Applied Physics Of Carbon Nanotubes

by Rotkin, Slava V.; Subramoney, Shekhar; Rotkin, S. V.

• ISBN13: 9783540231103
• ISBN10: 3540231102
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-30
• Publisher: Springer Nature

Summary

The book describes the state of the art in fundamental, applied and device physics of nanotubes, including fabrication, manipulation and characterization for device applications; optics of nanotubes; transport and electromechanical devices and fundamentals of theory for applications. This information is critical to the field of nanoscience since nanotubes have the potential to become a very significant electronic material for decades to come. The book will benefit all readers interested in the application of nanotubes, either in their theoretical foundations or in newly developed characterization tools that may enable practical device fabrication.

Table of Contents

Part I Theory and Modelling
1 From Quantum Models to Novel Effects to New Applications: Theory of Nanotube Devices
S.V. Rotkin	3	(38)
1.1 Introduction: Classical vs. Quantum Modelling	3	(2)
1.2 Classical Terms: Weak Screening in 1D Systems	5	(6)
1.2.1 Drift—Diffusion Equation and Quasi—equilibrium Charge Density	6	(1)
1.2.2 Linear Conductivity and Transconductance	7	(2)
1.2.3 Numerical Results and Discussion	9	(2)
1.3 Quantum Terms. I. Quantum Capacitance	11	(7)
1.3.1 Statistical Approach to Calculating Self-Consistent Charge Density in SWNT in Vacuum	13	(2)
1.3.2 Green's Function Approach for Geometric Capacitance	15	(2)
1.3.3 Results and Discussion	17	(1)
1.4 Quantum Terms. II. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking	18	(7)
1.4.1 Splitting of SWNT Subband Due to Interaction with the Substrate	18	(3)
1.4.2 Charge Injection due to the Fermi Level Shift	21	(2)
1.4.3 Dipole Polarization Correction	23	(2)
1.5 Quantum Terms. III. Band Structure Engineering	25	(4)
1.5.1 Band Gap Opening and Closing in Uniform Fields	26	(3)
1.6 Novel Device Concepts: Metallic Field—Effect Transistor (METFET)	29	(8)
1.6.1 Symmetry and Selection Rules in Armchair Nanotubes	30	(2)
1.6.2 Gap Opening and Switching OFF: Armchair SWNT	32	(1)
1.6.3 Switching OFF Quasi—metallic Zigzag Nanotube	33	(1)
1.6.4 Modulation of Ballistic Conductance	34	(1)
1.6.5 Results and Discussion	35	(2)
References	37	(4)
2 Symmetry Based Fundamentals of Carbon Nanotubes
M. Damnjanovic, Miloševic, E. Dobaržic, T. Vukovic, B. Nikolic	41	(48)
2.1 Introduction	41	(1)
2.2 Configuration and Symmetry	42	(7)
2.2.1 Single-Wall Nanotubes	42	(3)
2.2.2 Double-Wall Nanotubes	45	(4)
2.3 Symmetry Based Band Calculations	49	(11)
2.3.1 Modified Wigner Projectors	49	(3)
2.3.2 Symmetry and Band Topology	52	(1)
2.3.3 Quantum Numbers and Selection Rules	53	(1)
2.3.4 Electron Bands	54	(3)
2.3.5 Force Constants Phonon Dispersions	57	(3)
2.4 Optical Absorption	60	(8)
2.4.1 Conventional Nanotubes	60	(5)
2.4.2 Template Grown Nanotubes	65	(3)
2.5 Phonons	68	(12)
2.5.1 Infinite SWNTs	68	(6)
2.5.2 Commensurate Double-Wall Nanotubes	74	(6)
2.6 Symmetry Breaks Friction: Super-Slippery Walls	80	(5)
2.6.1 Symmetry and Interaction	80	(2)
2.6.2 Numerical Results	82	(3)
References	85	(4)
3 Elastic Continuum Models of Phonons in Carbon Nanotubes
A. Raichura, M. Dutta, M.A. Stroscio	89	(24)
