He was fortunate in having George Washington on his side on most issues. He had to make a number of compromises on what was known as the Virginia Plan, but mostly carried the day.
Wall Street’s First Collapse, Thomas Fleming, American Heritage, Winter 2009
"Wall Street’s first bubble swelled and burst in the Spring of 1792," writes Thomas Fleming, "exerting a profound effect on American politics and society." The collapse involved more than financial losses, serious though they were; it involved a fundamental clash between the philosophies of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton over the direction this nation should take.
Adams Appoints Marshall, Gordon S. Wood, American Heritage, Winter 2010
When President John Adams appointed John Marshall Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801, that body was under heavy fire as elitist and out of touch by Jeffersonian Republicans. Marshall almost single-handedly increased the prestige and independence of the court through his deft political tactics as well as his judicial decisions.
The Revolution of 1803, Peter S. Onuf, Wilson Quarterly, Winter 2003
The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 more than doubled the size of the United States, which some Americans already believed was too large. This acquisition had enormous ramifications at the time and changed the course of the nation’s history.
Dolley Madison Saves the Day, Thomas Fleming, The Intimate Lives of Our Founding Fathers, 2008
The United States was in poor military condition when it entered the War of 1812. Morale was low and a series of defeats led many people to despair. Not so in Dolley Madison’s White House. Although born a Quaker, she said "I have always been an advocate of fighting when assailed." Her conduct during the war, particularly in rescuing national treasures before the British captured the White House, made her a symbol of patriotism.
Abigail Adams’ Last Act of Defiance, Woody Holton, American History, April 2010
Shortly before the Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence, Abigail Adams wrote to John "If perticuliar care and attention is not paid to the Laidies, we are determined to foment a Rebelion . . ." Her words went unheeded but she remained a staunch advocate of women’s rights and a rebel until the end of her life. Author Holton discusses her unprecedented act of writing a will (at a time when married women could not legally control property) that left most of her assets to other women.
Fashioning Slavery: Slaves and Clothing in the United States South, 1830–1865, Katie Knowles, Costume Society of America, 2012
Few slave owners provided slaves with adequate food, shelter, or clothing. This essay examines the importance of clothing, its use by slaves, as well as how clothing altered status and life.
Circumcision of the Female Intellect: 19th Century Women Who Opposed Scholarly Education, Marbeth Holmes, Forum on Public Policy, 2009
In the years following the first war of independence, some people, such as Judith Sargent Murray, believed that equality, or, at the very least, some measure thereof, would be gained for women, especially in the area of education. With the advent of the concept of Republican Motherhood, literacy at even a basic level for women was seen as necessary for the survival of the new republic. Moreover, it was understood that women, with their intimate connection with domesticity as rearers of children, would pass along these ideas to children (whether to their own or towards those they came in contact with), thus ensuring the new republic would thrive. Yet, it was women who led opposition to the very idea of educating girls and women. Women saw education as a challenge to domesticity and the preservation of their private sphere, ignoring the very precept of Republican Motherhood that suggested that the private sphere not only be upheld, but that education must be a vital part of the preservation of this sphere. In addition, Christian challenges to the scholarly education of women saw the precept emerge that argued that women who devoted themselves to their intellect rather than religious life would ultimately fall victim to all kinds of evils, from losing their husband and children to perhaps even damnation.
Education and Access to Christian Thought in the Writing of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Anna Julia Cooper, JoJo Magno, Forum on Public Policy, 2009
American women writers of the 19th century used literature, religious texts, and basic Christian constructs to challenge the positions held by a majority of white males concerning race, slavery, segregation, and gender superiority.
The Holdouts, Brian Hicks, Smithsonian, March 2011
Although only one-eighth Cherokee by birth, John Ross became the principle chief of the Cherokee nation during the 1820s. He and a full-blooded Cherokee, Major Ridge, acted as chief negotiators in the effort to maintain the tribe’s independence from state and federal government. Their cause was doomed when Andrew Jackson became president, and the Cherokees (along with other tribes) were forced to move west of the Mississippi in what became known as the "Trail of Tears."
A Unique Northern Plains Ceramic Vessel in the Museum’s Lewis and Clark Collection, Mark D. Mitchell, Expedition, 2012
Lewis and Clark’s expedition discovered much more than land. Indeed, objects obtained from Mandan and Hidatsa tribes demonstrated how one ethnographic object captured possible generational cultural history from a time when so many Native Americans died from smallpox.
