Applied Scanning Probe Methods III

by Bhushan, Bharat; Fuchs, Harald

• ISBN13: 9783540269090
• ISBN10: 3540269096
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-04-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Volumes II, III and IV examine the physical and technical foundation for recent progress in applied near-field scanning probe techniques, and build upon the first volume published in early 2004. The field is progressing so fast that there is a need for a second set of volumes to capture the latest developments. It constitutes a timely comprehensive overview of SPM applications, now that industrial applications span topographic and dynamical surface studies of thin-film semiconductors, polymers, paper, ceramics, and magnetic and biological materials. Volume II introduces scanning probe microscopy, including sensor technology, Volume III covers the whole range of characterization possibilities using SPM and Volume IV offers chapters on uses in various industrial applications. The international perspective offered in these three volumes - which belong together - contributes further to the evolution of SPM techniques.

Table of Contents

12 Atomic Force Microscopy in Nanomedicine
Dessy Nikova, Tobias Lange, Hans Oberleithner, Hermann Schillers, Andreas Ebner, Peter Hinterdorfer	1	(26)
12.1 AFM in Biological Sciences	1	(3)
12.2 Plasma Membrane Preparation for AFM Imaging	4	(6)
12.2.1 Introduction	4	(1)
12.2.2 Plasma Membrane Preparation	5	(2)
12.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy	7	(1)
12.2.4 Molecular Volume Measurements of Membrane Proteins	7	(1)
12.2.5 AFM Imaging	7	(3)
12.3 AFM Imaging of CFTR in Oocyte Membranes	10	(6)
12.3.1 Introduction	11	(1)
12.3.2 Does the CFTR Form Functional Assemblies?	11	(2)
12.3.3 Two CFTRs are Better Than One	13	(3)
12.4 Single Antibody—CFTR Recognition Imaging	16	(3)
12.4.1 Introduction	16	(1)
12.4.2 Tethering of Antibodies to AFM Tips	17	(1)
12.4.3 AFM Imaging and Recognition	17	(1)
12.4.4 A Single Antibody Sees a Single CFTR	17	(2)
12.5 Single Cell Elasticity: Probing for Diseases	19	(5)
12.5.1 Introduction	19	(1)
12.5.2 Force—Mapping AFM	20	(1)
12.5.3 Can One Protein Change Cell Elasticity?	21	(3)
12.6 Summary	24	(1)
References	24	(3)
13 Scanning Probe Microscopy: From Living Cells to the Subatomic Range
Ille C. Gebeshuber, Manfred Drack, Friedrich Aumayr, Hannspeter Winter, Friedrich Franek	27	(28)
13.1 Introduction	27	(1)
13.2 Cells In Vivo as Exemplified by Diatoms	28	(5)
13.2.1 Introduction to Diatoms	28	(2)
13.2.2 SPM of Diatoms	30	(3)
13.3 Interaction of Large Organic Molecules	33	(4)
13.4 Nanodefects on Atomically Flat Surfaces	37	(8)
13.4.1 Ion Bombardment of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG)	38	(4)
13.4.2 Bombardment of Single Crystal Insulators with Multicharged Ions	42	(3)
13.5 Subatomic Features	45	(5)
13.5.1 Atom Orbitals	45	(2)
13.5.2 Single Electron Spin Detection with AFM and STM	47	(3)
13.6 Conclusions and Outlook	50	(1)
References	51	(4)
14 Surface Characterization and Adhesion and Friction Properties of Hydrophobic Leaf Surfaces and Nanopatterned Polymers for Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Zachary Burton, Bharat Bhushan	55	(28)
14.1 Introduction	55	(3)
14.2 Experimental Details	58	(5)
14.2.1 Instrumentation	58	(1)
14.2.2 Samples	59	(2)
14.2.3 Roughness Factor	61	(1)
14.2.4 Test Matrix for Nanopatterned Polymers	62	(1)
14.3 Results and Discussion	63	(16)
14.3.1 Hydrophobic Leaf Surfaces	64	(10)
