Approaching Literature Reading + Thinking + Writing

by Schakel, Peter; Ridl, Jack

• ISBN13: 9780312640996
• ISBN10: 0312640994
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-08-08
• Publisher: MACMILLAN

Summary

Approaching Literaturehas been designed to give even reluctant students a comfortable way in to literature. The authors Peter Schakel and Jack Ridl set out to use contemporary literary works as entry points to canonical literature and to make the instruction in reading and writing welcoming and accessible to all students, not just potential English majors. With its affordable price, its streamlined and student-friendly text and its commitment to showcasing the most engaging and diverse literary works publishing right now, all students will find something in Approaching Literaturethat allows them to experience meaningful immersion into the world of literature.

Author Biography

Peter Schakel is Peter C. and Emajean Cook Professor of English at Hope College. He is author of The Poetry of Jonathan Swift (1978) and four books on C.S. Lewis, including The Way into Narnia: A Reader’s Guide and Imagination and the Arts in C.S. Lewis. He is also editor of Critical Approaches to Teaching Swift and The Longing for a Form: Essays and Fiction on C.S. Lewis; coeditor with Charles A. Huttar of Word and Story in C.S. Lewis and The Rhetoric of Vision: Essays on Charles Williams. For Bedford/St. Martin’s, with Jack Ridl he co-edited 250 Poems, Approaching Poetry and he is coeditor with Janet Gardner, Beverley Lawn, and Jack Ridl of Literature: a Portable Anthology.

 

Jack Ridl is Professor Emeritus of English at Hope College where he taught courses in literature, essay writing, poetry writing, and the nature of poetry for thirty-five years. He has published six volumes of poetry and more than 200 poems in some fifty literary magazines; his most recent collection, Broken Symmetry, was selected by the Society of Midland Authors as one of the two best volumes of poetry published in 2006. His chapbook Against Elegies received the 2001 Letterpress Award from the Center for Book Arts. His recognitions for teaching excellence include the Hope Outstanding Professor-Educator award at Hope College for 1976, the Michigan Teacher of the Year award from the Carnegie Foundation in 1996, and the Favorite Faculty/Staff Member award at Hope College in 2003. For Bedford/St. Martin’s, with Peter Schakel he co-edited 250 Poems and Approaching Poetry; and he is coeditor with Janet Gardner, Beverley Lawn, and Peter Schakel of Literature: a Portable Anthology.

Table of Contents

PART 1 Approaching LITERATURE

 

1     Reading Literature      
Taking Part in a Process
     SHERMAN ALEXIE, Superman and Me
The Nature of Reading
Active Reading
     JULIA ALVAREZ, Daughter of Intervention

 

2     Writing in Response to Literature    
Entering the Conversation
     ALICE WALKER, The Flowers
Writing in the Margins
Journal Writing
     TIPS for Effective Journal Writing
Writing Essay Examination Answers
*    Writing Short Papers, with a Student, Kortney DeVito, on Her Writing Process
*    TIPS for Writing Literary Analysis Papers
*    TIPS for Writing Comparison-Contrast Papers
*    TIPS for Writing Social and Cultural Criticism Papers
*Sample Short Paper
     *Kortney DeVito’s Rough Draft
     *Kortney Devito’s Final Draft with her Notes: “The Death of Myop’s Childhood” 
     TIPS for Writing a Successful Short Paper
*A Closer Look at Handling Titles
*A Closer Look at Punctuating and Formatting Quotations

 

3     Writing a Literary Research Paper  
Entering the Larger Conversation
*The Research Process, with a Student, Kristina Martinez, on Her Writing Process
Finding Materials
Evaluating Sources
*Writing a Research Paper
*Revising, Proofreading, and Double-Checking
Sample Research Paper: The Structure of Story in Toni Morrison’s “Recitatif”
*A Closer Look at Avoiding Plagiarism
*A Closer Look at Preparing a Works Cited Page
*    TIPS for Handling Online Sources

 

PART 2 Approaching FICTION

 

4     Reading Fiction    
Responding to the Real World of Stories
What Is Fiction?
Why Read Fiction?
Active Reading: Fiction
Rereading: Fiction

 

