The Archaeology and Pottery of Nazca, Peru Alfred Kroeber's 1926 Expedition

by Kroeber, Alfred; Collier, Donald; Carmichael, Patrick; Schreiber, Katharina J.

• ISBN13: 9780761989646
• ISBN10: 0761989641
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-12-08
• Publisher: AltaMira Press

Summary

When Alfred Kroeber left Lima, Peru for the ruins of the Nazca region in July 1926, he could have had no inkling of the importance of what he would uncover. Nor would he have guessed that his excavation report would not appear until the end of the century, completed by Donald Collier and Patrick Carmichael after Kroeber's death in 1960. Kroeber's report contains what is still the only complete analysis and seriation of the beautiful painted pottery of Nazca, complete with over 400 photographs and drawings of objects uncovered in the excavations, some in full color. His report is also notable for its rare discussion of Nazca architecture, its description of cloth, hair bundles and other artifact groups, its accurate analysis of Nazca human remains, and even for one of the earliest descriptions and photographs of the famous Nazca lines. With careful editing by Collier and Carmichael, Kroeber's work is far ahead of its time methodologically and is still an important source document for contemporary archaeology and art history of South America. A final chapter by Katharina J. Schreiber puts Kroeber's work in the context of contemporary Nazca studies, including a reassessment of the sites discovered in the 1926 expedition. Important for both professional and avocational anthropologists, archaeologists, art historians, and those interested in the history of anthropology. Published in cooperation with The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois

