Applied Scanning Probe Methods VII

by Bhushan, Bharat; Fuchs, Harald

• ISBN13: 9783540373209
• ISBN10: 3540373209
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-11-15
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This volume will examine the physical and technical foundation for recent progress in applied scanning probe techniques. The first volume came out in January 2004 and the second to fourth volumes in early 2006. The field is progressing so fast that there is a need for practically one volume every 12 to 18 months to capture latest developments. These volumes constitute a timely comprehensive overview of SPM applications. Industrial applications span topographic and dynamical surface studies of thin-film semiconductors, polymers, paper, ceramics, and magnetic and biological materials. After introducing scanning probe microscopy, including sensor technology and tip characterization, chapters on use in various industrial applications are presented. The chapters will be written by leading researchers and application scientists from all over the world and from various industries to provide a broader perspective.

Table of Contents

Lotus Effect: Roughness-Induced Superhydrophobicity	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Contact Angle Analysis	p. 4
Homogeneous Solid-Liquid Interface	p. 5
Composite Solid-Liquid-Air Interface	p. 8
Stability of the Composite Interface	p. 11
Calculation of the Contact Angle for Selected Rough Surfaces and Surface Optimization	p. 19
Two-Dimensional Periodic Profiles	p. 20
Three-Dimensional Surfaces	p. 23
Surface Optimization for Maximum Contact Angle	p. 29
Meniscus Force	p. 31
Sphere in Contact with a Smooth Surface	p. 31
Multiple-Asperity Contact	p. 33
Experimental Data	p. 34
Closure	p. 37
References	p. 38
Gecko Feet: Natural Attachment Systems for Smart Adhesion	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Tokay Gecko	p. 42
Construction of Tokay Gecko	p. 42
Other Attachment Systems	p. 44
Adaptation to Surface Roughness	p. 45
Peeling	p. 47
Self-Cleaning	p. 48
Attachment Mechanisms	p. 51
Unsupported Adhesive Mechanisms	p. 52
Supported Adhesive Mechanisms	p. 54
Experimental Adhesion Test Techniques and Data	p. 56
Adhesion Under Ambient Conditions	p. 56
Effects of Temperature	p. 58
Effects of Humidity	p. 58
Effects of Hydrophobicity	p. 60
Design of Biomimetic Fibrillar Structures	p. 60
Verification of Adhesion Enhancement of Fabricated Surfaces Using Fibrillar Structures	p. 60
Contact Mechanics of Fibrillar Structures	p. 62
Fabrication of Biomimetric Gecko Skin	p. 65
Closure	p. 69
References	p. 73
Novel AFM Nanoprobes	p. 77
Introduction and Historic Developments	p. 77
DPN and Fountain Pen Nanolithography	p. 81
NFP Chip Design - 1D and 2D Arrays	p. 84
Microfabrication of the NFP	p. 94
Independent Lead Zirconate Titanate Actuation	p. 99
Applications	p. 102
Perspectives of NFP	p. 108
Ultrananocrystalline-Diamond Probes	p. 109
Chip Design	p. 111
Molding and Other Fabrication Techniques	p. 112
Performance Assessment and Wear Tests	p. 115
Applications	p. 118
Perspectives for Diamond Probes	p. 128
References	p. 129
Nanoelectromechanical Systems - Experiments and Modeling	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Nanoelectromechanical Systems	p. 136
Carbon Nanotubes	p. 136
Fabrication Methods	p. 137
Inducing and Detecting Motion	p. 140
Functional NEMS Devices	p. 146
Future Challenges	p. 163
Modeling of NEMS	p. 165
Multiscale Modeling	p. 166
Continuum Mechanics Modeling	p. 176
References	p. 190
Application of Atom-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopyin Catalysis Research	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy	p. 199
STM Studies of a Hydrotreating Model Catalyst	p. 200
Selective Blocking of Active Sites on Ni(111)	p. 207
High-Pressure STM: Bridging the Pressure Gap in Catalysis	p. 214
Summary and Outlook	p. 220
References	p. 221
Nanostructuration and Nanoimaging of Biomolecules for Biosensors	p. 225
Introduction and Definition of Biosensors	p. 225
Definition	p. 225
Biosensor Components	p. 225
Immobilization of the Bioreceptor	p. 226
Langmuir-Blodgett and Self-Assembled Monolayers as Immobilization Techniques	p. 227
Langmuir-Blodgett Technique	p. 227
Self-Assembled Monolayers	p. 236
Characterization of SAMs and LB Films	p. 248
Prospects and Conclusion	p. 253
References	p. 255
Applications of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)	p. 259
Introduction	p. 260
Overview	p. 260
Relation to Other Methods	p. 261
Instrument and Basic Concepts	p. 262
Application in Biotechnology and Cellular Biology	p. 266
Investigation of Immobilized Enzymes	p. 266
Investigation of Metabolism of Tissues and Adherent Cells	p. 277
Investigation of Mass Transport Through Biological Tissue	p. 284
Application to Technologically Important Electrodes	p. 288
Investigation of Passive Layers and Local Corrosion Phenomena	p. 288
Investigation of Electrocatalytically Important Electrodes	p. 290
Conclusion and Outlook: New Instrumental Developments and Implication for Future Applications	p. 293
References	p. 294
Nanomechanical Characterization of Structural and Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives	p. 301
Introduction	p. 303
A Brief Introduction to Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM)	p. 305
Various SFM Operation Modes	p. 305
ContactMechanics	p. 308
Extracting Information from Thermomechanical Noise	p. 310
Fundamental Issues of Nanomechanical Studies in the Vicinity of an Interface	p. 311
Identification of the Interface	p. 312
Implications of the Interface for Indentation Measurements	p. 314
Property Variations Within Amine-Cured Epoxies	p. 320
A Brief Introduction to Epoxy Mechanical Properties	p. 320
Epoxy Interphases	p. 323
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs)	p. 329
A Brief Introduction to PSAs	p. 329
Heterogeneities of an Elastomer-Tackifier PSA as Studied by Means of M-LFM	p. 331
The Particle Coalescence Behavior of an Acrylic PSA as Studied by Means of Intermittent Contact Mode	p. 337
Evidence for the Fibrillation Ability of an Acrylic PSA from the Analysis of the Noise PSD	p. 340
Conclusions	p. 342
References	p. 343
Development of MOEMS Devices and Their Reliability Issues	p. 349
Introduction to Microoptoelectromechanical Systems	p. 349
Typical MOEMS Devices: Structure and Mechanisms	p. 351
Digital Micromirror Device and Other Micromirror Devices	p. 351
MEMS Optical Switch	p. 353
MEMS-Based Interferometric Modulator Devices	p. 355
Grating Light Valve Technique	p. 356
Continuous Membrane Deformable Mirrors	p. 357
Reliability Issues of MOEMS	p. 358
Stiction-Induced Failure of DMD	p. 358
Thermomechanical Issues with Micromirrors	p. 360
Friction- and Wear-Related Failure	p. 361
Contamination-Related Failure	p. 361
Summary	p. 363
References	p. 364
Subject Index	p. 367
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