Archaeological Laboratory Methods : An Introduction

by Sutton, Mark Q.; Arkush, Brooke S.

• ISBN13: 9780787281533
• ISBN10: 0787281530
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-08-01
• Publisher: Kendall Hunt Pub Co

Table of Contents

List of Figures	vii
List of Tables	ix
Preface	x
Acknowledgments	xii
Introduction	1	(15)
Anthropology	1	(2)
Cultural Anthropology	1	(1)
Biological Anthropology	1	(1)
Anthropological Linguistics	2	(1)
Archaeology	2	(1)
Why Do Archaeology?	3	(2)
The Archaeological Record	5	(7)
Artifacts	5	(1)
Ecofacts	6	(1)
Human Remains	6	(1)
The ``Other'' Category	6	(1)
Geofacts	7	(1)
Assemblages	7	(1)
Features	7	(1)
Site Deposits	7	(1)
Archaeological Sites	8	(1)
Typifying Sites	9	(3)
Historical Sites	12	(1)
Isolates	12	(1)
Context and Provenience	12	(1)
Site Formation Processes	13	(1)
Site Disturbance	14	(1)
Taphonomy	14	(1)
Preservation	14	(1)
Stones and Bones	14	(1)
Perishables	15	(1)
References	15	(1)
The Archaeological Project	16	(9)
Research Design	16	(2)
Inventory (Survey)	16	(1)
Excavation	16	(2)
Field Methods	18	(1)
What Comes in from the Field	18	(4)
Field Provenience: Sites, Units, Levels, and In Situ	18	(1)
Bags	18	(1)
Notes and Records	19	(3)
Field Bias	22	(1)
Borrowing Collections from Other Institutions	22	(1)
Reporting the Results	22	(3)
Tables	23	(1)
Figures	23	(2)
The Archaeological Catalog	25	(12)
Accession, Lot, and Catalog Numbers	25	(1)
Recordation	26	(4)
Paper Catalogs and Records	26	(3)
Computer Catalogs and Records	29	(1)
Storage of Records	30	(1)
Artifact Treatment	30	(1)
Processing the Material	30	(5)
Equipment	31	(1)
Initial Sorting and Cleaning	31	(3)
Classification	34	(1)
``Rough'' Cataloging	35	(1)
Storage of the Collection	35	(1)
Access	36	(1)
Reference	36	(1)
Analysis of Flaked Stone Artifacts	37	(31)
Robert M. Yohe II
Definition	37	(1)
Fundamental Flaked Stone Mechanics	37	(1)
Flaked Stone Raw Materials	37	(2)
Heat-Treatment	38	(1)
Production of Stone Tools	39	(2)
Anatomy of a Flake	41	(1)
Flaked Stone Tools	41	(10)
Bifaces	43	(3)
Unifaces	46	(3)
Cores	49	(1)
Flakes as Tools	49	(1)
What about Hammerstones?	50	(1)
Measurement of Flaked Stone Artifacts	51	(1)
Debitage Analysis	52	(9)
Technological Analysis	52	(7)
Reporting the Results	59	(2)
Special Studies	61	(1)
Flaked Stone Analysis and Cultural Process: Experimental Studies	62	(2)
References	64	(1)
Additional Reading	65	(3)
Analyses of ``Ground Stone'' Milling and Processing Implements, Decorative and Ritual Objects, Cutting and Abrading Tools	68	(37)
Joan S. Schneider
Definition	68	(1)
A Note on Preservation	69	(1)
Identification of Ground Stone Surfaces	69	(2)
Grinding and Polishing	69	(2)
Visual Identification	71	(1)
Tactile Identification	71	(1)
Types of ``Ground Stone'' Artifacts	71	(13)
``Ground Stone'' Artifacts Ground Through Use	72	(5)
``Ground Stone'' Artifacts Ground in Manufacture	77	(7)
Description and Analysis	84	(16)
How to Describe ``Ground Stone'' Artifacts	87	(5)
How to Analyze ``Ground Stone'' Artifacts	92	(7)
Interpretation	99	(1)
In Conclusion	100	(1)
References	100	(1)
Additional Reading	101	(4)
Analysis of Aboriginal Ceramics	105	(31)
Definition	105	(1)
Raw Materials	106	(1)
Primary Clays	106	(1)
Secondary Clays	106	(1)
Color	107	(1)
Manufacturing Methods	107	(8)
Temper	107	(1)
Vessel Construction	107	(1)
Finishing Techniques	107	(4)
Decorative Techniques	111	(2)
Drying and Firing	113	(2)
Classification	115	(5)
Ceramic Wares	115	(3)
Ceramic Types	118	(2)
Nonvessel Ceramic Artifacts	120	(1)
Basic Analysis	120	(11)
Form and Function Analysis	120	(5)
Technological Analysis	125	(4)
Stylistic Analysis	129	(1)
Dating of Ceramics	130	(1)
Experimental Studies	130	(1)
Concluding Remarks	131	(1)
References	132	(4)
Analysis of Shell and Bone Artifacts	136	(10)
Definition	136	(1)
Shell Artifacts	136	(4)
Beads and Ornaments	136	(3)
Classification and Analysis	139	(1)
Bone Artifacts	140	(4)
Utilitarian Artifacts	140	(1)
Beads and Ornaments	141	(2)
Classification and Analysis	143	(1)
References	144	(2)
Analysis of Perishables	146	(14)
Definition	146	(1)
What to Record: General Guidelines	146	(1)
Conservation of Perishables	147	(1)
Basketry	147	(7)
Form and Function	148	(1)
Construction	149	(1)
Materials	150	(1)
Decoration	150	(3)
What to Record	153	(1)
Textiles	154	(1)
What to Record	155	(1)
