Aquaculture Production Systems

by Tidwell, James H.

• ISBN13: 9780813801261
• ISBN10: 0813801265
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-06-26
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Aquaculture is an increasingly diverse industry with an ever-growing number of species cultured and production systems available to professionals. A basic understanding of production systems is vital to the successful practice of aquaculture. Aquaculture Production Systems provides a valuable survey of key production systems that will allow the reader to better understand how aquaculture depends upon and interacts with its environment. Aquaculture Production Systems looks at a variety of systems currently used in the production of shellfish and finfish. These systems range from low input methods to super-intensive systems. Divided into five sections that each focus on a distinct family of systems, Aquaculture Production Systems will serve as an excellent text to those just being introduced to aquaculture as well as being a valuable reference to well-established professionals seeking information on production methods.

Author Biography

James H. Tidwell is Professor and Chair of the Division of Aquaculture at Kentucky Mate University and a former President of both the U.S. Aquaculture Society and the World Aquaculture Society.

Table of Contents

Contributors	p. xi
Preface	p. xiv
Acknowledgments	p. xvi
The Role of Aquaculture	p. 3
Seafood demand	p. 3
Seafood supply	p. 4
Seafood trade	p. 6
Status of aquaculture	p. 7
Production systems	p. 12
The future and the challenge	p. 13
References	p. 13
History of Aquaculture	p. 15
Beginnings of aquaculture	p. 16
Expansion prior to the mid-1800s	p. 17
The explosion of hatcheries	p. 18
Art becomes science	p. 20
Commercial finfish species development	p. 23
Shrimp culture	p. 33
Mollusk culture	p. 42
Controversy	p. 43
References	p. 44
Functions and Characteristics of All Aquaculture Systems	p. 51
Differences in aquatic and terrestrial livestock	p. 51
Ecological services provided by aquaculture production systems	p. 53
Diversity of aquaculture animals	p. 53
Temperature classifications of aquacultured animals	p. 54
Temperature control in aquaculture systems	p. 56
Providing oxygen in aquaculture systems	p. 58
Waste control in aquaculture systems	p. 59
Aquaculture systems as providers of natural foods	p. 61
References	p. 62
Characterization and Categories of Aquaculture Production Systems	p. 64
Open systems	p. 65
Semi-closed systems	p. 68
Closed systems	p. 73
Hybrid systems	p. 75
References	p. 77
Shellfish Aquaculture	p. 79
Major species in culture (oysters, clams, scallops, mussels)	p. 80
History	p. 81
Biology	p. 84
Culture basics	p. 86
Extensive versus intensive culture	p. 88
Spat collection: hatchery, nursery, growout	p. 89
Cultured algae	p. 91
Spawning	p. 92
Larval development	p. 93
Setting	p. 94
Nursery and growout scale considerations	p. 96
Nursery methods	p. 97
Growout methods	p. 100
Fouling	p. 104
Fouling control strategies	p. 104
Predation	p. 105
Harvest	p. 106
Food safety	p. 107
Shellfish diseases	p. 108
Disease management options	p. 108
Genetics: selective breeding	p. 109
Triploidy	p. 110
Harmful algal blooms	p. 110
Site selection	p. 111
Carrying capacity	p. 112
Permitting challenges	p. 113
Nonnative species	p. 114
References	p. 115
Cage Culture in Freshwater and Protected Marine Areas	p. 119
Current status of cage culture	p. 121
History and evolution of cage culture	p. 122
Advantages and disadvantages of cages	p. 123
Site selection	p. 124
Stocking cages	p. 125
Feeding caged fish	p. 126
Polyculture and integrated systems	p. 126
Problems with cage culture	p. 127
Economics of cage culture	p. 129
Sustainability issues	p. 129
References	p. 130