Table of Contents

EDITOR'S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	8	(1)
LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS	9	(5)
ABOUT THE AUTHORS	14	(3)
PREFACE	17	(8)
Patrick H. Carmichael (1993)
Editorial Comment	17	(1)
Volume Organization	18	(1)
Historical Overview	18	(1)
Site Locations	19	(1)
Field Methodology	19	(1)
Graves and "Graves"	19	(1)
Aging and Sexing of Skeletal Remains	19	(1)
Architecture	20	(1)
Nasca Lines and Filtration Galleries	20	(1)
The Nasca Pottery Sequence	20	(2)
Editorial Introduction to the Ceramic Descriptions: Methods and Abbreviations	21	(1)
Subsequent Research on this Collection	22	(1)
Analysis of Human Hair Artifacts	22	(1)
Stable Isotope Analysis and Nasca Diet	22	(1)
Proper Use of this Volume as a Research Guide	23	(1)
References	23	(2)
INTRODUCTION	25	(4)
Alfred L. Kroeber (1960)
CHAPTER 1: History and Itinerary of the Expedition	29	(6)
CHAPTER 2: Area and Sites	35	(4)
CHAPTER 3: Excavations	39	(46)
La Chimba [Santa Cruz] and Huayuri	39	(1)
Tierras Blancas, Aja, and Nazca Rivers	39	(46)
La Calera	39	(2)
Ocongalla Zero	41	(2)
Majoro Chico	43	(1)
Majoro Chico Site B	43	(1)
Majoro Chico Site A	44	(1)
Structure of Low Adobe Walls	44	(2)
Majoro A Houses	46	(1)
Majoro A Graves	47	(5)
Majoro Chico Site E	52	(1)
La Huayrona	52	(1)
Paredones	53	(1)
Agua Santa	53	(2)
Ocongalla West	55	(1)
Ocongalla West A	56	(2)
Ocongalla West B	58	(2)
Pueblo Viejo	60	(1)
Soisongo	61	(1)
Soisongo A	62	(1)
Soisongo B	62	(1)
Soisongo C	63	(3)
Soisongo D and E	66	(1)
Aja	66	(1)
Aja B	66	(1)
Aja A	67	(1)
Curvi	68	(1)
Cantayo	68	(1)
Lower Cantayo Site L	68	(1)
Lower Cantayo Site M	68	(2)
Upper Cantayo Sections E and D	70	(1)
Upper Cantayo Sections Ca and Cb	70	(1)
Upper Cantayo Structure Cax	71	(2)
Cahuachi	73	(5)
Cahuachi Location A	78	(3)
Cahuachi Locations B, C, and D	81	(1)
Cahuachi Location E	81	(1)
Cahuachi Location G	81	(1)
Cahuachi Locations I, J, K, and L	81	(1)
Cahuachi Location O	82	(1)
Terracing at Cahuachi	82	(1)
La Estaqueria	82	(1)
Taruga	82	(1)
Las Trancas	83	(1)
Poroma	83	(2)
CHAPTER 4: Adobe Bricks and Wall Construction	85	(8)
Adobes at Ocongalla	85	(1)
Adobes at Majoro Chico A	85	(4)
Adobes at Soisongo A and C	89	(1)
Adobes at Aja A	90	(1)
Adobes at Cantayo Cax	91	(1)
Adobes at Cahuachi	92	(1)
Summary	92	(1)
CHAPTER 5: Succession of Phases in Nazca Culture	93	(4)
Method of Presentation	93	(2)
Nazca A and B Shape Summary	95	(2)
CHAPTER 6: Pottery of Phase A1	97	(42)
Cahuachi A: Phase A1	97	(13)
Interior-Painted Plates of Shape Ac	97	(2)
Outside-Painted Bowls of Shapes B, E, and F	99	(6)
Double-Spout Jars, Shapes UI and Z	105	(2)
Figure Vases, Shape X	107	(1)
Three-Handled Jars, Shape TTT	108	(1)
Unslipped Utility Vessels	109	(1)
Pan's Pipes	109	(1)
Aja B: Phase AI	110	(12)
Center-Painted Plates of Shape Ac	111	(1)
Plate with Painted Interior and Exterior, Shape A	112	(1)
Hemispherical Bowl, Shape GG	112	(1)
Outside-Painted Bowls of Shapes Ba-c and Ea	112	(1)
Low Bowls, B Type	113	(2)
Medium-Height Bowls, E Type	115	(1)
High Bowl, F Type	116	(1)
Double-Spout Jars, Shape U	116	(2)
Head Jar, Shape Y(4)	118	(1)
Three-Handled Large Jar, Class TTT	118	(1)
Unslipped Utility Vessels	119	(1)
Aja Graves Excavated by Tello	120	(1)
Aja B, Grave 2	120	(1)
Aja B, Grave 4	121	(1)
Majoro Chico A: Phase AI	122	(6)
Majoro A, Grave 18	122	(1)
Inside-Painted Plates, Shape Ac	122	(1)
Bowl Painted Inside and Outside	123	(1)
Outside-Painted Bowls of Shapes Ba-c and Ea	123	(2)
Double-Spout, Shape UI	125	(1)
Human-Figure Jars, Shape X	125	(1)
Small-Mouthed Jar	125	(1)
Majoro A, Grave 20	126	(1)
Majoro A, Grave 14 C	127	(1)
Frequencies of AI Vessel Shapes at Three Larger Sites	128	(1)
Other AI Sites and Graves	128	(7)
Ocongalla West A, Graves 4 and 5	128	(3)
Soisongo B, Grave II	131	(1)
Textiles from Soisongo B, Grave II	132	(1)
Soisongo C, Grave 10	133	(1)
Cantayo D, Grave 6	134	(1)
Cahuachi O	134	(1)
Nazca AI Objects without Sure Associations	135	(4)
Cantayo D or E, Surface	135	(1)
Cantayo M, Surface and Trial Pits	136	(1)
Unknown Grave, Paredones (?)	136	(1)
Purchased at Yapana	137	(2)
CHAPTER 7: Pottery of Phase A2	139	(12)
Majoro Chico A, Grave 17	139	(4)
Majoro Chico A, Grave 15	143	(1)
