Applied Industrial/Organizational Psychology (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

by Aamodt, Michael G.

• ISBN13: 9780534596880
• ISBN10: 0534596886
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-27
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Mike Aamodt's introduction to industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology seamlessly blends theory, data, and application in a way that fosters students' genuine interest in the field. In every chapter, Aamodt's inviting writing style is supported by provocative examples and robust pedagogy that will appeal to students with a diverse range of backgrounds. Updated to include outstanding coverage of recent trends in I/O psychology, Aamodt's applied text encourages students to develop skills that they'll actually use in the workplace. An enhanced supplement package (including a new student CD-ROM and a new Instructor CD-ROM) supports this edition--making this the most accessible text available for the I/O Psychology course.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Introduction to I/O Psychology	1	(31)
The Field of Psychology	1	(6)
Differences Between I/O and Business Programs	1	(1)
Major Fields of I/O Psychology	2	(1)
Brief History of I/O Psychology	3	(2)
Employment of I/O Psychologists	5	(1)
Educational Requirements and Types of Programs	5	(2)
Research in I/O Psychology	7	(11)
Why Conduct Research?	7	(1)
Considerations in Conducting Research	8	(10)
Chapter Summary	18	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	18	(14)
Appendix 1A: List of I/O Terminal Master's Degree Programs	19	(4)
Appendix 1B: List of I/O Ph.D. Programs	23	(4)
Exercise 1--1 Research Designs	27	(4)
Exercise 1--2 Designing a Study	31	(1)
Job Analysis and Evaluation	32	(38)
Job Analysis	32	(25)
Importance of Job Analysis	32	(1)
Writing a Good Job Description	33	(4)
Preparing for a Job Analysis	37	(3)
Conducting a Job Analysis	40	(5)
Using Other Job Analysis Methods	45	(11)
Evaluation of Methods	56	(1)
Job Evaluation	57	(4)
Determining Internal Pay Equity	57	(2)
Determining External Equity	59	(1)
Pay Equity	60	(1)
Chapter Summary	61	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	62	(8)
Exercise 2--1 Critiquing Job Descriptions	63	(3)
Exercise 2--2 Writing a Job Description	66	(1)
Exercise 2--3 Identifying KSAOs	67	(1)
Exercise 2--4 Determining Pay Equity	68	(2)
Legal Issues in Employee Selection	70	(29)
The Legal Process	70	(2)
Resolving the Complaint Internally	70	(1)
Filing a Discrimination Charge	71	(1)
Outcomes of an EEOC Investigation	71	(1)
Determining Whether an Employment Decision Is Legal	72	(8)
Does the Employment Practice Directly Refer to a Member of a Federally Protected Class?	72	(6)
Is the Requirement a BFOQ?	78	(1)
Has Case Law, State Law, or Local Law Expanded the Definition of Any of the Protected Classes?	78	(1)
Does the Requirement Have Adverse Impact Against Members of a Protected Class?	79	(1)
Was the Requirement Designed to Intentionally Discriminate Against a Protected Class?	79	(1)
Can the Employer Prove That the Requirement Is Job Related?	80	(1)
Did the Employer Look for Reasonable Alternatives That Would Result in Lesser Adverse Impact?	80	(1)
Affirmative Action	80	(4)
Affirmative Action Strategies	80	(1)
Reasons for Affirmative Action Plans	81	(1)
Legality of Preferential Hiring and Promotion Plans	82	(2)
Consequences of Affirmative Action Plans	84	(1)
Privacy Issues	84	(2)
Drug Testing	85	(1)
Office and Locker Searches	85	(1)
Psychological Tests	85	(1)
Electronic Surveillance	86	(1)
Harassment	86	(2)
Types of Harassment	86	(1)
Organizational Liability for Sexual Harassment	87	(1)
Family Medical Leave Act	88	(1)
Chapter Summary	88	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	89	(10)
Appendix 3: Canadian Employment Law by Province or Territory	89	(1)
Exercise 3--1 Federally Protected Classes	90	(1)