Artifacts of Wood and Cane	155	(1)
What to Record	155	(1)
Artifacts of Skin or Hide	155	(2)
What to Record	155	(2)
Artifacts of Other Perishable Materials	157	(1)
Ecofacts as Perishables	158	(1)
References	158	(2)
Analysis of Historical Artifacts	160	(65)
Definition	160	(1)
Types of Historical Artifacts	160	(53)
Metal Artifacts	161	(14)
Glass Artifacts	175	(22)
Ceramic Artifacts	197	(12)
Buttons	209	(4)
Plant and Animal Remains	213	(4)
Above and Below Ground Features	217
Historical Documents	214	(1)
Concluding Remarks	215	(1)
References	215	(10)
Analysis of Animal Remains	225	(41)
Definition	225	(1)
Faunal Taxonomic Classification	225	(9)
Invertebrates	226	(1)
Vertebrates	227	(7)
Terminology in Faunal Analysis	234	(3)
Basic Skeletal Classification	236	(1)
Recovery of Faunal Remains	237	(1)
Screen-Recovered Material	237	(1)
Features	237	(1)
Chemical Residues	238	(1)
Identification of Faunal Remains	238	(3)
Comparative Collections	239	(1)
Sexing	240	(1)
Aging	240	(1)
Recording the Information	241	(1)
Analytical Considerations	241	(7)
Taphonomy	243	(1)
Processing Animals	243	(2)
Distinguishing Cultural from Noncultural Remains	245	(1)
Bones as Tools	246	(1)
Quantification	246	(2)
Uses of Faunal Data in Interpretation	248	(5)
Subsistence Patterns	249	(1)
Settlement Patterns	250	(1)
Site Interpretation	250	(1)
Environmental Reconstruction	251	(1)
Ideology	251	(1)
Status	251	(1)
Ethnicity	251	(1)
Dating	252	(1)
Seasonality	252	(1)
Technology	252	(1)
Trade	252	(1)
Domestication	253	(1)
A Note on Faunal Remains from Historical Sites	253	(1)
References	253	(5)
Faunal Analysis Forms	258	(8)
Analysis of Plant Remains	266	(16)
Definition	266	(1)
Plant Taxonomic Classification	266	(1)
Terminology in Plant Analysis	267	(1)
Categories of Plant Remains	267	(2)
Recovery of Plant Remains	269	(5)
Screen-Recovered Material	269	(1)
Features	269	(1)
Soil Samples	269	(5)
Special Samples	274	(1)
Identification of Plant Remains	274	(1)
Comparative Collections	274	(1)
Recording the Information	274	(1)
Analytical Considerations	275	(1)
Distinguishing Cultural from Noncultural Remains	275	(1)
Quantification	275	(1)
The Uses of Plant Data in Interpretation	276	(3)
Subsistence Patterns	276	(1)
Settlement Patterns	276	(1)
Site Interpretation	276	(1)
Environmental Reconstruction	277	(1)
Ideology	277	(1)
Status	277	(1)
Ethnicity	278	(1)
Dating	278	(9)
Seasonality	287	(1)
Technology	287
Trade	278	(1)
Domestication	278	(1)
References	279	(3)
Analysis of Human Remains	282	(21)
Definition	282	(1)
Legal and Ethical Issues in the Acquisition and Analysis of Human Remains	283	(1)
Conservation of Human Remains	283	(2)
Cleaning	284	(1)
Labeling	284	(1)
Preservation and Reconstruction	284	(1)
Identification	285	(2)
Terminology	285	(1)
Bone Classification	285	(2)
Initial Sorting	287	(1)
Methods of Analysis	287	(11)
Metric Analysis	287	(3)
Other Analysis	290	(1)
Nonmetric Variations	291	(1)
Estimation of Age, Sex, Stature, and Race	292	(1)
Pathologies	293	(4)
Cremations	297	(1)
Postmortem Alteration	298	(1)
Interpretive Approaches	298	(2)
Diet and Nutrition	298	(1)
Health	299	(1)
Demography	299	(1)
Social Inferences	299	(1)
Misuse of Human Data	300	(1)
References	300	(3)
Archaeometry and Special Analyses	303	(17)
Definition	303	(1)
Archaeometry	303	(8)
Dating	303	(6)
Materials Sourcing	309	(1)
Protein Residue Analysis	309	(1)
DNA Studies	310	(1)
Residue Analysis	311	(1)
Other Analyses	311	(6)
Use-Wear Analysis	311	(1)
Studies of Human Paleofeces	311	(3)
Soils Analysis	314	(3)
References	317	(3)
Archaeological Illustration	320	(10)
Definition	320	(1)
Pen-and-Ink Drawings	320	(5)
Artifact Drawings	321	(1)
Maps	321	(4)
Photography	325	(3)
Black-and-White Photography	325	(3)
Color Photography	328	(1)
Computer-Assisted Illustration	328	(1)
Concluding Remarks	328	(1)
References	328	(2)
Setting Up the Basic Archaeology Laboratory	330	(18)
Thomas W. Neumann
Brian D. Bates
Robert M. Sanford
Purposes and Roles	330	(1)
Features Required by All Laboratories	331	(7)
Physical Plant and Equipment Needs	331	(6)
Configuring and Locating Laboratory Space	337	(1)
Differences and Variations	338	(9)
Physical Plant and Equipment Needs	338	(6)
Configuring	344	(1)
Budgeting and Planning	345	(2)
Notes	347	(1)
Appendix 1. A Sample Excavation Report	348	(7)
Appendix 2. Glossary	355	(16)
Index	371