Art of Thinking : A Guide to Critical and Creative Thought

by Ruggiero, Vincent R.

Edition:

9th

ISBN13:

9780321411280

ISBN10:

0321411285

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

1/1/2009

Publisher(s):

Longman

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Summary

Accessible and engaging, this unique text offers strategies for critical and creative thinking and includes many opportunities for practicing these fundamental skills. It will help readers think "outside the box" and to become more effective writers, speakers, and communicators. Helps readers think "outside the box" and to become more effective writers, speakers, and communicators. "Be Aware," "Be Creative," "Be Critical," and "Communicate Your Ideas."Anyone interested in learning new ways to think.

To the Instructor

PART I Be Aware

(84)

Developing Your Thinking: An Overview

(22)

What Is Thinking?

(1)

The Importance of Thinking

(1)

Brain and Mind at Work

(2)

The Production Phase

(1)

The Judgment Phase

(1)

Good Thinking Is a Habit

(1)

The Structure of This Book

(1)

Getting the Most from Your Efforts

(1)

Using Feelings to Advantage

(1)

Learning to Concentrate

(1)

Coping with Frustration

(1)

Making Discussion Meaningful

(3)

Whenever Possible Prepare in Advance

(1)

Set Reasonable Expectations

(1)

Leave Egotism and Personal Agendas at the Door

(1)

Contribute But Don't Dominate

(1)

Avoid Distracting Speech Mannerisms

(1)

Listen Actively

(1)

Judge Ideas Responsibly

(1)

Resist the Urge to Shout or Interrupt

(1)

Preliminary Thinking Strategies

(2)

Sample Exercises and Responses

(8)

Warm-Up Exercises

(1)

Applications

(2)

Issue for Extended Analysis

(4)

Establish a Foundation

(20)

Free Will versus Determinism

(1)

What Is Truth?

(1)

What Is Knowing?

(2)

Ways of Knowing

(2)

Experience

(1)

Observation

(1)

Report

(1)

The Problem of Remembering

(1)

What Are Opinions

(2)

Expressions of Taste

(1)

Expressions of Judgement

(1)

Debating Moral Questions

(1)

The Basic of Moral Judgment

(3)

Dealing with Dilemmas

(6)

Warm-Up Exercises

(1)

Applications

(2)

Issue for Extended Analysis

(3)

Broaden Your Perspective

(17)

Becoming an Individual

(2)

Habits That Hinder Thinking

(7)

The Mine-Is-Better Habit

(1)

Face Saving

(1)

Resistance to Change

(2)

Conformity

(1)

Stereotyping

(1)

Self-Deception

(1)

Overcoming Bad Habits

(6)

Warm-Up Exercises

(1)

Applications

(2)

Issue for Extended Analysis

(3)

Be a Critical Reader

(23)

Critical Reading Defined

(1)

Making Important Distinctions

(4)

The Distinction Between the Person and the Idea

(1)

The Distinction Between Matters of Taste and Matters of Judgments

(1)

The Distinction Between Fact and Interpretation

(1)

The Distinction Between Literal and Ironic Statements

(1)

The Distinction Between an Idea's Validity and the Quality of Its Expression

(1)

The Distinction Between Language and Reality

(1)

A Strategy for Critical Reading

(3)

Step 1: Skim

(1)

Step 2: Reflect

(1)

Step 3: Read

(1)

Step 4: Evaluate

(1)

Expressing Your Judgment

(1)

A Sample Evaluation

(13)

Warm-Up Exercises

(1)

Applications

(8)

Issue for Extended Analysis

(3)

PART II Be Creative

(86)

The Creative Process

(15)

Key Facts About Creativity

(2)

Characteristics of Creative People

(2)

Applying Creativity to Problems and Issues

(3)

Taking a Novel Approach

(1)

Devising or Modifying a Process or System

(1)

Inventing a New Product or Service

(1)

Finding New Uses for Existing Things

(1)

Improving Things

(1)

Inventing or Redefining a Concept

(1)

Stages in the Creative Process

(7)

The First Stage: Searching for Challenges

(1)

The Second Stage: Expressing the Problem or Issue

(1)

The Third Stage: Investigating the Problem or Issue

(1)

The Fourth Stage: Producing Ideas

(1)

Warm-Up Exercises

(1)

Applications

(1)

Issue for Extended Analysis

(4)

Search for Challenges

102

(15)

The Importance of Curiosity

103

(2)

How Curiosity Is Lost

105

(1)

Regaining Your Curiosity

105

(1)

Six Helpful Techniques

106

(11)

Be Observant

106

(2)

Look for Imperfections

108

(1)

Note Your Own and Others' Dissatisfactions

108

(1)

Search for Causes

109

(1)

Be Sensitive to Implications

110

(1)

Recognize the Opportunity in Controversy

111

(1)

Warm-Up Exercises

111

(1)

Applications

112

(1)

Issue for Extended Analysis

113

(4)

Express the Problem or Issue

117

(13)

Distinguishing Problems from Issue

118

(1)

Expressing Problems

118

(1)

Expressing Issues

119

(1)

When Problems Become Issues

120

(1)

Guidelines for Expressing Problems and Issues

121

(1)

Benefits of Careful Expression

121

(2)

It Helps You Move Beyond the Familiar and Habitual

121

(1)

It Keeps Your Thinking Flexible

121

(1)

It Opens Many Lines of Thought

122

(1)

A Sample Problem

123

(1)

A Sample Issue

124

(6)

Warm-Up Exercises

125

(1)

Applications

126

(1)

Issue for Extended Analysis

127

(3)

Investigate the Problem or Issue

130

(22)

What to Look For

131

(6)