Uncertain A2 Material	144	(3)
Cantayo M. Grave 4	144	(1)
Cantayo Cax Deity Bowl	144	(1)
Agua Santa, Grave 16	145	(2)
Of Phase A2 or B1 (?)	147	(3)
Ocongalla West A, Grave 6	147	(1)
Cantayo D, Grave 5	148	(1)
Cantayo M. Grave 1	149	(1)
Discussion of Phase A2	150	(1)
CHAPTER 8: Pottery of Phase BI	151	(12)
Nazca B and Its Phases	151	(1)
Criteria for Phases B1 and B2	151	(1)
Graves of Phase B1	152	(8)
Ocongalla West B, Grave 3	152	(3)
Ocongalla West B, Grave 4	155	(2)
Majoro Chico A, Grave 16	157	(3)
Gifts from Cantayo	160	(1)
Summary of B1 Graves	161	(2)
CHAPTER 9: Pottery of Phase B2	163	(46)
Graves of Phase B2	163	(46)
Ocongalla West B, Grave 7	163	(3)
Ocongalla West B, Grave 8	166	(1)
Ocongalla West B, Grave 9	166	(5)
Ocongalla West B, Grave 10	171	(1)
Figure-and-Spout	171	(1)
Shape-P Bulbous-Concave Vases	172	(2)
Shape-M, Tapering Vases	174	(2)
Shape-K, Double-Convex Goblets	176	(2)
Shape-D Bowl	178	(1)
Shape-F-H-Bowls	178	(1)
Ocongalla West B, Grave 12	179	(1)
Double-Spouts	179	(2)
Wide-Mouthed Spherical Jar, Shape R	181	(1)
Shape-P, Bulbous-Convex Vase	181	(2)
Waisted Goblet	183	(1)
High Flaring Bowls, Shape H	184	(2)
Shape-D Bowls	186	(1)
Plates Ar, Inside-Painted on Rim Only	187	(1)
Undecorated Spheroid Jars	188	(1)
Ocongalla Zero	189	(1)
Grave I	189	(1)
Grave 2	190	(1)
Grave 3	190	(3)
Grave 4	193	(1)
Grave 6	193	(1)
Summary	194	(1)
Agua Santa, Nazca B Section	194	(1)
Grave 10	194	(2)
Grave II	196	(1)
Grave 12	196	(1)
Grave 14	197	(1)
Grave 15	198	(3)
Soisongo C, Grave 5	201	(2)
Cantayo M, Grave 2	203	(1)
Nazca B2 from Tunga	204	(2)
Tunga: Period Not Certain	206	(1)
Nazca B2 from Taruga	207	(2)
CHAPTER 10: Nazca Y Phase	209	(20)
The Nazca Y Style: Generalities	209	(1)
Phase Y Vessel Shapes and Designs	209	(1)
Nazca Y Material Excavated in 1926	210	(1)
Graves of Phase Y1	210	(19)
Majoro Chico A, Grave 7A	210	(1)
Majoro Chico A, Grave 7B	211	(1)
Majoro Chico A, Grave 8	212	(1)
Bowls	213	(1)
Human-Figure Jar	214	(1)
Rim-Painted Plate	215	(1)
Angled Goblet	215	(1)
Collared Bowl with Nazca A Resemblances	216	(1)
Ocongalla West B, Grave I	217	(2)
Ocongalla West B, Grave II	219	(3)
Soisongo A, Grave 2	222	(1)
Soisongo C, Grave I	223	(2)
Soisongo C, Grave 2	225	(1)
Soisongo C, Grave 3	226	(1)
Soisongo C, Grave 13	227	(1)
Purchased at Paredones in 1925	228	(1)
CHAPTER 11: Later Phase Y2	229	(10)
Graves of Phase Y2	229	(8)
Soisongo B, Grave, 9	229	(1)
Majoro Chico A, Grave 5	230	(2)
Majoro Chico E, Grave 1	232	(4)
La Huayrona, Grave 1	236	(1)
Agua Sant, Grave 1B	237	(1)
Comparison of Phases Y1 and Y2	237	(2)
CHAPTER 12: Pre-A1 Indications: Phase Ao	239	(10)
Subsite Cantayo Cax	239	(5)
Various Ao Sherds and Fragements	244	(1)
Paracas Sherd	245	(1)
Ocongalla West B, Grave 6: A1 or Ao	246	(3)
CHAPTER 13: Post-Nazca Culture: Late Period	249	(10)
Soisongo B, Graves 4, 5, 6, 7, and 10	249	(2)
Cantayo Ca, Grave 21	251	(1)
Cantayo Ca, Grave 3	252	(1)
Cantayo Cb, Grave 5	253	(1)
La Huayrona, Grave 3	254	(1)
Majora Chico B, Grave 1	254	(1)
Agua Santa, Graves 1A, 2, 4, 5, and 9	255	(3)
Purchased at Poroma	258	(1)
APPENDIX: Mineral, Plant, and Animal Identifications	259	(1)
LITERATURE CITED	260	(1)
AFTERWORD: Nasca Research Since 1926	261	(10)
Katharina J. Schreiber (1998)
Nasca Prehistory: A Perspective from the End of the 20th Century	262	(1)
Archaeological Research in Nasca since 1926	263	(4)
Artifacts	263	(1)
Features	264	(1)
Burial Patterns	264	(1)
Geoglyphs	264	(1)
Puquios	264	(1)
Site Excavations	265	(1)
Cahuachi	265	(1)
Estaqueria	265	(1)
Agua Santa	265	(1)
Taruga Valley Sites	265	(1)
Las Trancas Cemeteries	266	(1)
Huaca del Loro	266	(1)
Pacheco	266	(1)
Regional Surveys	266	(1)
William Duncan Strong, 1952-1953	266	(1)
David Robinson, 1954	266	(1)
UCSB Surveys, 1986-1996	266	(1)
Surveys Elsewhere in the Nasca Region	266	(1)
Locating Kroeber's Sites	267	(3)
Ocongalla	268	(1)
Majoro Chico	268	(1)
La Huayrona	268	(1)
Paredones	268	(1)
Agua Santa	268	(1)
Pueblo Viejo	268	(1)
Soisongo	269	(1)
Aja	269	(1)
Curvi	269	(1)
Cantayo	269	(1)
Cahuachi	269	(1)
Sites in Taruga	269	(1)
Las Trancas	269	(1)
Poroma	269	(1)
Final Observations	270	(1)
Notes	270	(1)
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY: Nasca, Kroeber, and Later	271	(4)
INDEXES	275