Ocean Cage Culture	p. 135
The context for open ocean farming	p. 135
Characterization and selection of open ocean sites	p. 137
Technologies for open ocean farming	p. 139
Finfish species cultivated in open ocean cages	p. 148
Environmental considerations	p. 149
Future prospects and challenges	p. 153
References	p. 154
Reservoir Ranching	p. 158
Reservoir ranching vs. culture-based fisheries	p. 158
Reservoir	p. 159
Natural processes of reservoirs	p. 160
Selection of reservoirs for reservoir ranching	p. 162
Fish species selection	p. 164
Stocking density and size	p. 165
Status of reservoir ranching around the world	p. 166
Summary	p. 170
References	p. 171
Flow-through Raceways	p. 173
Types of raceways	p. 174
Physical requirements	p. 177
Water requirements	p. 179
Carrying capacity	p. 180
Water consumption and waste management	p. 183
Feeding and inventory management	p. 186
Summary	p. 187
References	p. 189
Ponds	p. 191
Species cultured	p. 193
Pond types	p. 195
Water use	p. 198
Pond culture intensity and ecological services	p. 201
Food in pond aquaculture	p. 202
Life support in pond aquaculture	p. 208
Land use and the ecological footprint of pond aquaculture	p. 222
Consequences of unregulated algal growth	p. 227
Practical constraints on pond aquaculture production	p. 230
Comparative economics of culture systems	p. 234
Sustainability issues	p. 237
Trends and research needs	p. 240
References	p. 242
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems	p. 245
Positive attributes	p. 246
Overview of system engineering	p. 247
Culture tanks	p. 249
Waste solids removal	p. 250
Cornell dual-drain system	p. 250
Settling basins and tanks	p. 252
Mechanical filters	p. 252
Granular media filters	p. 253
Disposal of the solids	p. 254
Biofiltration	p. 254
Choice of biofilter	p. 258
Aeration and oxygenation	p. 259
Carbon dioxide removal	p. 261
Monitoring and control	p. 262
Current system engineering design	p. 262
Recirculation system design	p. 263
Four major water-treatment variables	p. 265
Summary of four production terms	p. 268
Stocking density	p. 270
Engineering design example	p. 270
Conclusion	p. 276
References	p. 277
Biofloc-based Aquaculture Systems	p. 278
Bioflocs	p. 280
Oxygen dynamics	p. 284
Resuspension, mixing, and sludge management	p. 287
Nitrogenous waste products	p. 290
Temperature	p. 296
Feeds and feeding	p. 297
Economics	p. 299
Sustainability	p. 300
Outlook and research needs	p. 302
Acknowledgment	p. 303
References	p. 303
Partitioned Aquaculture Systems	p. 308
High rate ponds in aquaculture-the partitioned aquaculture system	p. 311
PAS fingerling production	p. 324
Flow-through PAS: the controlled eutrophication process	p. 326
Photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic PAS for marine shrimp production	p. 329
Alabama in-pond raceway system	p. 331
Mississippi split-pond aquaculture system	p. 333
California pondway system	p. 336
References	p. 340
Aquaponics-Integrating Fish and Plant Culture	p. 343
System design	p. 345
Fish production	p. 349
Solids	p. 352
Biofiltration	p. 357
Hydroponic subsystems	p. 360
Sump	p. 362
Construction materials	p. 363
Component ratios	p. 364
Plant growth requirements	p. 366
Nutrient dynamics	p. 368
Vegetable selection	p. 372
Crop production systems	p. 373
Pest and disease control	p. 375
Approaches to system design	p. 376
Economics	p. 380
Prospects for the future	p. 382
References	p. 383
In-pond Raceways	p. 387
Development of the in-pond raceway	p. 388
Stocking and feeding	p. 390
Backup systems and disease treatments	p. 391
Comparison to other culture systems	p. 391
Sustainability issues	p. 393
Future trends	p. 393
References	p. 393
On the Drawing Board	p. 395
Future trends	p. 395
References	p. 412
Index	p. 415
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