5     Plot and Characters 
Watching What Happens, to Whom
     DAGOBERTO GILB, Love in L.A.  
Reading for Plot
Reading for Character
Further Reading
     LOUISE ERDRICH, The Red Convertible  
     FLANNERY O’CONNOR, A Good Man Is Hard to Find 
Approaching Graphic Fiction
     LYNDA BARRY, Today’s Demon: Magic  
Responding through Writing
 
6     Point of View and Theme
Being Alert to Angles, Open to Insights
     SANDRA CISNEROS, The House on Mango Street 
Reading for Point of View
Reading for Theme
Further Reading
     ALICE WALKER, Everyday Use 
     WILLIAM FAULKNER, A Rose for Emily 
    *MARJANE SATRAPI, The Cigarette from Persepolis
Responding through Writing
 
7     Setting and Symbol 
Meeting Meaning in Places and Objects
Reading for Setting
     ERNEST HEMINGWAY, Hills Like White Elephants
Reading for Symbols
Reading for Allegory
Further Reading
     TONI CADE BAMBARA, The Lesson 
     DAVID MEANS, The Secret Goldfish
    *RICHARD MCGUIRE, Here 
Responding through Writing

 

8     Tone, Style, and Irony 
Attending to Expression and Attitude
     KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour 
Reading for Tone
Reading for Style
Reading for Irony
Further Reading
     JAMES JOYCE, Araby
     KATHERINE  MIN, Courting a Monk
    *ART SPIEGELMAN, from Maus 
Responding through Writing

 

9     Writing about Fiction   
*Applying What You’ve Learned, with a Student, Alicia Abood, on her Writing Process
Sample Short Paper 
    *Alicia Abood’s Rough Draft
    *Final Draft: “A Lost Identity: Taking a Deeper Look at Jake in ‘Love in L.A.’”

 

10     Sherman Alexie – An Author in Depth
“I’ve Always Had Crazy Dreams”
     SHERMAN ALEXIE, This is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona
     SHERMAN ALEXIE, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven

 

     TOMSON HIGHWAY, Interview with Sherman Alexie
     ÅSE NYGREN, A World of Story-Smoke: A Conversation with Sherman Alexie
     JOSEPH L. COULOMBE, The Approximate Size of His Favorite Humor: Sherman

          Alexie’s Comic Connections and Disconnections in The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in

          Heaven (criticism)
     JEROME DENUCCIO, Slow Dancing with Skeletons: Sherman Alexie’s The Lone Ranger and

          Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (criticism)
     JAMES COX, Muting White Noise: The Subversion of Popular Culture Narratives of Conquest in

          Sherman Alexie’s Fiction (criticism)
Responding through Writing

 

11     A Collection of Stories 
Investigating a Variety of Vistas
*Flash Fiction
    *ANN BEATTIE, Snow  
    *LYDIA DAVIS, What She Knew
    *DAVE EGGERS, Accident
    *RAY GONZÁLES, The Jalapeño Contest
     JAMAICA KINCAID, Girl
    *MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER, The Paring Knife

 

*Two Short Story Pairings
     JOHN STEINBECK, The Chrysanthemums
    *CHITRA BANERJEE DIVAKARUNI, Clothes
 
     NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Young Goodman Brown
    *HA JIN, Saboteur 
 
Stories for Further Reading 
     ISABEL ALLENDE, And of Clay Are We Created
     JAMES BALDWIN, Sonny’s Blues
     RAYMOND CARVER, What We Talk about When We Talk about Love
    * JUDITH ORTIZ COFER, Nada 
     RALPH ELLISON, Battle Royal
     GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ (COLUMBIA), A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings 
    *LANGSTON HUGHES,  Thank You Ma’am
     ZORA NEALE HURSTON, Sweat
    *BEL KAUFMAN, Sunday in the Park
    *YIYUN LI, The Princess of Nebraska
     TONI MORRISON, Recitatif
    *BHARATI MUKHERJEE, The Management of Grief 
     HARUKI MURAKAMI (JAPAN), Birthday Girl 
     JOYCE CAROL OATES, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
     TIM O’BRIEN, The Things they Carried
     TILLIE OLSEN, I Stand Here Ironing
    *Z Z PACKER, Brownies 
     EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Cask of Amontillado 
     KATHERINE ANNE PORTER, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
     LESLIE MARMON SILKO, The Man to Send Rain Clouds
     AMY TAN, Two Kinds
     JOHN UPDIKE, A & P
     HELENA MARÍA VIRAMONTES, The Moths