3.1 Introduction	89	(1)
3.2 Acoustic Modes in Single Wall Nanotubes	90	(12)
3.2.1 Model	90	(4)
3.2.2 Dispersion Curves	94	(3)
3.2.3 Deformation Potential	97	(5)
3.3 Optical Modes in Multi-wall Nanotubes	102	(6)
3.3.1 Model	102	(1)
3.3.2 Normalization of LO Phonon Modes	103	(4)
3.3.3 Optical Deformation Potential	107	(1)
3.4 Quantized Vibrational Modes in Hollow Spheres	108	(1)
3.5 Conclusions	109	(1)
References	109	(4)
Part II Synthesis and Characterization
4 Direct Growth of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Flat Substrates for Nanoscale Electronic Applications
Shaoining Huang, Jie Liu	113	(20)
4.1 Introduction	113	(1)
4.2 Diameter Control	114	(4)
4.3 Orientation Control	118	(1)
4.4 Growth of Superlong and Well-Aligned SWNTs on a Flat Surface by the "Fast-Heating" Process	119	(3)
4.5 Growth Mechanism	122	(7)
4.6 Advantages of Long and Oriented Nanotubes for Device Applications	129	(1)
4.7 Summary	129	(1)
References	130	(3)
5 Nano-Peapods Encapsulating Fullerenes
Toshiya Okazaki, Hisanori Shinohara	133	(18)
5.1 Introduction	133	(1)
5.2 High-Yield Synthesis of Nano-Peapods	134	(3)
5.3 Packing Alignment of the Fullerenes Inside SWNTs	137	(2)
5.4 Electronic Structures of Nano-Peapods	139	(3)
5.5 Transport Properties of Nano-Peapods	142	(2)
5.6 Nano-Peapod as a Sample Cell at Nanometer Scale	144	(1)
5.7 Peapod as a "Nano-Reactor"	145	(3)
5.8 Conclusions	148	(1)
References	148	(3)
6 The Selective Chemistry of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
M.S. Strano, M.L. Usrey, P.W. Barone, D.A. Heller, S. Baik	151	(32)
6.1 Introduction: Advances in Carbon Nanotube Characterization	151	(2)
6.2 Selective Covalent Chemistry of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes	153	(11)
6.2.1 Motivation and Background	153	(1)
6.2.2 Review of Carbon Nanotube Covalent Chemistry	153	(1)
6.2.3 The Pyramidalization Angle Formalism for Carbon Nanotube Reactivity	154	(1)
6.2.4 The Selective Covalent Chemistry of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes	155	(5)
6.2.5 Spectroscopic Tools for Understanding Selective Covalent Chemistry	160	(4)
6.3 Selective Non-covalent Chemistry: Charge Transfer	164	(6)
6.3.1 Single-Walled Nanotubes and Charge Transfer	164	(1)
6.3.2 Selective Protonation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Solution	164	(5)
6.3.3 Selective Protonation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Suspended in DNA	169	(1)
6.4 Selective Non-covalent Chemistry: Solvatochromism	170	(7)
6.4.1 Introduction and Motivation	170	(1)
6.4.2 Fluorescence Intensity Changes	171	(1)
6.4.3 Wavelength Shifts	171	(3)
6.4.4 Changes to the Raman Spectrum	174	(3)
References	177	(6)
Part III Optical Spectroscopy
7 Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
R.B. Weisman	183	(20)
7.1 Introduction	183	(2)
7.2 Observation of Photoluminescence	185	(1)
7.3 Deciphering the (n, m) Spectral Assignment	186	(1)
7.4 Implications of the Spectral Assignment	187	(5)
7.5 Transition Line Shapes and Single-Nanotube Optical Spectroscopy	192	(2)
7.6 Influence of Sample Preparation on Optical Spectra	194	(1)
7.7 Spectrofluorimetric Sample Analysis	195	(3)
7.8 Detection, Imaging, and Electroluminescence	198	(2)
7.9 Conclusions	200	(1)
References	200	(3)
