Applied Scanning Probe Methods IX : Characterization

by Bhushan, Bharat; Fuchs, Harald; Tomitori, Masahiko

• ISBN13: 9783540740827
• ISBN10: 3540740821
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-03-15
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The volumes VIII, IX and X examine the physical and technical foundation for recent progress in applied scanning probe techniques. The first volume came out in January 2004, the second to fourth volumes in early 2006 and the fifth to seventh volumes in late 2006. The field is progressing so fast that there is a need for a set of volumes every 12 to 18 months to capture latest developments. These volumes constitute a timely comprehensive overview of SPM applications. After introducing scanning probe microscopy, including sensor technology and tip characterization, chapters on use in various industrial applications are presented. Industrial applications span topographic and dynamical surface studies of thin-film semiconductors, polymers, paper, ceramics, and magnetic and biological materials. The chapters have been written by leading researchers and application scientists from all over the world and from various industries to provide a broader perspective.

Table of Contents

Ultrathin Fullerene-Based Films via STM and STS	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Basic Principles of STM and STS	p. 2
Survey of Fullerene-Based Systems	p. 4
Bulk Properties	p. 4
Electronic Structure	p. 6
Alkali-Metal-Doped C[subscript 60]	p. 8
Interaction of C[subscript 60] with Surfaces	p. 10
Summary	p. 17
References	p. 18
Quantitative Measurement of Materials Properties with the (Digital) Pulsed Force Mode	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Modes of Intermittent Operation	p. 24
Destructive Versus Nondestructive Measurements	p. 25
The Pulsed Force Mode	p. 26
Operating Principle of the Pulsed Force Mode	p. 26
Analog Pulsed Force Mode	p. 32
Digital Pulsed Force Mode	p. 32
Contact Mechanics Relevant for Pulsed Force Mode Investigations	p. 33
Hertz Model	p. 33
Sneddon's Extensions to the Hertz Model	p. 36
Models Incorporating Adhesion	p. 37
Data Processing	p. 39
Polymers	p. 42
Other Applications	p. 47
Pulsed Force Mode and Friction Measurements	p. 47
Cell Mechanics	p. 50
Summary	p. 51
References	p. 52
Advances in SPMs for Investigation and Modification of Solid-Supported Monolayers	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
SSMs and Their Preparation	p. 57
Self-Assembled Monolayers	p. 57
LB Monolayers	p. 60
Fundamental and Technological Applications of SSMs	p. 61
Characterization and Modification of SSMs	p. 64
Characterization of SSMs	p. 64
Modification of SSMs	p. 67
Latest Advances in SPMs and Applications for Imaging of SSMs	p. 67
Dynamic SFM in the Attractive Regime	p. 69
Dynamic SFM at Different Level of Interaction Forces	p. 71
Nanopatterning by SPMs and SSMs	p. 76
Addition Nanolithography	p. 76
Elimination and Substitution Nanolithography	p. 78
Nanoelectrochemical Lithography	p. 79
3D Nanolithography	p. 82
Conclusions and Perspectives	p. 84
References	p. 85
Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of the Mechanical Properties of Living Cells	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Principle of Operation	p. 90
AFM Imaging	p. 92
Force Measurements	p. 92
Cell Viscoelasticity	p. 93
AFM Tip Geometries	p. 94
Elasticity: Young's Modulus	p. 94
Viscoelasticity: Complex Shear Modulus	p. 96
Cell Adhesion	p. 98
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions	p. 104
References	p. 105
Towards a Nanoscale View of Microbial Surfaces Using the Atomic Force Microscope	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Imaging	p. 112
Sample Preparation	p. 112
Visualizing Membrane Proteins at Subnanometer Resolution	p. 112
Live-Cell Imaging	p. 113
Force Spectroscopy	p. 116
Customized Tips	p. 116
Probing Nanoscale Elasticity and Surface Properties	p. 117
Stretching Cell Surface Polysaccharides and Proteins	p. 119
Nanoscale Mapping and Functional Analysis of Molecular Recognition Sites	p. 120
Conclusions	p. 123
References	p. 124
Cellular Physiology of Epithelium and Endothelium	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Epithelium	p. 128
Transport Through a Septum	p. 128
In the Kidney	p. 130
Endothelium	p. 136
Paracellular Gaps	p. 137
Cellular Drinking	p. 139
Wound Healing	p. 142
Transmigration of Leukocytes	p. 143
Technical Remarks	p. 144
Summary	p. 145
References	p. 145
Application of Atomic Force Microscopy to the Study of Expressed Molecules in or on a Single Living Cell	p. 149
Introduction	p. 150
Methods of Manipulation To Study Molecules in or on a Living Cell Using an AFM	p. 151
AFM Tip Preparation To Manipulate Receptors on a Cell Surface	p. 151
Analysis of Molecular Interactions Where Multiple Bonds Formed	p. 153
Measurement of Single-Molecule Interaction Strength on Soft Materials	p. 155