 

PART 3 Approaching POETRY

 

12     Reading Poetry     
Realizing the Richness in Poems
What Is Poetry?
Why Read Poetry?
Active Reading: Poetry
Rereading: Poetry
 
13     Words and Images    
Seizing on Sense and Sight
Reading for Denotation
     ROBERT HAYDEN, Those Winter Sundays
Reading for Connotation
     GWENDOLYN BROOKS, The Bean Eaters
Reading for Images
     MAXINE KUMIN, The Sound of Night
     WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, The Red Wheelbarrow
Further Reading
    *RICHARD JONES, OED
    *RON KOERTGE, Q and A
     ALLISON JOSEPH, On Being Told I Don’t Speak like a Black Person
    *NATASHA TRETHEWAY, History Lesson
     ANITA ENDREZZE, The Girl Who Loved the Sky
    *WENDELL BERRY, The Peace of Wild Things
    *CATHY SONG, Heaven  
Responding through Writing
 
14     Voice, Tone, and Sound
Hearing How Sense Is Said
Reading for Voice
     LI-YOUNG LEE, Eating Alone
    CHARLES BUKOWSKI, my old man
Reading a Dramatic Monologue
Reading for Tone
     THEODORE ROETHKE, My Papa’s Waltz
Reading for Irony
     MARGE PIERCY, Barbie Doll
Reading for Sound 
     TIPS for Reading Poems Aloud
     SEKOU SUNDIATA, Blink Your Eyes
Further Reading
    *GERALD STERN, The Dog
    *JANE KENYON, A Boy Goes into the World 
    *PAT MORA, La Migra
     WILFRED OWEN, Dulce et Decorum Est
     YOSEF KOMUNYAKAA, Facing It   
    ROBERT  BROWNING, My Last Duchess
Responding through Writing

 

15     Figurative Language
Wondering What This Has to Do with That
Reading for Simile
    *MARTÍN ESPADA, Latin Night at the Pawnshop
     LANGSTON HUGHES, Harlem
Reading for Metaphor
     DENNIS BRUTUS, Nightsong: City
Reading for Personification
     ANGELINA EMILY GRIMKÉ, A Winter Twilight
Reading for Metonymy and Synecdoche
     EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON, Richard Cory
Two Other Observations about Figures
     WILLIAM STAFFORD, Traveling through the Dark
Further Reading 
    *ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON, The Eagle
    *TED KOOSER, Student
    *EMILY DICKINSON, It sifts from leaden sieves
     MARY OLIVER, First Snow
     JUDITH ORTIZ COFER, Cold as Heaven
     JULIA ALVAREZ, How I Learned to Sweep
Responding through Writing
Writing about Figurative Language
Writing about Connections 
     TIPS for Writing about Figurative Language
Writing Research Papers
 
16     Rhythm and Meter
Feeling the Beat, the Flux, and the Flow
Reading for Rhythm
     E. E. CUMMINGS, Buffalo Bill’s
Reading for Meter
     PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR, We Wear the Mask
Further Reading
     LUCILLE CLIFTON, at the cemetery, walnut grove plantation, south carolina, 1989
     LORNA DEE CERVANTES, Freeway 280
    *SEAMUS HEANEY, Mid Term Break 
     ROBERT FROST, The Road Not Taken
     GARY MIRANDA, Love Poem
     A. K. RAMANUJAN, Self-Portrait
     EMILY DICKINSON, I’m Nobody! Who are you?
     SYLVIA PLATH, Metaphors
     GEORGIA DOUGLAS JOHNSON, Wishes
Responding through Writing

 