8 The Raman Response of Double Wall Carbon Nanotubes
F. Simon, R. Pfeiffer, C. Kramberger, M. Holzweber, H. Kuzmany	203	(24)
8.1 Introduction	203	(2)
8.2 Experimental	205	(1)
8.3 Results and Discussion	206	(16)
8.3.1 Synthesis of Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes	206	(5)
8.3.2 Energy Dispersive Raman Studies of DWCNTs	211	(11)
References	222	(5)
Part IV Transport and Electromechanical Applications
9 Carbon Nanotube Electronics and Optoelectronics
Ph. Avouris, M. Radosavljevic, S.J. Wind	227	(26)
9.1 Introduction	227	(1)
9.2 Electronic Structure and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes	228	(2)
9.3 Potential and Realized Advantages of Carbon Nanotubes in Electronics Applications	230	(1)
9.4 Fabrication and Performance of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors	231	(4)
9.5 Carbon Nanotube Transistor Operation in Terms of a Schottky Barrier Model	235	(2)
9.6 The Role of Nanotube Diameter and Gate Oxide Thickness	237	(2)
9.7 Environmental Influences on the Performance of CNT-FETs	239	(2)
9.8 Scaling of CNT-FETs	241	(1)
9.9 Prototype Carbon Nanotube Circuits	242	(2)
9.10 Optoelectronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes	244	(4)
9.11 Summary	248	(1)
References	249	(4)
10 Carbon Nanotube–Biomolecule Interactions: Applications in Carbon Nanotube Separation and Biosensing
A. Jagota, B.A. Diner, S. Boussaad, M. Zheng	253	(20)
10.1 Introduction	253	(1)
10.2 DNA-Assisted Dispersion and Separation of Carbon Nanotubes	254	(4)
10.3 Separation of Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed by Non-ionic Surfactant	258	(4)
10.4 Structure and Electrostatics of the DNA/CNT Hybrid Material	262	(5)
10.4.1 Structure of the DNA/CNT Hybrid	262	(2)
10.4.2 Electrostatics of Elution of the DNA/CNT Hybrid	264	(3)
10.5 Effects of Protein Adsorption on the Electronic Properties of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes	267	(3)
References	270	(3)
11 Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Nanotubes Determined Using In-situ TEM Probes
J. Cumings, A. Zettl	273	(34)
11.1 Introduction	273	(5)
11.1.1 Carbon and BN Nanotubes	273	(4)
11.1.2 TEM Nanomanipulation	277	(1)
11.2 Studies of Carbon Nanotubes	278	(21)
11.2.1 Electrically-Induced Mechanical Failure of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes	278	(3)
11.2.2 Peeling and Sharpening Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes	281	(2)
11.2.3 Telescoping Nanotubes: Linear Bearings and Variable Resistors	283	(16)
11.3 Studies of Boron Nitride Nanotubes	299	(1)
11.4 Electron Field Emission from BN Nanotubes	300	(2)
11.5 Electrical Breakdown and Conduction of BN Nanotubes	302	(1)
References	303	(4)
12 Nanomanipulator Measurements of the Mechanics of Nanostructures and Nanocomposites
F.T. Fisher, D.A. Dikin, X. Chen, R.S. Ruoff	307	(32)
12.1 Introduction	307	(2)
12.2 Nanomanipulators	309	(9)
12.2.1 Initial Nanomanipulator Development	309	(2)
12.2.2 Recent Nanoscale Testing Stage Development	311	(7)
12.3 Nanomanipulator-Based Mechanics Measurements	318	(15)
12.3.1 Tensile Loading of Nanostructures	318	(10)
12.3.2 Induced Vibrational Resonance Methods	328	(5)
12.4 Summary and Future Directions	333	(2)
References	335	(4)
Color Plates	339	(6)
Index	345