Assessment in the Literacy Classroom

by Gredler, Margaret E.; Johnson, Robert L.

• ISBN13: 9780205344260
• ISBN10: 0205344267
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-09-11
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

The text discussespractical assessment methodsand provides sound advice on how to assess students' perfomance by providing a broad array of methods, from anecdotal records and conferences with students to performance and portfolio assessments, all with varied illustrative examples tailored to the literacy classroom.

Author Biography

Margaret Gredler is Professor of Educational Psychology and Research, University of South Caroline.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
1 Introduction	1	(15)
Literacy and Assessment	3	(5)
Views of Literacy	3	(3)
Teaching Assessment Models	6	(2)
Frameworks for Classroom Assessment	8	(5)
National and State Standards	9	(2)
Developing Lesson Goals	11	(2)
Discussion Questions	13	(1)
References	13	(3)
2 Effective Assessment in the Classroom	16	(14)
Ensuring Appropriate Decisions About Student Learning	17	(5)
Documenting Patterns in Performance (Reliability)	17	(2)
Supporting Accurate Decisions (Validity)	19	(2)
Summary	21	(1)
Developing Meaningful Contexts	22	(8)
Authenticity in Instruction and Assessment	22	(1)
Representing the Diversity of the Classroom	23	(3)
Self Assessment and Collaboration	26	(1)
Discussion Questions	27	(1)
References	28	(2)
3 Observations	30	(17)
Introduction	31	(4)
Role in the Literacy Classroom	31	(1)
General Requirements	32	(1)
The Role and Limitations of Informal Observations	33	(1)
Summary	34	(1)
Anecdotal Records	35	(6)
Definition and Criteria	35	(2)
Guidelines for Implementation	37	(1)
The Hypothesis-Test (HT) Process	38	(2)
Other Implementation Issues	40	(1)
Summary	40	(1)
Other Observational Methods	41	(4)
Checklists	41	(1)
Tape Recordings	42	(2)
Teacher Logs or Journals	44	(1)
Summary	44	(1)
Discussion Questions	45	(1)
References	45	(2)
4 Teacher Questioning	47	(19)
Instruction-Embedded Questions	48	(11)
The Role of Prior Knowledge	48	(2)
Strategies for Assessing Prior Knowledge	50	(5)
Assessing Student Understanding and Facilitating the Development of Meaning	55	(2)
Responding to Students' Answers	57	(1)
Summary	58	(1)
Conferences and Interviews	59	(4)
Conferences	59	(2)
Interviews	61	(2)
Summary	63	(1)
Discussion Questions	63	(1)
References	64	(2)
5 Performance Assessment	66	(20)
Overview	66	(2)
Assessing Emergent Literacy	68	(4)
Emergent Reading and Writing	69	(1)
Story Retelling and Story Construction	70	(2)
Retelling in Elementary School	72	(3)
Guidelines for Assessment	72	(1)
Scoring Methods	73	(1)
Other Assessment Issues	74	(1)
Summary	75	(1)
Writing Assessments	75	(4)
Documenting Growth	76	(1)
Developing Proficiency in Different Kinds of Writing	77	(1)
Cautions in the Use of Writing in the Classroom	78	(1)
Summary	79	(1)
Developing and Implementing Performance Assessments	79	(5)
Development	80	(2)
Implementation	82	(1)
Summary	83	(1)
Discussion Questions	84	(1)
References	84	(2)
6 Guides for Scoring Student Performances	86	(20)
Overview	86	(8)
Checklists	87	(1)
Analytic Rubrics	88	(1)
Holistic Rubrics	89	(3)
Summary	92	(2)
Guidelines for Development	94	(5)
Preliminary Decisions	94	(1)
Constructing Assessment Guides	95	(4)
Summary	99	(1)
Issues in Design and Use	99	(5)
Incorporating the Language of Scoring Guides into the Classroom	99	(2)
Scoring Student Performances	101	(1)
Converting Scores to Grades	102	(2)
Discussion Questions	104	(1)
References	104	(2)
7 Portfolio Assessment	106	(18)
Overview	107	(2)
Developing the Portfolio Framework	109	(4)
Characteristics of Classroom Portfolios	109	(2)
Identifying Purpose and Goals	111	(1)
Selecting Guidelines for Inclusion of Items	112	(1)
Identifying the Key Dimensions	112	(1)
Summary	113	(1)
Implementation Issues	113	(2)
Formats and Procedures for Key Tasks	113	(1)
Logistical Issues	114	(1)
Developing Student Responsibility for Learning	115	(3)
Introducing Portfolios	115	(1)
Student Goal Setting	116	(1)
Reflecting on Progress	117	(1)
Summary	118	(1)
Related Assessment Issues	118	(3)
Fairness	118	(1)
Validity and Reliability	119	(1)
Advantages and Limitations	120	(1)
Summary	121	(1)
Discussion Questions	121	(1)
References	121	(3)
8 Special Needs in the Classroom	124	(16)
Language and Culture Differences	124	(8)
Language Orientation	125	(1)
Implications for Assessment	126	(3)
Specific Assessment Needs	129	(2)
Summary	131	(1)
Developmental Exceptionalities	132	(5)
Types of Developmental Exceptionalities	132	(2)
Developing an Individual Educational Program (IEP)	134	(1)
Implications for Assessment	135	(1)
The Potential Role of Portfolio Assessment	135	(1)
Summary	136	(1)
Discussion Questions	137	(1)
References	137	(3)
9 Diagnostic Oral Reading Assessments	140	(16)
Assessing Reading Strategies	140	(10)
Running Records	141	(4)
Miscue Analysis	145	(5)
Determining Reading Levels	150	(5)
Informal Reading Inventories (IRIS)	151	(2)
Cloze Procedures	153	(1)
Summary	154	(1)
Discussion Questions	155	(1)
References	155	(1)
10 Reporting Student Progress	156	(21)
Methods for Reporting Student Progress	157	(6)
Grades	157	(1)
Checklists	158	(1)
Rubrics	159	(1)
Narratives	160	(1)
Portfolios	161	(1)
Conferences	161	(1)
Summary	162	(1)
Review Criteria for Reporting Systems	163	(5)
Focus	163	(1)
Clarity	163	(1)
Openness	164	(1)
Accuracy	165	(1)
Reliability	166	(1)
Fairness	166	(1)
Information Value	166	(1)
Summary	167	(1)
Summarizing Information	168	(6)
Qualitative Summarizations	168	(2)
Quantitative Summarizations	170	(4)
Discussion Questions	174	(1)
References	174	(3)
11 Major Types of Published Assessments	177	(24)
Types of Published Assessments	178	(11)
Text-Based and Supplementary Assessments	178	(1)
Guidelines for Reviewing Multiple-Choice Items	179	(3)
Standardized Achievement Tests	182	(6)
Summary	188	(1)
Reviewing Published Assessments	189	(3)
Reliability	189	(1)
Validity	190	(1)
Composition of the Comparison Group	191	(1)
Summary	192	(1)
Illustrative Critiques of Published Assessments	192	(5)
Sources of Review Information	193	(1)
Phonemic Awareness	194	(1)
Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses in the Reading Process	194	(2)
Attitudes Toward Writing	196	(1)
Summary	197	(1)
Discussion Questions	197	(1)
References	198	(3)
Author Index	201	(3)
Subject Index	204