17    Form and Type
Delighting in Design
Reading for Lines
     GWENDOLYN BROOKS, We Real Cool
Reading for Stanzas
     COUNTEE CULLEN, Incident
Reading Sonnets
English (or Shakespearean) Sonnet
     WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, That time of year thou mayst in me behold
Italian (or Petrarchan) Sonnet
     GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS, God’s Grandeur
Reading Free Verse
     LESLIE MARMON SILKO, Prayer to the Pacific
Reading for Internal Form
Further Reading
     JAMES WRIGHT, A Blessing
     JOY HARJO, She Had Some Horses
     WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
     CLAUDE MCKAY, If we must die
     HELENE JOHNSON, Sonnet to a Negro in Harlem
    *E. E. CUMMINGS, next to of course god america i
     DAVID MURA, Grandfather-in-Law
     ELIZABETH BISHOP, Sestina
     JOHN YAU, Chinese Villanelle 
Responding through Writing

 

18     Writing about Poetry
Applying What You’ve Learned, with a Student, Sunkyo Hong, on His Writing Process
*    TIPS for Quoting Poetry 
*Sample Short Paper
    *Final Draft: “Experiencing ‘First Snow’”

 

19     A Poet in Personal Context – Judith Ortiz Cofer
          Two Worlds, One Vision
    *The Changeling (poem)
    *The Birthplace (poem)
    *On the Island I Have Seen (poem)
    *The Latin Deli: An Ars Poetica (poem)
    *My Father in the Navy: A Childhood Memory (poem)
    *First Job: The Southern Sweets Sandwich Shop and Bakery (poem)
    *Silent Dancing (memoir)
    *And Are You a Latina Writer? (essay in interview form)
    *RAFAEL OCASIO, Speaking in Puerto Rican: An Interview with Judith Ortiz Cofer
    *MARILYN KALLET, The art of not forgetting: an interview with Judith Ortiz Cofer
    *LORRAINE M. LÓPEZ, Possibilities for Salsa Music in the Mainstream: An Interview with

       Judith Ortiz Cofer
    *BRIDGET KEVANE AND JUANITA HEREDIA, The Poetic Truth: An Interview with Judith

       Ortiz Cofer
*Responding Through Writing
 
20     A Collection of Poems 
Valuing a Variety of Vistas

 

         *A Dozen Very Short Poems
    *ANONYMOUS, Western Wind
    *MARGARET ATWOOD, you fit into me
    *LUCILLE CLIFTON, adam and eve 
    *COUNTEE CULLEN, For a Lady I know
    *LANCE HENSON, song in january
    *RANDALL JARRELL, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
    *DENISE LEVERTOV, Leaving Forever
    *ARIANNE MOORE, Poetry
    *DOROTHY PARKER, Résumé
    *EZRA POUND, In a Station of the Metro
    *MARY RUEFLE, Barbarians
    *CARL SANDBURG, Fog

 

          A Variety of Poems for Further Reading
     AI, Why Can't I Leave You?
     AGHA SHAHID ALI, I Dream It Is Afternoon When I Return to Delhi
     ANONYMOUS, Sir Patrick Spens
 
    *A PAIRING OF POEMS 
     MARGARET ATWOOD, True Stories
     RICHARD GARCIA, Why I Left the Church
 
     W. H. AUDEN, Musée des Beaux Arts
     JIMMY SANTIAGO BACA, Family Ties
     JIM BARNES, Return to La Plata, Missouri
    *OLGA BOUMAS, Cinderella
     ELIZABETH BISHOP, In the Waiting Room
     WILLIAM BLAKE, The Chimney Sweeper
     EAVAN BOLAND, The Pomegranate
     ANNE BRADSTREET, To My Dear and Loving Husband
     STERLING A. BROWN, Riverbank Blues
     ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING, How do I love thee? Let me count the ways
    *JO CARSON, I cannot remember all the times
    *TINA CHANG, Naming the Light
    *MARILYN CHIN, How I Got That Name
    *LUCILLE CLIFTON, homage to my hips
     SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, Kubla Khan
    *BILLY COLLINS, I Chop Some Parsley While Listening to Art Blakey’s Version of  “Three