Exercise 3--2 Determining Adverse Impact	91	(2)
Exercise 3--3 Responses to Adverse Impact	93	(1)
Exercise 3--4 Legality of Employment Practices	94	(1)
Exercise 3--5 Understanding Affirmative Action	95	(1)
Exercise 3--6 Employee Privacy Issues	96	(1)
Exercise 3--7 Sexual Harassment	97	(1)
Exercise 3--8 Testing Your Knowledge	98	(1)
Evaluating Selection Techniques and Decisions	99	(28)
Characteristics of Effective Selection Techniques	99	(6)
Reliability	99	(3)
Validity	102	(3)
Finding Reliability and Validity Information	105	(1)
Cost Efficiency	105	(1)
Establishing the Usefulness of a Selection Device	105	(7)
Taylor-Russell Tables	106	(1)
Proportion of Correct Decisions	107	(1)
Lawshe Tables	107	(3)
Brogden-Cronbach-Gleser Utility Formula	110	(2)
Determining the Fairness of a Test	112	(3)
Adverse Impact	113	(2)
Single-Group Validity	115	(1)
Differential Validity	115	(1)
Making the Hiring Decision	115	(5)
Linear Approaches	115	(4)
Nonlinear Approaches	119	(1)
Chapter Summary	120	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	120	(7)
Exercise 4--1 Locating Test Information	121	(1)
Exercise 4--2 Using the Utility Formula and Tables	122	(1)
Exercise 4--3 Determining the Proportion of Correct Decisions	123	(2)
Exercise 4--4 Using Banding to Reduce Adverse Impact	125	(2)
Employee Selection: Recruiting and Interviewing	127	(41)
Job Analysis	127	(1)
Recruitment	127	(12)
Media Advertisements	129	(3)
Point-of-Purchase Methods	132	(2)
Campus Recruiters	134	(1)
Outside Recruiters	134	(1)
Employee Referrals	134	(1)
Direct Mail	135	(1)
Internet	136	(1)
Job Fairs	137	(1)
Incentives	137	(1)
Nontraditional Populations	137	(1)
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Recruitment Strategies	138	(1)
Realistic Job Previews	139	(1)
Effective Employee Selection Techniques	139	(1)
The Structured Employment Interview	140	(6)
Problems with Unstructured Interviews	141	(2)
Creating a Structured Interview	143	(1)
Creating a Scoring Key for Interview Answers	144	(1)
Conducting the Structured Interview	145	(1)
Job Search Skills	146	(7)
Successfully Surviving the Interview Process	146	(1)
Writing Cover Letters	147	(1)
Writing a Resume	148	(5)
Chapter Summary	153	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	154	(14)
Exercise 5--1 Reading Help-Wanted Ads	155	(1)
Exercise 5--2 Writing Help-Wanted Ads	156	(1)
Exercise 5--3 Point-of-Purchase Recruitment	157	(1)
Exercise 5--4 Employee Recruitment	158	(1)
Exercise 5--5 Identifying KSAOs	159	(3)
Exercise 5--6 Developing Interview Questions	162	(4)
Exercise 5--7 Scoring Interview Questions	166	(2)
Employee Selection: References and Testing	168	(52)
References and Letters of Recommendation	168	(6)
Reasons for Using References and Recommendations	168	(6)
Ethical Issues	174	(1)
Predicting Performance Using Applicant Training and Education	174	(1)
Predicting Performance Using Applicant Knowledge	175	(4)
Predicting Performance Using Applicant Ability	179	(6)
Cognitive Ability	180	(1)
Perceptual Ability	180	(1)
Psychomotor Ability	180	(1)
Physical Ability	180	(5)
Predicting Performance Using Applicant Skill	185	(2)
Work Samples	185	(1)
Assessment Centers	185	(2)
Predicting Performance Using Prior Experience	187	(2)
Experience Ratings	187	(1)
Biodata	187	(2)
Predicting Performance Using Personality, Interest, and Character	189	(3)
Personality Inventories	189	(1)
Interest Inventories	190	(1)
Integrity Tests	190	(1)
Graphology	191	(1)
Predicting Performance Limitations Due to Medical and Psychological Problems	192	(1)
Drug Testing	192	(1)
Psychological Exams	193	(1)
Medical Exams	193	(1)
Comparison of Techniques	193	(2)
Validity	193	(1)
Legal Issues	193	(2)
Rejecting Applicants	195	(1)
Chapter Summary	196	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	196	(24)
Exercise 6--1 Trait Approach	197	(1)
Exercise 6--2 Cognitive Ability	198	(2)