Eyewitness Testimony

131

(1)

Unpublished Report

132

(1)

Published Report

132

(1)

Expert Opinion

132

(1)

Experiment

133

(1)

Statistics

134

(1)

Survey

134

(1)

Observational Study

134

(1)

Research Review

135

(1)

Your Personal Experience

135

(1)

The Experiences of People You Know

136

(1)

Using the Library

137

(2)

Using the Internet

139

(3)

Maintaining a Questioning Perspective

142

(1)

Managing an Interview

142

(1)

Avoiding Plagiarism

143

(2)

Conducting Your Own Research

145

(1)

Consider Doing a Survey

145

(1)

Consider Doing an Observational Study

146

(1)

Keeping Creativity Alive

146

(6)

Warm-Up Exercises

146

(1)

Applications

147

(2)

Issue for Extended Analysis

149

(3)

Produce Ideas

152

(19)

Stimulating Your Imagination

153

(4)

Force Uncommon Responses

154

(1)

Use Free Association

154

(1)

Use Analogy

154

(1)

Look for Unusual Combinations

155

(1)

Visualize the Solution

155

(1)

Construct Pro and Con Arguments

155

(1)

Construct Relevant Scenarios

156

(1)

Aiming for Originality

157

(1)

Withholding Judgment

158

(1)

Overcoming Obstacles

158

(2)

Thinker's Block

158

(1)

Vagueness and Confusion

159

(1)

Inflexibility

160

(1)

How Insight Occurs

160

(1)

A Sample Problem

161

(2)

A Sample Issue

163

(8)

Warm-Up Exercises

165

(1)

Applications

166

(1)

Issue for Extended Analysis

167

(4)

PART III Be Critical

171

(56)

The Role of Criticism

173

(13)

Why Criticism Is Necessary

173

(1)

Focus on Your Ideas

174

(1)

Overcoming Obstacles to Critical Thinking

175

(1)

Applying Curiosity

175

(1)

Avoiding Assumptions

176

(1)

Refining Your Solutions to Problems

177

(1)

A Sample Problem

177

(1)

Refining Your Positions on Issues

178

(1)

A Sample Issue

179

(7)

Taking Action on the Issue

180

(1)

Warm-Up Exercises

181

(1)

Applications

181

(1)

Issue for Extended Analysis

182

(4)

Refine Your Solution to the Problem

186

(13)

Three Steps in Refining

187

(4)

Step 1: Working Out the Details

187

(1)

Step 2: Finding Imperfections and Complications

188

(1)

Step 3: Making Improvements

189

(2)

Two Sample Problems

191

(8)

The First Problem

191

(1)

The Second Problem

192

(2)

Warm-Up Exercises

194

(1)

Applications

194

(1)

Issue for Extended Analysis

195

(4)

Evaluate Your Argument on the Issue

199

(18)

Errors Affecting Truth

199

(4)

Either/Or Thinking

200

(1)

Avoiding the Issue

200

(1)

Overgeneralizing

201

(1)

Oversimplifying

202

(1)

Double Standard

202

(1)

Shifting the Burden of Proof

202

(1)

Irrational Appeal

203

(1)

Errors Affecting Validity

203

(2)

A Special Problem: The Hidden Premise

205

(2)

Recognizing Complex Arguments

207

(1)

Steps in Evaluating an Argument

208

(1)

The Case of Parents Protesting TV Programs

209

(1)

The Case of the Mentally Impaired Girls

210

(7)

Warm-Up Exercises

211

(1)

Applications

211

(3)

Issue for Extended Analysis

214

(3)

Refine Your Resolution of the Issue

217

(10)

Step 1: Deciding What Action Should Be Taken

218

(1)

Step 2: Recognizing and Overcoming Difficulties

218

(1)

Should Children Pledge Allegiance?

219

(1)

Should the Miranda Rule Be Abolished?

220

(7)

Warm-Up Exercises

221

(1)

Applications

222

(1)

Issue for Extended Analysis

223

(4)

PART IV Communicate Your Ideas

227

(35)

Persuading Others

229

(13)

Understanding Why People Reject Ideas

230

(1)

Knowing Your Audience

231

(2)

Anticipating Your Audience's Objections

233

(2)

The Brainstorming Technique

233

(1)

The Imaginary-Dialogue Technique

233

(2)

Presenting Your Ideas to Advantage

235

(2)

Respect Your Audience

235

(1)

Begin with the Familiar

236

(1)

Select the Most Appropriate Tone

236

(1)

Emphasize the Evidence for Your View

237

(1)

Answer All Significant Objections

237

(1)

The Importance of Timing

237

(5)

Warm-Up Exercises

238

(1)

Applications

239

(1)

Issue for Extended Analysis

239

(3)

Writing and Speaking Effectively

242

(20)

Characteristics of Effective Writing

243

(1)

A Step-by-Step Approach to Composition

244

(3)

Planning

244

(2)

Drafting

246

(1)

Revising

246

(1)

Editing

246

(1)

Developing a Readable Style

247

(1)

A Sample Composition

248

(2)

The Challenge of Effective Speaking

250

(1)

Types of Speeches

251

(1)

Organizing Your Material

251

(2)

Sample Outline and Speech

253

(2)

Practicing the Delivery

255

(7)

Warm-Up Exercises

256

(1)

Applications

256

(2)

Issue for Extended Analysis

258

(4)

Solutions to Sample Problems

262

(2)

The Three Glasses Problem

262

(1)

The Young Girl/Old Woman Problem

262

(1)

The Vase and Faces Problem

263

(1)

Notes

264

(7)

Index

271

Art of Thinking : A Guide to Critical and Creative Thought

9780321411280

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Table of Contents