Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation

by Mark Z. Jacobson

• ISBN13: 9780521010443
• ISBN10: 0521010446
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-09-16
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation provides a comprehensive introduction to the history and science of major air pollution issues. The book begins with an introduction to the basic atmospheric chemistry and the history of discovery of chemicals in the atmosphere, and then moves on to a discussion of the evolution of the earth's atmosphere, and the structure and composition of the present-day atmosphere. It then provides a comprehensive and accessible discussion of the five major atmospheric pollution topics: urban outdoor air pollution, indoor air pollution, acid deposition, stratospheric ozone reduction, and global climate change. The book contains numerous student examples and problems, over 200 color illustrations, and will form an ideal introductory textbook for a wide range of undergraduate and graduate courses on atmospheric pollution. It will also form a valuable reference text for researchers, and an introduction to the subject for general audiences.

Author Biography

Mark Z. Jacobson is an Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgments	xi
Basic and History of Discovery of Atmospheric Chemicals	1	(28)
Basic Definitions	2	(2)
History of Discovery of Elements and Compounds of Atmospheric Importance	4	(17)
Chemical Structure and Reactivity	21	(3)
Chemical Reactions and Photoprocesses	24	(2)
Lifetimes of Chemicals	26	(1)
Summary	26	(1)
Problems	26	(3)
The Sun, the Earth, and the Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere	29	(20)
The Sun and Its Origin	30	(3)
Spectra of the Radiation of the Sun and the Earth	33	(3)
Primordial Evolution of the Earth and Its Atmosphere	36	(11)
Summary	47	(1)
Problems	48	(1)
Structure and Composition of the Present-Day Atmosphere	49	(32)
Air Pressure and Density Structure	50	(2)
Processes Affecting Temperature	52	(2)
Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere	54	(4)
Equation of State	58	(4)
Composition of the Present-Day Atmosphere	62	(1)
Characteristics of Selected Gases and Aerosol Particle Components	63	(16)
Summary	79	(1)
Problems	79	(2)
Urban Air Pollution	81	(34)
History and Early Regulation of Urban Air Pollution	82	(11)
Chemistry of the Background Troposphere	93	(6)
Chemistry of Photochemical Smog	99	(12)
Pollutant Removal	111	(1)
Summary	111	(1)
Problems	112	(3)
Aerosol Particles in Smog and The Global Environment	115	(30)
Size Distributions	116	(2)
Sources and Compositions of New Particles	118	(10)
Processes Affecting Particle Size	128	(10)
Summary of the Composition of Aerosol Particles	138	(1)
Aerosol Particle Morphology and Shape	139	(1)
Health Effects of Aerosol Particles	140	(2)
Summary	142	(1)
Problems	142	(3)
Effects of Meteorology on Air Pollution	145	(34)
Forces	146	(1)
Winds	147	(3)
Global Circulation of the Atmosphere	150	(4)
Semipermanent Pressure Systems	154	(1)
Thermal Pressure Systems	155	(1)
Effects of Large-Scale Pressure Systems on Air Pollution	156	(12)
Effects of Local Meteorology on Air Pollution	168	(7)
Summary	175	(1)
Problems	176	(3)
Effects of Pollution on Visibility, Ultraviolet Radiation, and Atmospheric Optics	179	(30)
Processes Affecting Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere	180	(17)
Visibility	197	(5)
Colors in the Atmosphere	202	(3)
Summary	205	(1)
Problems	206	(1)
Project	207	(2)
International Regulation of Urban Smog Since the 1940s	209	(32)
Regulation in the United States	210	(15)
Pollution Trends and Regulations Outside the United States	225	(13)
Summary	238	(1)
Problems	239	(2)
Indoor Air Pollution	241	(12)
Pollutants in Indoor Air and Their Sources	242	(9)
Sick Building Syndrome	251	(1)
Regulation of Indoor Air Pollution	251	(1)
Summary	252	(1)
Problems	252	(1)
Acid Deposition	253	(20)
Historical Aspects of Acid Deposition	254	(3)
Causes of Acidity	257	(3)
Sulfuric Acid Deposition	260	(3)
Nitric Acid Deposition	263	(1)
Effects of Acid Deposition	263	(3)
Natural and Artificial Neutralization of Lakes and Soils	266	(4)
Recent Regulatory Control of Acid Deposition	270	(1)
Summary	271	(1)
Problems	272	(1)
Global Stratospheric Ozone Reduction	273	(36)
Structure of the Present-Day Ozone Layer	274	(3)
Relationship between the Ozone Layer and UV Radiation	277	(1)
Chemistry of the Natural Ozone Layer	278	(5)
Recent Changes to the Ozone Layer	283	(3)
Effects of Chlorine on Global Ozone Reduction	286	(7)
Effects of Bromine on Global Ozone Reduction	293	(1)
Regeneration Rates of Stratospheric Ozone	294	(1)
Antarctic Ozone Depletion	295	(6)
Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on Life and Ecosystems	301	(2)
Regulation of CFCs	303	(3)
Summary	306	(1)
Problems	307	(2)
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming	309	(44)
The Temperature on the Earth in the Absence of a Greenhouse Effect	310	(6)
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming	316	(7)
Recent and Historical Temperature Trends	323	(14)
Feedbacks and Other Factors That May Affect Global Temperatures	337	(5)
Possible Consequences of Global Warming	342	(3)
Regulatory Control of Global Warming	345	(4)
Summary	349	(1)
Problems	350	(1)
Essay Questions	351	(2)
Appendix: Conversions and Constants	353	(2)
References	355	(16)
Photograph Sources	371	(6)
Index	377