Antibiotic Therapy for Geriatric Patients

by Yoshikawa; Thomas T.

• ISBN13: 9780824727833
• ISBN10: 0824727835
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-09-14
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Written by the foremost authorities on the topic, this reference provides quick access to essential information on specific antibiotics, major clinical infections, selected pathogens, and infections in long-term elderly-care facilities-summarizing the vast array of topics related to infectious diseases in older adults including epidemiology, clinical manifestations, altered host resistance, and pharmacology.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Contributors	xix
SECTION I: IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF AGING
1. Epidemiology and Unique Aspects of Infections	1	(8)
Deborah Moran and Thomas T. Yoshikawa
1. Introduction	1	(1)
2. Life Expectancy	2	(1)
3. The Epidemiologic Triangle	3	(3)
4. Unique Ethical Considerations	6	(1)
References	6	(1)
Suggested Reading	7	(2)
2. Clinical Manifestations of Infections	9	(10)
Nancy Hanna and Thomas T. Yoshikawa
1. Introduction	9	(1)
2. Immunosenescence	10	(1)
3. History	10	(2)
4. Physical Examination	12	(1)
5. Diagnostic Procedures	13	(3)
References	16	(1)
Suggested Reading.	17	(2)
3. Impact of Age and Chronic Illness-Related Immune Dysfunction on Risk of Infections	19	(18)
Steven C. Castle, Asif Rafi, Koichi Uyemura, and Takashi Makinodan
1. Introduction	19	(1)
2. Immunosenescence	20	(1)
3. Impact of Chronic Illness on Infections Seen in the Older Adult	21	(3)
4. Age-Related Changes of Immune Response	24	(2)
5. Summary of Age-Related Changes in Acquired Immunity	26	(1)
6. Interaction Between Innate and Acquired Immunity	27	(3)
7. Immune Potentiating Effects of Dietary Supplements and Medications	30	(2)
8. Conclusion	32	(1)
References	33	(2)
Suggested Reading	35	(2)
4. Functional Assessment	37	(16)
Ronan Factora and Robert M. Palmer
1. Introduction	37	(3)
2. Physical Functioning	40	(4)
3. Cognitive Function.	44	(3)
4. Caregivers	47	(1)
5. Preventing Functional Decline	48	(2)
6. Summary	50	(1)
References	51	(1)
Suggested Reading	52	(1)
5. Assessment of Nutritional Status and Interventions to Reduce Infection Risk in the Elderly	53	(14)
Kevin P. High
1. The Epidemiology of Malnutrition in Older Adults and Its Clinical Relevance	54	(9)
2. Nutritional Prevention of Specific Infectious Syndromes in Older Adults	63	(1)
3. Conclusions and Recommendations	64	(1)
References	65	(1)
Suggested Reading	66	(1)
6. Pharmacology	67	(10)
Jay P. Rho and Jiwon Kim
1. Introduction	67	(1)
2. Pharmacokinetics	68	(4)
3. Pharmacodynamics	72	(1)
4. Antimicrobial Combinations	72	(2)
References	74	(2)
Suggested Reading	76	(1)
SECTION II: SPECIFIC IMPORTANT ANTIBIOTICS
7. Penicillins	77	(14)
Sanjeet Dadwal
1. Introduction	77	(1)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	78	(1)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	79	(1)
4. Clinical Pharmacology	80	(5)
5. Clinical Indications	85	(1)
6. Administration of Drug	86	(1)
7. Drug Monitoring and Adverse Effects	86	(2)
References	88	(1)
Suggested Reading	89	(2)
8. Cephalosporins	91	(16)
Jack D. McCue
1. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	92	(1)
2. Antimicrobial Spectrum and Classification	93	(1)
3. Clinical Pharmacology	94	(2)
4. Antimicrobial Spectrum	96	(2)
5. Clinical Indications	98	(3)
6. Administration of Drug	101	(1)
7. Adverse Effects	101	(3)
References	104	(1)
Suggested Reading	105	(2)
9. The Carbapenems	107	(22)