      Blind Mice” 
     VICTOR HERNÁNDEZ CRUZ, Problems with Hurricanes
     TOI DERRICOTTE, A Note on My Son’s Face
    *TODD DAVIS, Accident
     EMILY DICKINSON, I heard a Fly buzz
     EMILY DICKINSON, Because I could not stop for death
    *CHITRA BANERJEE DIVAKARUNI, Nargis’ Toilette
    *JOHN DONNE, Break of Day
     JOHN DONNE, Death, be not proud
     MARK DOTY, Tiara
    *RITA DOVE, Fifth Grade Autobiography
     CORNELIUS EADY, My Mother, If She Had Won Free Dance Lessons
     T. S. ELIOT, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
    *GRAY EMERSON, The Indexer in Love
     CAROLYN FORCHÉ, The Colonel
    *VIEVEE FRANCIS,   1864, A Pocket Full of Rye 
     ROBERT FROST, After Apple-Picking  
    *ROBERT FROST, Birches
 
    *A PAIRING OF POEMS
    *ROBERT FROST, Design
     DAVID HERNANDEZ, The Butterfly Effect

 

    *TESS GALLAGHER, The Hug
     ALLEN GINSBERG, A Supermarket in California
     NIKKI GIOVANNI, Nikka Rosa 
    *ARACELIS GIRMAY, Consider the Hands That Write This Letter
    *DIANE GLANCY, Emmigrant
     RAY GONZÁLEZ, Praise the Tortilla, Praise Menudo, Praise Chorizo
     KIMIKO HAHN, Mother’s Mother
    *THOMAS HARDY, The Man He Killed
     MICHAEL S. HARPER, Nightmare Begins Responsibility
    *TERRANCE HAYES, Talk
     SAMUEL HAZO, For Fawzi in Jerusalem
     GEORGE HERBERT, The Pulley
     ROBERT HERRICK, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
    *BOB HICOK, In the Loop
    *JANE HIRSHFIELD, To Drink
    *TONY HOAGLAND, History of Desire
    *LINDA HOGAN, Crow Law 
     GARRETT KAORU HONGO, Yellow Light  

 

    *A PAIRING OF POEMS
     A. E. HOUSMAN, To an Athlete Dying Young
    *QUINCY TROUPE, A Poem for “Magic” 
 
     LANGSTON HUGHES, The Negro Speaks of Rivers
    *HONOREE FANONNE JEFFERS, Unidentified Female Student, Former Slave 
     BEN JONSON, On My First Son
     A. VAN JORDAN, From
     JOHN KEATS, Ode on a Grecian Urn
     ETHERIDGE KNIGHT, Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal  Insane
     LI-YOUNG LEE, Visions and Interpretations
    *DENISE LEVERTOV, Talking to Grief
     PHILIP LEVINE, What Work Is
    *LARRY LEVIS, The Poem You Asked For
     AUDRE LORDE, Hanging Fire
     RICHARD LOVELACE, To Lucasta, Going to the Wars
     ROBERT LOWELL, Skunk Hour
     HEATHER McHUGH, What He Thought
     CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
     ANDREW MARVELL, To His Coy Mistress
     JOHN MILTON, When I consider how my light is spent
     MARIANNE MOORE, Poetry
    *THYLIAS MOSS, Rush Hour  
    *MARILYN NELSON, Minor Miracle
     LORINE NIEDECKER, My Life by Water
     NAOMI SHIHAB NYE, The Small Vases from Hebron
    *SHARON OLDS, I Go Back to May 1937
     SIMON ORTIZ, Speaking
    *LINDA PASTAN, love poem
     ROBERT PINSKY, Shirt
     SYLVIA PLATH, Daddy
     DUDLEY RANDALL, Ballad of Birmingham
    *HENRY REED, Naming of Parts
    *ADRIENNE RICH, Rape
    *JACK RIDL, First Cut
     ALBERTO RÍOS, Nani
    *LUIS RODRIGUEZ, Running to America
     WENDY ROSE, Loo-Wit
     WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

 

    *A PAIRING OF POEMS
     PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, Ozymandias
    *PETER BLUE CLOUD, Crazy Horse Monument
 