Deadweight Loss and the American Civil War: The Political Economy of Slavery, Secession, and Emancipation, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Social Science Research Network, October 2012
Hummel analyzes how "recognition of slavery’s deadweight loss has major implications for the origins of the Civil War." As the author further argues, without multilevel institutional support from government, slavery as an institution could not have survived.
What the Founders Really Thought About Race, Jared Taylor, National Policy Institute, 2012
Were the founding fathers and their political descendants really as open-minded toward abolition as some believe?
John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry, Richard Cavendish, History Today, October 2009
John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry in October 1859 was intended to touch off massive slave uprisings throughout the South. It never stood a chance of success and was quickly put down. Brown’s execution, however, "gave him immortality as an abolitionist martyr whose ‘soul is marching on.’"
Free at Last, Fergus M. Bordewich, Smithsonian, December 2004
What became known as the "underground railroad" provided escape routes for thousands of slaves fleeing to freedom. Among other things, its existence convinced white Southerners that the North meant to abolish slavery if it could. Bordewich describes how the system functioned, and tells the more recent story of how the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center (which opened in the summer of 2005) was created.
There Goes the South, H. W. Brands, American History, April 2009
From his election in 1860 to his inauguration the following March, Abraham Lincoln remained silent as the secessionist movement in the South gained strength. "Only at his inauguration did he muster the will to attack the secessionists head on," Brands writes, "By then it was too late to save the union peacefully."
Lincoln and the Constitutional Dilemma of Emancipation, Edna Greene Medford, OAH Magazine of History, January 2007
The Civil War began as a struggle over national union, but ultimately became a conflict over the continued existence of slavery. Author Edna Medford analyzes developments that led to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln.
Why Was the Confederacy Defeated? Alan Farmer, History Review, 2005.
Author Alan Farmer examines how the Civil War ended, exploring the theory that the Union did not win the war, but rather the Confederacy had lost, further arguing that "Defeat caused defeatism, not vice versa."
Steven Hahn Sings the Slaves Triumphant, Gene Santoro, American History, June 2009
In a book Steven Hahn argued that blacks made a much larger contribution to ending slavery than previously recognized. Indeed, he refers to it as "the greatest slave rebellion in modern history." He discusses his views in an interview.
A Slave’s Audacious Bid for Freedom, David W. Blight, American Heritage, Fall 2008
After four unsuccessful attempts to escape, for which he was severely punished, Wallace Turnage finally made his way to freedom in 1864. Sometime in the 1880s, Turnage wrote a narrative of his ordeals upon which this article is based.
A Graceful Exit, Jay Winik, American Heritage, Winter 2010
By early April 1865 Robert E. Lee’s exhausted and beaten armies no longer could continue conventional warfare. The dilemma facing Lee was whether to surrender formally or to disband his forces and have them regroup as guerilla bands. Had Lee chosen the latter course, fighting might have continued for years with disastrous results for all. Lee stated later "I surrendered as much to Lincoln’s goodness as I did to Grant’s armies."
How the West Was Lost, Chris Smallbone, History Today, April 2006
At the beginning of the 19th century Americans knew little about the Great Plains, which was referred to as the "Great American Desert" on many maps. The relentless push of white settlers westward displaced Native American tribes from their lands, a process sped up by the construction of the Union-Pacific and Kansas-Pacific railroads shortly after the Civil War. Countless treaties were made and broken along the way.
‘It Was We, the People; Not We, the White Males,’ Susan B. Anthony, American History, October 2010
On November 1, 1872, Susan B. Anthony entered a voter registration office and demanded that she be given the right to vote, threatening to sue if she were denied. Four days later she cast a vote for Ulysses S. Grant and was promptly arrested for illegal voting. In a speech defending herself, reprinted here, she stated that "every discrimination against women in the constitutions and laws of the several states is today null and void, precisely as is every one against Negroes." She was found guilty.
Foul Lines: Teaching Race in Jim Crow America through Baseball History, David J. Laliberte, History Teacher, May 2013
Baseball is an important part of American History, and the author analyzes the history of what was known as the color line in U.S. major league baseball between 1887 and 1947 and how the color line led to paradoxical exclusion of players on the basis of race. Further, the author analyzes how American minorities strengthened their ethnic identity and communities by adopting baseball during the Jim Crow era. The article discusses several minority players such as Moses Fleetwood Walker, Clarence Duval, and Jackie Robinson.
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