Exercise 6--3 Leaderless Group Discussion	200	(3)
Exercise 6--4 Personality Tests	203	(7)
Exercise 6--5 Interest Inventories	210	(6)
Exercise 6--6 Integrity Testing	216	(2)
Classroom Exercise 6--1	218	(2)
Evaluating Employee Performance	220	(39)
Step 1: Determine the Reason for Evaluating Employee Performance	220	(2)
Determining Salary Increases	220	(1)
Making Promotion Decisions	221	(1)
Providing Employee Training and Feedback	222	(1)
Making Termination Decisions	222	(1)
Conducting Personnel Research	222	(1)
Step 2: Identify Environmental and Cultural Limitations	222	(1)
Step 3: Determine Who Will Evaluate Performance	222	(2)
Supervisors	222	(1)
Peers	223	(1)
Subordinates	223	(1)
Customers	224	(1)
Self-Appraisal	224	(1)
Step 4: Select the Best Appraisal Methods to Accomplish Your Goals	224	(8)
Decision 1: Focus of the Appraisal Dimensions	225	(1)
Decision 2: Use of Employee Comparisons, Objective Measures, or Ratings?	226	(6)
Step 5: Train Raters	232	(1)
Step 6: Document Performance	233	(3)
Step 7: Evaluate Performance	236	(6)
Obtaining and Reviewing Objective Data	236	(1)
Reading Critical Incident Logs	236	(1)
Completing the Rating Form	236	(6)
Step 8: Communicate Appraisal Results to Employees	242	(1)
Prior to the Interview	242	(1)
During the Interview	243	(1)
Step 9: Terminate Employees	243	(3)
Employment-at-Will Doctrine	243	(1)
Legal Reasons for Terminating Employees	244	(2)
The Termination Meeting	246	(1)
Chapter Summary	246	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	247	(12)
Appendix 7: Additional Types of Rating Scales	248	(4)
Exercise 7--1 360-Degree Feedback	252	(1)
Exercise 7--2 Creating Performance Dimensions	253	(1)
Exercise 7--3 Paired-Comparison Technique	254	(1)
Exercise 7--4 Writing Behavioral Statements	255	(1)
Exercise 7--5 Evaluating Employee Performance	256	(1)
Exercise 7--6 Rating Errors	257	(1)
Exercise 7--7 Performance-Appraisal Interviews	258	(1)
Designing and Evaluating Training Systems	259	(32)
Determining Training Needs	259	(4)
Organizational Analysis	260	(1)
Task Analysis	260	(1)
Person Analysis	261	(2)
Developing a Training Program	263	(2)
Establishing Goals and Objectives	263	(1)
Motivating Employees	263	(2)
Choosing the Best Training Method	265	(1)
Conducting Classroom Training	265	(8)
Initial Decisions	265	(3)
Preparing for Classroom Training	268	(1)
Delivering the Training Program	268	(3)
Using Case Studies to Apply Knowledge	271	(1)
Using Simulation Exercises to Practice New Skills	271	(1)
Practicing Interpersonal Skills Through Role Play	272	(1)
Increasing Interpersonal Skills Through Behavior Modeling	272	(1)
Providing Individual Training Through Distance Learning	273	(1)
Programmed Instruction Using Books, Videos, or Interactive Video	273	(1)
Computer-Based or Web-Based Programmed Instruction	273	(1)
Conducting On-the-Job Training	274	(3)
Learning by Modeling Others	274	(1)
Learning Through Job Rotation	275	(1)
Learning Through Apprentice Training	275	(1)
Learning Through Coaching and Mentoring	276	(1)
Ensuring Transfer of Training	277	(2)
Putting it All Together	279	(1)
Evaluation of Training Results	279	(3)
Research Designs for Evaluation	279	(1)
Evaluation Criteria	280	(2)
Chapter Summary	282	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	282	(9)
Exercise 8--1 Needs Assessment: Task Analysis	283	(2)
Exercise 8--2 Needs Assessment: Person Analysis	285	(2)
Exercise 8--3 Evaluating Training Programs: 1	287	(2)
Exercise 8--4 Evaluating Training Programs: 2	289	(2)
Employee Motivation	291	(30)
Individual Differences in Motivation	291	(3)
Self-Esteem	291	(2)
Intrinsic Motivation	293	(1)
Needs for Achievement and Power	293	(1)
Employee Values and Expectations	294	(3)
Have Employees' Job Expectations Been Met?	294	(1)
Have Employees' Needs, Values, and Wants Been Met?	294	(3)
Do Employees Have Achievable Goals?	297	(3)
Specific	298	(1)
Measurable	298	(1)