14.3.2 Nanopatterned Polymers	74	(5)
14.4 Summary	79	(2)
References	81	(2)
15 Probing Macromolecular Dynamics and the Influence of Finite Size Effects
Scott Sills, René M. Overney	83	(48)
15.1 Introduction	84	(1)
15.2 The Glass Transition and Molecular Mobility	85	(5)
15.3 Macromolecular Probing Techniques	90	(13)
15.3.1 Static Contacts	90	(2)
15.3.2 Modulated Contacts	92	(1)
15.3.3 Calibration of Lateral Forces in Scanning Probe Microscopy	93	(4)
15.3.4 Shear Modulation Force Microscopy (SM-FM)	97	(1)
15.3.5 Friction Force Microscopy (FFM)	98	(1)
15.3.6 Tribological Models for FFM	99	(4)
15.4 Internal Friction and Dynamics near the Glass Transition	103	(6)
15.4.1 Molecular Relaxations	103	(2)
15.4.2 Structural Heterogeneity and Relaxation near the Glass Transition	105	(2)
15.4.3 Cooperative Molecular Motion During the Glass Transition	107	(2)
15.5 Constraints and Structural Modifications near Interfaces	109	(6)
15.5.1 Interfacial Plasticization	109	(1)
15.5.2 Dewetting Kinetics	110	(1)
15.5.3 Disentanglement Barriers	111	(2)
15.5.4 Interfacial Glass Transition Profiles	113	(2)
15.6 Mechanical Operations in Nanoscopic Polymer Systems	115	(11)
15.6.1 Indentation Contact Mechanics	116	(4)
15.6.2 Rim Formation During Indentation	120	(2)
15.6.3 Strain Shielding and Confined Plasticity in Nanoscopic Polymer Systems	122	(4)
15.7 Closing Remarks	126	(1)
References	127	(4)
16 Investigation of Organic Supramolecules by Scanning Probe Microscopy in Ultra-High Vacuum
Laurent Nony, Enrico Gnecco, Ernst Meyer	131	(52)
16.1 Introduction	131	(1)
16.2 Methods	132	(10)
16.2.1 Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy (OMBE)	132	(2)
16.2.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)	134	(3)
16.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)	137	(5)
16.3 Molecules	142	(3)
16.3.1 Fullerenes	142	(1)
16.3.2 Porphyrins	142	(1)
16.3.3 Phthalocyanines	142	(2)
16.3.4 Perylene Derivatives	144	(1)
16.3.5 Lander Molecules	144	(1)
16.3.6 PVBA Molecules	144	(1)
16.3.7 Decacyclene and Derivatives	144	(1)
16.4 Molecules on Metals	145	(17)
16.4.1 STM Investigations	145	(12)
16.4.2 Non-Contact AFM Investigations	157	(5)
16.5 Molecules on Semiconductor Surfaces	162	(5)
16.5.1 STM Investigations	162	(3)
16.5.2 Non-Contact AFM Investigations	165	(2)
16.6 Molecules on Insulating Surfaces	167	(4)
16.6.1 STM Investigations	168	(1)
16.6.2 Non-contact AFM Investigations	169	(2)
16.7 Manipulation of Single Molecules	171	(4)
16.7.1 STM Investigations	171	(4)
16.7.2 Non-contact AFM Investigations	175	(1)
16.8 Conclusions	175	(1)
References	176	(7)
17 One- and Two-Dimensional Systems: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Organic and Inorganic Structures
Luca Gavioli, Massimo Sancrotti	183	(34)
17.1 Introduction	183	(2)
17.2 Basic Principles of STM and STS	185	(3)
17.3 Inorganic Overlayers	188	(13)
17.3.1 1D Structures	188	(8)
17.3.2 2D Structures	196	(5)
17.4 Molecular Overlayers	201	(11)
17.4.1 1D Structures	202	(6)
17.4.2 2D Overlayers	208	(4)
17.5 Conclusions	212	(1)
References	212	(5)
18 Scanning Probe Microscopy Applied to Ferroelectric Materials
Oleg Tikhomirov, Massimiliano Labardi, Maria Allegrini	217	(44)
18.1 Introduction	217	(1)
18.2 Development of Scanning Probe Techniques for Ferroelectrics	217	(3)
18.3 Scanning Force Microscopy	220	(15)
18.3.1 Non-Contact Mode	220	(1)
18.3.2 Contact Mode	221	(1)
18.3.3 Voltage-Modulated SFM	222	(2)
18.3.4 Resonance Modes of EFM	224	(4)
18.3.5 Lateral Force	228	(4)