Observation of the Distribution of Specific Receptors on a Living Cell Surface	p. 156
Distribution of Fibronectin Receptors on a Living Fibroblast Cell	p. 156
Distribution of Vitronectin Receptors on a Living Osteoblast Cell	p. 159
Quantification of the Number of Prostaglandin Receptors on a Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Surface	p. 161
Further Application of the AFM to the Study of Single-Cell Biology	p. 164
Manipulation of Expressed mRNAs in a Living Cell Using an AFM	p. 164
Manipulation of Membrane Receptors on a Living Cell Surface Using an AFM	p. 170
References	p. 173
What Can Atomic Force Microscopy Say About Amyloid Aggregates?	p. 177
Introduction	p. 178
Techniques and Methods Used To Study Amyloid Aggregates	p. 181
Optical Methods	p. 182
Electron Microscopy	p. 183
X-ray Diffraction	p. 185
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	p. 185
Atomic Force Microscopy	p. 186
Monitoring the Aggregation Process by AFM	p. 188
Effect of Surfaces on the Aggregation Process	p. 190
Interaction with Model Membranes	p. 193
Physical Properties of Fibrils Obtained by AFM	p. 197
References	p. 201
Atomic Force Microscopy: Interaction Forces Measured in Phospholipid Monolayers, Bilayers and Cell Membranes	p. 207
Introduction	p. 207
Phase Transitions of Lipid Bilayers in Water	p. 209
Morphology Change During Lamellar Phase Transition	p. 210
Change in Forces During Phase Transition	p. 212
Force Measurements on Pulmonary Surfactant Monolayers in Air	p. 219
Adhesion Measurements: Monolayer Stiffness and Function	p. 221
Repulsive Forces: The Interaction of Charged Airborne Particles with Surfactant	p. 222
Interaction Forces Measured on Lung Epithelial Cells in Buffer	p. 224
Cell Culture/Force Measurement Setup	p. 225
Mechanical Properties	p. 227
Conclusions	p. 230
References	p. 231
Self-Assembled Monolayers on Aluminum and Copper Oxide Surfaces: Surface and Interface Characteristics, Nanotribological Properties, and Chemical Stability	p. 235
Introduction	p. 236
Substrate Preparation	p. 238
Aluminum	p. 238
Copper	p. 239
Phosphonic Acid and Silane Based SAMs on Al and Cu	p. 239
SAM Preparation	p. 239
Surface and Interface Characterization	p. 240
Nanotribological Properties	p. 261
Chemical Stability	p. 268
Summary	p. 277
References	p. 279
High Sliding Velocity Nanotribological Investigations of Materials for Nanotechnology Applications	p. 283
Bridging Science and Engineering for Nanotribological Investigations	p. 283
Microtribology/Nanotribology	p. 284
Historical Perspective for Velocity Dependence of Friction	p. 284
Need for Speed: Extending the AFM Capabilities for High Sliding Velocity Studies	p. 285
Modifications to the Commercial AFM Setup	p. 287
Friction Investigations on the Microscale/Nanoscale at High Sliding Velocities	p. 298
Microscale/Nanoscale Friction and Wear Studies at High Sliding Velocities	p. 300
Nanoscale Friction Mapping: Understanding Normal Load and Velocity Dependence of Friction Force	p. 301
Nanoscale Wear Mapping: Wear Studies at High Sliding Velocities	p. 303
Closure	p. 308
References	p. 309
Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of One-Dimensional Polymer Nanostructures by AFM	p. 311
Introduction	p. 311
AFM-Based Techniques for Measuring the Mechanical Properties of 1D Polymer Nanostructures	p. 312
Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers	p. 318
Test of Reliability of AFM-Based Measurements	p. 323
References	p. 327
Evaluating Tribological Properties of Materials for Total Joint Replacements Using Scanning Probe Microscopy	p. 329
Introduction	p. 329
Total Joint Replacements	p. 329
Social and Economic Significance	p. 330
Problems Associated with Total Joint Replacements	p. 330
Tribology	p. 332
Materials	p. 332
Lubrication in Joints-the Synovial Fluid	p. 333
Conventional Tribological Testing of Material Pairs for Total Joint Replacements	p. 334
Wear Tests	p. 334
Friction Tests	p. 334
Scanning Probe Microscopy as a Tool to Study Tribology of Total Joint Replacements	p. 334
Nanotribology of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene	p. 335
Fretting Wear of Cobalt-Chromium Alloy	p. 343
Summary and Future Outlook	p. 347
References	p. 348
Near-Field Optical Spectroscopy of Single Quantum Constituents	p. 351
Introduction	p. 351
General Description of NSOM	p. 353
NSOM Aperture Probe	p. 354
Basic Process of Aperture Probe Fabrication	p. 354
Tapered Structure and Optical Throughput	p. 355
Fabrication of a Double-Tapered Aperture Probe	p. 356
Evaluation of Transmission Efficiency and Collection Efficiency	p. 357
Evaluation of Spatial Resolution with Single QDs	p. 358
Single-Quantum-Constituent Spectroscopy	p. 360
Light-Matter Interaction at the Nanoscale	p. 361
Real-Space Mapping of an Exciton Wavefunction Confined in a QD	p. 363
Carrier Localization in Cluster States in GaNAs	p. 367
Perspectives	p. 370
References	p. 371
Subject Index	p. 373
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