David R.P. Guay
1. Introduction	107	(1)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	108	(1)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	108	(2)
4. Clinical Pharmacology	110	(4)
5. Clinical Indications	114	(2)
6. Dosing and Administration	116	(1)
7. Adverse Events	116	(10)
References	126	(1)
Suggested Reading	127	(2)
10. Monobactams	129	(12)
Jay P. Rho
1. Introduction	129	(1)
2. Chemistry	130	(1)
3. Mechanism of Action	130	(1)
4. Antimicrobial Spectrum	131	(1)
5. Clinical Pharmacology	131	(1)
6. Clinical Indications	132	(4)
7. Administration of Drug	136	(1)
8. Drug Monitoring and Adverse Effects	136	(1)
References	137	(2)
Suggested Reading	139	(2)
11. β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitors	141	(14)
Robert A. Bonomo
1. β-Lactam Antibiotics, β-Lactamases, and β-Lactamase Inhibition	141	(3)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	144	(2)
3. Microbial Spectrum	146	(4)
4. Novel Agents	150	(1)
References	151	(2)
Suggested Reading	153	(2)
12. Glycopeptides	155	(12)
Burke A. Cunha
1. Introduction	155	(1)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	156	(1)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	156	(1)
4. Clinical Pharmacology	157	(1)
5. Clinical Indications	158	(3)
6. Administration of Drug	161	(1)
7. Drug Monitoring and Adverse Effects	162	(2)
References	164	(2)
Suggested Reading	166	(1)
13. Quinolones	167	(22)
Thomas J. Marrie and Susan Fryters
1. Introduction	167	(1)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	168	(2)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	170	(1)
4. Pharmacology	171	(7)
5. Clinical Indications	178	(1)
6. Administration	179	(2)
7. Drug Interactions	181	(1)
8. Drug Monitoring and Adverse Reactions	181	(3)
References	184	(4)
Suggested Reading	188	(1)
14. Aminoglycosides	189	(10)
Dean C. Norman
1. Introduction	189	(1)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	190	(1)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	190	(1)
4. Clinical Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacology	191	(1)
5. Clinical Indications	192	(1)
6. Administration of Drug	192	(2)
7. Drug Monitoring and Adverse Effects	194	(2)
References	196	(1)
Suggested Reading	197	(2)
15. Tetracyclines	199	(20)
David R.P. Guay
1. Introduction	199	(1)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	200	(1)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	200	(1)
4. Clinical Pharmacology	201	(5)
5. Clinical Indications	206	(2)
6. Dosing and Administration	208	(5)
7. Drug Monitoring and Adverse Events	213	(3)
References	216	(1)
Suggested Reading	217	(2)
16. Macrolides and Ketolides	219	(16)
Charles Huynh and Shobita Rajagopalan
1. Macrolides	223	(1)
2. Erythromycin	224	(2)
3. Azithromycin and Clarithromycin	226	(2)
4. Dirithromycin	228	(1)
5. Spiramycin	228	(1)
6. Ketolides	229	(1)
References	230	(3)
Suggested Reading	233	(2)
17. Clindamycin	235	(14)
Jack Wu and Anthony W. Chow
1. Introduction	235	(1)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	236	(1)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	236	(2)
4. Clinical Pharmacology	238	(1)
5. Clinical Indications	238	(5)
6. Administration of the Drug	243	(1)
7. Drug Monitoring and Adverse Effects	243	(3)
References	246	(1)
Suggested Reading	247	(2)
18. Metronidazole in the Elderly	249	(14)
Glenn E. Mathisen
1. Introduction	249	(1)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	250	(1)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	250	(2)
4. Clinical Pharmacology	252	(2)
5. Clinical Indications	254	(3)