Difficult But Attainable	298	(1)
Relevant	299	(1)
Time Bound	300	(1)
Employee Participation	300	(1)
Are Employees Receiving Feedback on Their Goal Progress?	300	(1)
Are Employees Rewarded for Achieving Goals?	300	(8)
Timing of the Incentive	301	(1)
Contingency of Consequence	301	(1)
Type of Incentive Used	301	(3)
Individual-Based Versus Group-Based Incentives	304	(3)
Expectancy Theory	307	(1)
Reward Versus Punishment	308	(1)
Are Rewards and Resources Given Equitably?	308	(1)
Motivation Level of Other Employees	309	(1)
Integration of Motivation Theories	309	(2)
Chapter Summary	311	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	311	(10)
Exercise 9--1 Self-Esteem	312	(2)
Exercise 9--2 Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation	314	(4)
Exercise 9--3 Reinforcement Hierarchy	318	(1)
Exercise 9--4 Motivation Case Study	319	(1)
Exercise 9--5 Your Own Motivation Theory	320	(1)
Employee Satisfaction and Commitment	321	(27)
Why Should We Care About Employee Attitudes?	321	(2)
What Causes Employees to Be Satisfied with Their Jobs?	323	(7)
What Individual Differences Affect Job Satisfaction?	323	(3)
Are Employee's Job Expectations Being Met?	326	(1)
Are the Tasks Enjoyable?	326	(1)
Do Employees Enjoy Working with Supervisors and Coworkers?	326	(1)
Are Coworkers Outwardly Unhappy?	326	(1)
Are Rewards and Resources Given Equitably?	327	(1)
Is There a Chance for Growth and Challenge?	328	(2)
Integration of Theories	330	(1)
Measuring Job Satisfaction	331	(1)
Commonly Used Standard Inventories	331	(1)
Custom-Designed Inventories	332	(1)
Absenteeism	332	(7)
Linking Attendance to Consequences	336	(1)
Increasing Attendance by Reducing Employee Stress	337	(1)
Increasing Attendance by Reducing Illness	338	(1)
Reducing Absenteeism by Not Hiring ``Absence Prone'' Employees	338	(1)
Uncontrollable Absenteeism Caused by Unique Events	339	(1)
Turnover	339	(2)
Cost of Turnover	339	(1)
Reducing Turnover	340	(1)
Chapter Summary	341	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	341	(7)
Exercise 10--1 Stability of Job Satisfaction	342	(1)
Exercise 10--2 Core Self-Evaluation	343	(2)
Exercise 10--3 Your Level of Life Satisfaction	345	(2)
Exercise 10--4 Case Study	347	(1)
Organizational Communication	348	(33)
Types of Organizational Communication	348	(8)
Upward Communication	348	(3)
Downward Communication	351	(2)
Business Communication	353	(1)
Informal Communication	354	(2)
Interpersonal Communication	356	(10)
Problem Area 1: Intended Message Versus Message Sent	356	(1)
Problem Area 2: Message Sent Versus Message Received	357	(5)
Problem Area 3: Message Received Versus Message Interpreted	362	(4)
Improving Employee Communication Skills	366	(3)
Interpersonal Communication Skills	366	(1)
Written Communication Skills	366	(3)
Chapter Summary	369	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	369	(12)
Exercise 11--1 Informal Communication	370	(2)
Exercise 11--2 Nonverbal Communication	372	(4)
Exercise 11--3 Your Listening Style	376	(1)
Exercise 11--4 Listening Quiz	377	(3)
Exercise 11--5 Readability	380	(1)
Leadership	381	(31)
An Introduction to Leadership	381	(1)
Personal Characteristics Associated with Leadership	381	(5)
Leader Emergence	381	(2)
Leader Performance	383	(3)
Interaction Between the Leader and the Situation	386	(4)
Situational Favorability	386	(1)
Organizational Climate	387	(1)
Subordinate Ability	388	(1)
Relationships with Subordinates	389	(1)
Specific Leader Skills	390	(6)
Leadership Through Decision Making	391	(1)
Leadership Through Contact: Management by Walking Around	392	(1)
Leadership Through Power	392	(2)
Leadership Through Vision: Transformational Leadership	394	(1)
Leadership Through Persuasion	395	(1)
Cultural Differences in Leadership: Project GLOBE	396	(2)
Leadership: Where Are We Today?	398	(3)
Chapter Summary	401	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	401	(11)