     CHARLES SIMIC, Classic Ballroom Dances
    *GARY SOTO, Moving Away  
     EDMUND SPENSER, One day I wrote her name upon the strand
    *WALLACE STEVENS, Anecdote of the Jar     
     MARK STRAND, Eating Poetry
     VIRGIL SUÁREZ, Tea Leaves, Caracoles, Coffee Beans
    *MAY SWENSON, The Sound of Death
    *ARTHUR SZE, The Shapes of Leaves
    *MARY TALLMOUNTAIN, Matmiya   
     ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON, Ulysses
     DYLAN THOMAS, Do not go gentle into that good night
     JEAN TOOMER, Face
     JAMES WELCH, Christmas Comes to Moccasin Flat
    *PATRICIA JABBEH WESLEY, There’s Nothing You can Do  
     ROBERTA HILL WHITEMAN, The White Land
     WALT WHITMAN, From Song of Myself
     RICHARD WILBUR, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
    *NANCY WILLARD, Questions My Son Asked Me, Answers I Never Gave Him 
     WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, Spring and All

 

    *A PAIRING OF POEMS
    *WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, The world is too much with us 
     CHERYL SAVAGEAU, Bones—A City Poem

 

     WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, The Second Coming
     AL YOUNG, A Dance for Ma Rainy
     RAY A. YOUNG BEAR, Green Threatening Clouds
    *PAUL ZIMMER, Zimmer’s Head Thudding against the Blackboard

 

PART 4  Approaching DRAMA

 

21     Reading Drama 
Participating in Serious Play
Active Reading: Drama
Rereading: Drama

 

22     Character, Conflict, and Dramatic Action 
     Thinking about Who Does What to Whom and Why
     KELLY STUART, The New New
Reading for Character
Reading for Dialogue
Reading for Conflict
Reading for Dramatic Action
Further Reading
    *EDUARDO MACHADO, Crossing the Border
Responding through Writing

 

23     Setting and Structure
      Examining Where, When, and How It Happens
Reading for Setting
     SUSAN GLASPELL, Trifles
Reading for Structure
Compression and Contrast
Further Reading
    *DON NIGRO, Letters from Quebec to Providence in the Rain
Responding through Writing

 

24     Writing about Drama 
     Applying What You’ve Learned, with a Student, Julian Hinson, on his Writing Process
     TIPS for Quoting Drama
Sample Short Paper: “Out with the Old, in with the New: the Spin on Contemporary Values in The

     New New”

 

25     August Wilson’s Fences – A Casebook   
     Wrestling with One Writer’s Work
     AUGUST WILSON, Fences
          “Some people build fences to keep people out... and other people build fences to keep people

          in. Rose wants to hold onto you all.”
     LLOYD RICHARDS, Fences: Director’s Introduction
     CLIVE BARNES, Fiery Fences: A Review (criticism)
     FRANK RICH, Family Ties in Wilson’s Fences: A Review (criticism)
     BONNIE LYONS, An Interview with August Wilson
     MILES MARSHALL LEWIS, Miles Marshall Lewis Talks with August Wilson
     MISSY DEHN KUBITSCHEK, August Wilson’s Gender Lesson (criticism)
     HARRY J. ELAM JR., August Wilson (criticism)
     SUSAN KOPRINCE, Baseball as History and Myth in August Wilson’s Fences  (criticism)
     Responding through Writing

 

26     A Collection of Plays   
     Viewing from a Variety of Vantage Points

 

*Four Ten-Minute Plays
     DAVID IVES, Sure Thing
    *MARK LAMBECK, Intervention
    *SUZAN LORI-PARKS, Father Comes Home from the Wars
    *JOYCE CAROL OATES, When I Was a Little Girl and My Mother Didn’t Want Me

 

*Two Pairings of Plays
    *EDWARD ALBEE, The Sandbox
     DAVID HENRY HWANG, As the Crow Flies

    *TENNESSEE WILLIAMS, This Property Is Condemned
    *MARCO RAMIREZ, I Am Not Batman

 

Four Classic Plays
The Impact of Genre and Theater
The Greek Theater
     SOPHOCLES, Antigone
Elizabethan Drama
    *WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Othello
Post-Elizabethan Theaters
Late 18th- and 19th-Century Plays
     HENRIK IBSEN, A Doll House
Twentieth-Century Theaters
    *LORRAINE HANSBERRY, A Raisin in the Sun
  
Biographical Sketches
Appendix on Scansion
     EMILY DICKINSON, I like to see it lap the miles
Reading Critical Essays
Approaching Critical Theory
Glossary of Literary Terms