6. Dosing and Routes of Administration	257	(1)
7. Adverse Reactions	257	(2)
References	259	(1)
Suggested Reading	260	(3)
19. Chloramphenicol	263	(6)
Made Sutjita
1. Introduction	263	(1)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	263	(1)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	264	(1)
4. Clinical Pharmacology	264	(1)
5. Clinical Indications, Administration of Drug, Drug Monitoring, and Adverse Effect	265	(1)
References	265	(2)
Suggested Reading	267	(2)
20. Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole	269	(10)
Stephen Marer and Shobita Rajagopalan
1. Introduction	269	(1)
2. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	270	(1)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	271	(1)
4. Clinical Pharmacology	271	(1)
5. Clinical Indications	272	(2)
6. Adverse Reactions	274	(2)
7. Desensitization	276	(1)
8. Conclusion	276	(1)
References	276	(1)
Suggested Reading	277	(2)
21. Nitrofurans	279	(10)
Sunil Singhania and Thomas T. Yoshikawa
1. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	279	(1)
2. Clinical Pharmacology	280	(1)
3. Antimicrobial Spectrum	280	(1)
4. Clinical Indications and Administration of Drug	281	(6)
5. Drug Monitoring and Adverse Effects	287	(1)
References	287	(1)
Suggested Reading	288	(1)
22. Oxazolidinones and Streptogramins	289	(12)
Stephen Marer and Shobita Rajagopalan
1. Introduction	289	(1)
2. Historical Perspectives	290	(1)
3. Mechanism of Action	291	(1)
4. Antimicrobial Spectrum	292	(2)
5. Clinical Pharmacology	294	(1)
6. Clinical Indications	295	(1)
7. Administration of Drug	296	(1)
8. Drug Monitoring and Adverse Effects	296	(2)
References	298	(2)
Suggested Reading	300	(1)
23. Antituberculous Drugs	301	(16)
Shobita Rajagopalan
1. Principles of Antituberculous Chemotherapy	302	(1)
2. Currently Approved Anti-TB Agents	302	(4)
3. Treatment of Latent TB Infection	306	(1)
4. Treatment of TB Disease	307	(7)
References	314	(1)
Suggested Reading	315	(2)
24. Antiviral Drugs	317	(20)
Ghinwa Dumyati
1. Introduction	317	(3)
2. Antiherpes Virus Agents	320	(3)
3. Interferons	323	(4)
4. Lamivudine	327	(1)
5. Adefovir Dipivoxil	328	(1)
6. Ribavirin	329	(1)
7. Anti-Influenza Agents	330	(2)
8. Zanamivir and Oseltamivir	332	(2)
References	334	(2)
Suggested Reading	336	(1)
25. Antifungal Drugs	337	(16)
Carol A. Kauffman
1. Amphotericin B	337	(3)
2. Azole Antifungal Agents	340	(1)
3. Ketoconazole	340	(3)
4. Itraconazole	343	(1)
5. Fluconazole	344	(1)
6. Voriconazole	345	(2)
7. Caspofungin	347	(1)
8. Terbinafine	348	(1)
References	349	(2)
Suggested Reading	351	(2)
26. Antiparasitic Drugs	353	(16)
Shobita Rajagopalan
1. Antiprotozoal Drugs	356	(2)
2. Anthelmintic Drugs	358	(5)
3. Conclusions	363	(1)
References	363	(4)
Suggested Reading	367	(2)
SECTION III: MAJOR CLINICAL INFECTIONS
27. Ocular Infections	369	(26)
Richard S. Baker, Charles W. Flowers, Jr., and Richard Casey
1. Eyelid Infections	369	(3)
2. Lacrimal System Infections	372	(4)
3. Conjunctival Infections	376	(5)
4. Corneal Infections	381	(7)
5. Retinal and Vitreous Infections: Endophthalmitis	388	(3)
6. Orbital Infections	391	(2)
References	393	(1)
Suggested Reading	394	(1)
28. Major Orofacial Infection	395	(18)
Joseph L. McQuirter and Anh Le
1. Special Considerations in Oral Infections	395	(1)
2. Major Oral and Orofacial Infections of the Elderly	396	(12)
References	408	(3)
Suggested Reading	411	(2)
29. Sinus and Ear Infections in the Elderly	413	(12)
Lorraine M. Smith and Ryan F. Osborne
1. Rhinosinusitis	413	(5)
2. Otitis Externa	418	(2)
3. Skull Base Osteomyelitis	420	(2)
