Beginning PHP and PostgreSQL 8

by Gilmore, W. Jason

• ISBN13: 9781590595473
• ISBN10: 1590595475
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-27
• Publisher: Apress

Summary

Beginning PHP 5 and PostgreSQL 8 delves into some of the most popular open source web development technologies, the PostgreSQL 8 database server and PHP 5 scripting language. You'll learn to reap the benefits of these core technologies by using them in unison to create dynamic, data-driven web applications. This is an ideal read if you are a web designer, programmer, hobbyist, or novice who wants to create applications with PHP 5 and PostgreSQL 8.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xxv
About the Technical Reviewers	xxvii
Acknowledgments	xxix
Introduction	xxxi
An Introduction to PHP	1	(8)
History	1	(3)
PHP 4	2	(1)
PHP 5	3	(1)
General Language Features	4	(3)
Practicality	5	(1)
Power	5	(1)
Possibility	6	(1)
Price	7	(1)
Summary	7	(2)
Installing and Configuring Apache and PHP	9	(34)
Installation	9	(10)
Obtaining the Distributions	9	(2)
The Installation Process	11	(5)
Testing Your Installation	16	(1)
Customizing the Unix Build	17	(1)
Customizing the Windows Build	17	(1)
Common Pitfalls	18	(1)
Viewing and Downloading the Documentation	18	(1)
Configuration	19	(22)
Managing PHP's Configuration Directives	19	(2)
PHP's Configuration Directives	21	(20)
Summary	41	(2)
PHP Basics	43	(48)
Escaping to PHP	43	(3)
Default Syntax	44	(1)
Short-Tags	44	(1)
Script	45	(1)
ASP-Style	45	(1)
Embedding Multiple Code Blocks	45	(1)
Comments	46	(1)
Single-line C++ Syntax	46	(1)
Shell Syntax	46	(1)
Multiple-Line C Syntax	46	(1)
Output	47	(3)
Print()	47	(1)
echo()	48	(1)
printf()	49	(1)
sprintf()	50	(1)
Datatypes	50	(7)
Scalar Datatypes	50	(2)
Compound Datatypes	52	(1)
Special Datatypes	53	(1)
Type Casting	54	(1)
Type Juggling	55	(1)
Type-Related Functions	56	(1)
Type Identifier Functions	57	(1)
Identifiers	57	(1)
Variables	58	(10)
Variable Declaration	58	(2)
Variable Scope	60	(3)
PHP's Superglobal Variables	63	(4)
Variable Variables	67	(1)
Constants	68	(1)
Expressions	68	(7)
Operands	69	(1)
Operators	69	(6)
String Interpolation	75	(3)
Double Quotes	75	(1)
Single Quotes	76	(1)
Heredoc	77	(1)
Control Structures	78	(11)
Execution Control Statements	78	(1)
Conditional Statements	79	(2)
Looping Statements	81	(5)
File Inclusion Statements	86	(3)
Summary	89	(2)
Functions	91	(12)
Invoking a Function	91	(1)
Creating a Function	92	(8)
Passing Arguments by Value	92	(1)
Passing Arguments by Reference	93	(1)
Default Argument Values	94	(1)
Optional Arguments	94	(1)
Returning Values from a Function	95	(1)
Nesting Functions	96	(1)
Recursive Functions	97	(2)
Variable Functions	99	(1)
Function Libraries	100	(1)
Summary	101	(2)
Arrays	103	(30)
What Is an Array?	104	(1)
Outputting Arrays	105	(1)
Creating an Array	106	(2)
Testing for an Array	108	(1)
Adding and Removing Array Elements	109	(2)
Locating Array Elements	111	(1)
Traversing Arrays	112	(4)
Determining Array Size and Uniqueness	116	(2)
Sorting Arrays	118	(6)
Merging, Slicing, Splicing, and Dissecting Arrays	124	(5)
Other Useful Array Functions	129	(2)
Summary	131	(2)
Object-Oriented PHP	133	(24)
The Benefits of OOP	134	(1)
Encapsulation	134	(1)
Inheritance	134	(1)
Polymorphism	135	(1)
Key OOP Concepts	135	(12)
Classes	135	(1)
Objects	136	(1)
Fields	137	(3)
Properties	140	(1)
__set()	140	(3)
Constants	143	(1)
Methods	143	(4)
Type Hinting	147	(1)
Constructors and Destructors	148	(4)
Constructors	148	(3)
Destructors	151	(1)
Static Class Members	152	(1)
The Instance of Keyword	153	(1)
Helper Functions	153	(2)
Autoloading Objects	155	(1)
Summary	156	(1)
Advanced OOP Features	157	(20)
Advanced OOP Features Not Supported by PHP	157	(1)
Object Cloning	158	(3)
Cloning Example	158	(2)
The_clone() Method	160	(1)
Inheritance	161	(4)
Class Inheritance	162	(2)