18.3.6 Frontal Force	232	(1)
18.3.7 Second Harmonic	233	(1)
18.3.8 Tapping Mode	234	(1)
18.4 Scanning Optical Microscopy	235	(12)
18.4.1 Pure Optical Microscopy	235	(2)
18.4.2 Scanning Electrooptic Microscopy	237	(5)
18.4.3 Near-Field Electrooptic Microscopy	242	(2)
18.4.4 Micro-Spectroscopic Techniques	244	(1)
18.4.5 Second Harmonic Microscopy	245	(2)
18.5 Applications to Ferroelectrics	247	(6)
18.5.1 Imaging of Domains and Domain Walls	247	(1)
18.5.2 Writing Patterns	248	(1)
18.5.3 Phase Transitions	249	(1)
18.5.4 Morphotropic Phase Boundary	250	(1)
18.5.5 Relaxors	251	(1)
18.5.6 Thin Films	251	(1)
18.5.7 Artificial Nanostructures	252	(1)
18.6 Conclusions	253	(1)
References	254	(7)
19 Morphological and Tribological Characterization of Rough Surfaces by Atomic Force Microscopy
Renato Buzio, Ugo Valbusa	261	(38)
19.1 Characterization of Surface Roughness by Atomic Force Microscopy	263	(9)
19.1.1 Statistical Methods for Stationary Random Surfaces	264	(2)
19.1.2 Statistical Methods for Fractal Surfaces	266	(4)
19.1.3 Estimation of Morphological Parameters from AFM Topographies	270	(2)
19.2 Modeling Contact Mechanics for Rough Surfaces	272	(14)
19.2.1 Early Phenomenological Contact Theories	273	(4)
19.2.2 Contact Mechanics Theories for Fractal Roughness	277	(7)
19.2.3 On the Molecular Origins of Amontons' Law	284	(2)
19.3 Investigations of Multi-Asperity Contacts by AFM	286	(7)
19.3.1 AFM Characterization of Surface Roughness for Tribological Purposes	286	(2)
19.3.2 Contact Mechanics Investigations at the Nanometer Scale	288	(3)
19.3.3 Contact Mechanics Investigations on the Micrometer Scale	291	(2)
19.4 Conclusions	293	(1)
References	294	(5)
20 AFM Applications for Contact and Wear Simulation
Nikolai K. Myshkin, Mark I. Petrokovets, Alexander V. Kovalev	299	(28)
20.1 Introduction	299	(1)
20.2 Scale Factor in Tribology	299	(1)
20.3 AFM as a Tool of Contact Simulation	300	(16)
20.3.1 Contact of Rough Surfaces	300	(3)
20.3.2 Rough Contact with Adhesion	303	(4)
20.3.3 Multilevel Contact Models	307	(2)
20.3.4 Simulation of Contact Using AFM Images	309	(3)
20.3.5 Nanomechanical Probing of Soft Layers	312	(4)
20.4 AFM in Wear Simulation	316	(7)
20.4.1 Nanoscratching and Nanowear with AFM Tip	317	(3)
20.4.2 Wear Simulation in AFM Contact Mode	320	(3)
20.5 Conclusions	323	(1)
References	324	(3)
21 AFM Applications for Analysis of Fullerene-Like Nanoparticles
Lev Rapoport, Armen Verdyan	327	(16)
21.1 Introduction	327	(1)
21.2 Instrumentation	328	(2)
21.2.1 Friction Experiment	328	(1)
21.2.2 AFM Experiment	329	(1)
21.3 Characterization of Fullerene-Like Solid Lubricant Nanoparticles	330	(1)
21.4 Friction of Solid Lubricant Films	331	(2)
21.5 Friction and Wear of the Surfaces Lubricated with Oil + IF Nanoparticles	333	(3)
21.6 Friction of IF Nanoparticles Under Severe Contact Conditions	336	(3)
21.7 Mechanisms of Friction of the IF Nanoparticles	339	(2)
21.8 Conclusions	341	(1)
References	341	(2)
22 Scanning Probe Methods in the Magnetic Tape Industry
James K. Knudsen	343	(28)
22.1 Introduction	343	(2)
22.2 Atomic Force Microscopy	345	(13)
22.2.1 Topographic Characterization of the Magnetic Tape	345	(4)
22.2.2 Topographic Characterization of Heads	349	(2)
22.2.3 Tape Roughness Analysis	351	(7)
22.3 Magnetic Force Microscopy	358	(9)
22.3.1 Methodology	358	(1)
22.3.2 Characterization of the Magnetic Tape with MFM	359	(5)
22.3.3 Characterization of Heads with MFM	364	(3)
22.4 Conclusions	367	(1)
References	367	(4)
Subject Index	371