4. Otitis Media	422	(1)
5. Labyrinthitis	423	(1)
6. Conclusion	423	(1)
References	423	(1)
Suggested Reading	424	(1)
30. Pneumonia	425	(10)
Mutsuo Yamaya and Hidetada Sasaki
1. Introduction	425	(1)
2. Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Older People.	426	(1)
3. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Procedures of Pneumonia in Older People	426	(1)
4. Microbial Causes of Pneumonia in Older People	427	(1)
5. Choice of Antibiotics for Pneumonia in Older People	428	(1)
6. Changes in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics with Aging	428	(2)
7. Pharmacological Treatment of Pneumonia Other Than Antibiotics in Older People	430	(2)
8. Prevention of Pneumonia in Older People	432	(1)
9. Conclusion	433	(1)
References	434	(1)
Suggested Reading	434	(1)
31. Tuberculosis	435	(18)
Shobita Rajagopalan
1. Background and Epidemiology	435	(1)
2. Pathogenesis and Immunologic Aspects	436	(1)
3. Unique Clinical Characteristics	437	(2)
4. Diagnosis	439	(5)
5. Management	444	(1)
6. Infection Control Issues	444	(6)
References	450	(1)
Suggested Reading	451	(2)
32. Medical and Surgical Treatment of Intra-abdominal Infections	453	(20)
John G. Carson, Ryan W. Patterson, and Samuel Eric Wilson
1. Introduction	453	(1)
2. Physiologic Changes in the Elderly	454	(1)
3. Intra-abdominal Sepsis/Acute Secondary Peritonitis	455	(13)
References	468	(2)
Suggested Reading	470	(3)
33. Viral Hepatitis	473	(14)
Abbasi J. Akhtar and Made Sutjita
1. Introduction	473	(2)
2. Hepatitis A	475	(2)
3. Hepatitis B	477	(2)
4. Hepatitis C	479	(2)
5. Hepatitis D	481	(1)
6. Hepatitis E	482	(1)
7. Novel and Presumed Hepatotropic Viruses	482	(1)
References	482	(3)
Suggested Reading	485	(2)
34. Urinary Tract Infection	487	(16)
L.E. Nicolle
1. Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance	487	(1)
2. Etiologic Pathogens	488	(2)
3. Clinical Manifestations	490	(1)
4. Diagnosis	490	(2)
5. Antibiotic Treatment	492	(6)
6. Prevention	498	(2)
References	500	(1)
Suggested Reading	501	(2)
35. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections	503	(14)
Made Sutjita
1. General Approach to Skin and Soft Tissue Infections	503	(1)
2. Pressure Ulcers and Infection	504	(3)
3. Cellulitis	507	(2)
4. Furuncles and Carbuncles	509	(1)
5. Paronychia	510	(1)
6. Puncture Wounds	511	(1)
7. Bite Wounds	511	(1)
8. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection or Necrotizing Fasciitis	512	(1)
References	513	(2)
Suggested Reading	515	(2)
36. Herpes Zoster	517	(14)
Kenneth E. Schmader
1. Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance	517	(1)
2. Etiologic Pathogen	518	(1)
3. Clinical Manifestations	519	(2)
4. Diagnosis	521	(1)
5. Treatment	522	(5)
6. Prevention	527	(1)
References	528	(2)
Suggested Reading	530	(1)
37. Bacterial Meningitis	531	(14)
Chester Choi
1. Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance	531	(1)
2. Etiologic Pathogens	532	(2)
3. Clinical Manifestations	534	(1)
4. Diagnosis	535	(2)
5. Antibiotic Treatment	537	(3)
6. Prevention	540	(2)
References	542	(2)
Suggested Reading	544	(1)
38. Infective Endocarditis	545	(16)
Vinod K.Dhawan
1. Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance	545	(1)
2. Etiologic Pathogens	546	(1)
3. Clinical Manifestations	547	(2)
4. Diagnosis	549	(1)
5. Antibiotic Treatment	550	(5)
6. Prevention	555	(1)
References	556	(3)
Suggested Reading	559	(2)
39. Bone and Joint Infections	561	(14)
Parmis Pouya and Thomas T. Yoshikawa
1. Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance	561	(2)
2. Etiologic Pathogens	563	(1)