Exercise 12--1 Thinking About Leadership	402	(2)
Exercise 12--2 Understanding Your Leadership Style	404	(8)
Group Behavior and Conflict	412	(33)
Definition of a Group	412	(1)
Multiple Members	412	(1)
Group Rewards	412	(1)
Corresponding Effects	412	(1)
Common Goals	413	(1)
Reasons for Joining Groups	413	(2)
Affiliation	413	(1)
Identification	413	(1)
Emotional Support	414	(1)
Assistance or Help	414	(1)
Common Interests	414	(1)
Common Goals	414	(1)
Physical Proximity	414	(1)
Assignment	414	(1)
Factors Affecting Group Performance	415	(8)
Group Cohesiveness	415	(3)
Communication Structure	418	(1)
Group Roles	418	(1)
Presence of Others	418	(2)
Individual Dominance	420	(2)
Groupthink	422	(1)
Individual Versus Group Performance	423	(1)
Group Conflict	424	(6)
Types of Conflict	424	(1)
Causes of Conflict	424	(2)
Conflict Styles	426	(3)
Resolving Conflict	429	(1)
Chapter Summary	430	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	431	(14)
Exercise 13--1 Focused Free-Write	432	(1)
Exercise 13--2 Increasing Group Membership	433	(1)
Exercise 13--3 Competition and Conflict	434	(2)
Exercise 13--4 Cohen Conflict Response Inventory (short version)	436	(3)
Exercise 13--5 Reactions to Conflict	439	(2)
Exercise 13--6 Reacting to Conflicts	441	(4)
Organization Development	445	(29)
Managing Change	445	(8)
Sacred Cow Hunts	445	(1)
Employee Acceptance of Change	446	(2)
Implementing Change	448	(1)
Organizational Culture	449	(3)
Coping with Change	452	(1)
Empowerment	453	(6)
Making the Decision to Empower	453	(2)
Levels of Employee Input	455	(3)
Empowerment Charts	458	(1)
Consequences to Empowerment	458	(1)
Teams	459	(5)
What Is a Team?	459	(2)
Types of Teams	461	(1)
How Teams Develop	462	(1)
Why Teams Don't Always Work	462	(2)
Downsizing	464	(3)
Reducing the Impact of Downsizing	464	(2)
Effects of Downsizing	466	(1)
Chapter Summary	467	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	467	(7)
Exercise 14--1 Sacred Cow Hunts	468	(2)
Exercise 14--2 Organizational Culture	470	(1)
Exercise 14--3 Vroom-Yetton Decision-Making Model	471	(2)
Exercise 14--4 Teams	473	(1)
Stress Management: Dealing with the Demands of Life and Work	474	(28)
Stress Defined	474	(1)
Eustress	474	(1)
Distress	474	(1)
Predisposition to Stress	475	(1)
Stress Personalities	475	(1)
Gender, Ethnicity, and Race	476	(1)
Stress Sensitization	476	(1)
Sources of Stress	476	(4)
Personal Stressors	476	(1)
Occupational Stressors	477	(3)
Other Sources of Stress	480	(1)
Consequences of Stress	480	(3)
Personal Consequences	480	(1)
Organizational Consequences	481	(2)
Managing Stress	483	(7)
Planning for Stress	483	(2)
During and After Stress	485	(1)
Stress Reduction Interventions Related to Life/Work Issues	486	(4)
Workplace Violence	490	(3)
Perpetrators of Workplace Violence	491	(1)
Reducing Workplace Violence	492	(1)
Chapter Summary	493	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	493	(9)
Exercise 15--1 Type A Behavior	494	(2)
Exercise 15--2 Optimism	496	(2)
Exercise 15--3 Lifestyle Questionnaire	498	(2)
Exercise 15--4 Empowering and Motivating Yourself: Gaining Control Over Your Life	500	(2)
Working Conditions and Human Factors	502	(30)
Work Schedules	502	(7)
Compressed Work Weeks	502	(1)
Flexible Work Hours	503	(1)
Peak-Time Pay	504	(1)
Job Sharing	504	(1)
Work at Home	505	(1)
Shift Work	506	(2)
Moonlighting	508	(1)
Work Environment	509	(8)
Noise	509	(1)
Music	510	(2)
Temperature	512	(3)
Office Design	515	(2)
Ergonomics and Human Factors	517	(8)
Providing Ergonomically Correct Work Environments	517	(2)
Product Design	519	(3)
System Efficiency	522	(1)
Transportation	523	(2)
Chapter Summary	525	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	525	(7)
Exercise 16--1 Work Schedules	526	(1)
Exercise 16--2 The Work Environment	527	(1)
Exercise 16--3 Office Environments	528	(4)
Glossary	532	(17)
References	549	(42)
Name Index	591	(11)
Subject Index	602