3. Pathogenetic Mechanisms	563	(3)
4. Clinical Manifestations	566	(1)
5. Diagnosis	567	(2)
6. Antibiotic Treatment	569	(4)
7. Prevention	573	(1)
References	573	(1)
Suggested Reading	574	(1)
40. Prosthetic Device Infections in the Elderly	575	(14)
Robert S. Urban and Steven L. Berk
1. Introduction	575	(1)
2. Shunt Infections	576	(2)
3. Prosthetic Joint Infection	578	(2)
4. Prosthetic Heart Valves	580	(4)
5. Vascular Graft Infections	584	(2)
6. Pacemaker Infections	586	(1)
References	587	(1)
Suggested Reading	588	(1)
41. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection	589	(18)
Allen S. Funnyé
1. Introduction	589	(2)
2. Epidemiology in Older Adults	591	(1)
3. Pathogenesis of HIV in the Elderly	591	(2)
4. Clinical Manifestations	593	(2)
5. Treatment of HIV Infection	595	(8)
6. Prevention	603	(1)
References	603	(2)
Suggested Reading	605	(2)
42. Septic Shock in the Elderly	607	(10)
Burke A. Cunha
1. Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance	607	(1)
2. Etiologic Pathogens	608	(1)
3. Clinical Manifestations	608	(2)
4. Diagnosis	610	(2)
5. Therapy	612	(1)
6. Prevention	613	(1)
References	614	(1)
Suggested Reading	615	(2)
SECTION IV: SELECTED PATHOGENS
43. Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections	617	(8)
Thomas T Yoshikawa
1. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus	618	(2)
2. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci	620	(2)
3. Antibiotic Treatment	622	(1)
4. Prevention	622	(1)
References	623	(1)
Suggested Reading	624	(1)
44. Fungi	625	(16)
Carol A. Kauffman
1. Dermatophyte Infections	625	(2)
2. Mucocutaneous Candida Infections	627	(3)
3. Candida Urinary Tract Infections	630	(1)
4. Invasive or Disseminated Candidiasis and Candidemia	631	(1)
5. Cryptococcosis	632	(1)
6. Endemic Mycoses: Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis	633	(3)
7. Opportunistic Mold Infections: Aspergillosis, Zygomycoses	636	(2)
References	638	(1)
Suggested Reading	639	(2)
45. Common Viral Infections	641	(16)
Ann R. Falsey
1. Introduction	641	(1)
2. Respiratory Viruses	641	(13)
References	654	(1)
Suggested Reading	655	(2)
46. Parasites	657	(12)
Shobita Rajagopalan
1. Illness After International Travel	658	(1)
2. Fever	658	(2)
3. Diarrhea	660	(3)
4. Dermatologic Conditions	663	(2)
References	665	(2)
Suggested Reading	667	(2)
47. New and Emerging Pathogens	669	(8)
Mark Loeb
1. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome	669	(4)
2. West Nile Virus	673	(2)
References	675	(1)
Suggested Reading	676	(1)
SECTION V: INFECTIONS IN LONG-TERM CARE
48. Unique Aspects in the Nursing Home Setting	677	(14)
Chesley L. Richards, Jr. and Joseph G. Ouslander
1. Characteristics	678	(6)
2. Unique Challenges and Guidelines for Antimicrobial Use in Nursing Homes	684	(4)
3. Conclusion	688	(1)
References	689	(1)
Suggested Reading	690	(1)
49. Common Infections in the Nursing Home Setting	691	(20)
Suzanne F. Bradley
1. Introduction	691	(4)
2. Urinary Tract Infection	695	(2)
3. Pneumonia/LRTI	697	(3)
4. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections	700	(5)
5. Infectious Gastroenteritis and Diarrhea	705	(3)
References	708	(1)
Suggested Reading	709	(2)
50. Infection Control in Nursing Homes	711	(12)
Lona Mody
1. Introduction	711	(1)
2. Consequences and Costs of Infections in Nursing Homes	712	(1)
3. Regulatory Aspects of Infection Control in Nursing Homes	712	(1)
4. Unique Challenges of Infection Control in Nursing Homes	712	(2)
5. Components of Infection Control in Nursing Homes	714	(6)
References	720	(2)
Suggested Reading	722	(1)
Index	723