Inheritance and Constructors	164	(1)
Interfaces	165	(3)
Implementing a Single Interface	167	(1)
Implementing Multiple Interfaces	168	(1)
Abstract Classes	168	(1)
Reflection	169	(7)
Writing the ReflectionClass Class	170	(2)
Writing the ReflectionMethod Class	172	(2)
Writing the ReflectionParameter Class	174	(1)
Writing the ReflectionProperty Class	175	(1)
Other Reflection Applications	176	(1)
Summary	176	(1)
Error and Exception Handling	177	(14)
Configuration Directives	177	(3)
Error Logging	180	(3)
Exception Handling	183	(6)
Why Exception Handling Is Handy	183	(2)
PHP's Exception-Handling Implementation	185	(4)
Summary	189	(2)
Strings and Regular Expressions	191	(38)
Complex (Curly) Offset Syntax	191	(1)
Regular Expressions	192	(13)
Regular Expression Syntax (POSIX)	193	(2)
PHP's Regular Expression Functions (POSIX Extended)	195	(3)
Regular Expression Syntax (Perl Style)	198	(7)
Other String-Specific Functions	205	(21)
Determining the Length of a String	205	(1)
Comparing Two Strings	206	(2)
Manipulating String Case	208	(1)
Converting Strings to and from HTML	209	(5)
Alternatives for Regular Expression Functions	214	(8)
Padding and Stripping a String	222	(2)
Counting Characters and Words	224	(2)
Taking Advantage of PEAR: Validate_US	226	(1)
Installing Validate_US	226	(1)
Using Validate_US	227	(1)
Summary	227	(2)
Working with the File and Operating System	229	(30)
Learning About Files and Directories	230	(9)
Parsing Directory Paths	230	(2)
File Types and Links	232	(3)
Calculating File, Directory, and Disk Sizes	235	(3)
Access and Modification Times	238	(1)
File Ownership and Permissions	239	(3)
File I/O	242	(10)
The Concept of a Resource	242	(1)
Newline	242	(1)
End-of-File	242	(1)
Opening and Closing a File	242	(2)
Reading from a File	244	(5)
Moving the File Pointer	249	(1)
Writing to a File	250	(1)
Reading Directory Contents	251	(1)
Executing Shell Commands	252	(2)
PHP's Built-in System Commands	252	(2)
System-Level Program Execution	254	(4)
Sanitizing the Input	254	(1)
PHP's Program Execution Functions	255	(3)
Summary	258	(1)
Pear	259	(12)
Popular PEAR Packages	259	(3)
Converting Numeral Formats	261	(1)
Installing and Updating PEAR	262	(2)
Installing PEAR	262	(1)
PEAR and Hosting Companies	263	(1)
Updating PEAR	264	(1)
Using the PEAR Package Manager	264	(6)
Viewing Installed Packages	264	(1)
Learning More About an Installed Package	265	(1)
Installing a Package	266	(1)
Using a Package	267	(1)
Upgrading a Package	268	(1)
Uninstalling a Package	269	(1)
Downgrading a Package	269	(1)
Summary	270	(1)
Date and Time	271	(32)
The Unix Timestamp	271	(1)
PHP's Date and Time Library	272	(7)
Date Fu	279	(9)
Displaying the Localized Date and Time	279	(4)
Displaying the Web Page's Most Recent Modification Date	283	(1)
Determining the Number Days in the Current Month	283	(1)
Calculating the Date X Days from the Present Date	284	(1)
Creating a Calendar	285	(3)
PHP 5.1	288	(13)
Date Fundamentals	289	(1)
The Date Constructor	289	(1)
Accessors and Mutators	290	(3)
Validators	293	(1)
Manipulation Methods	294	(7)
Summary	301	(2)
Forms and Navigational Cues	303	(22)
PHP and Web Forms	303	(10)
A Simple Example	304	(2)
Passing Form Data to a Function	306	(1)
Working with Multivalued Form Components	307	(1)
Generating Forms with PHP	308	(2)
Autoselecting Forms Data	310	(1)
PHP, Web Forms, and JavaScript	311	(2)
Navigational Cues	313	(10)
User-Friendly URLs	313	(4)
Breadcrumb Trails	317	(4)
Creating Custom Error Handlers	321	(2)
Summary	323	(2)
Authentication	325	(20)
HTTP Authentication Concepts	325	(1)
PHP Authentication	326	(11)
Authentication Variables	327	(1)
Authentication Methodologies	328	(9)
User Login Administration	337	(7)
Password Designation	337	(2)
Testing Password Guessability with the CrackLib Library	339	(3)
One-Time URLs and Password Recovery	342	(2)
Summary	344	(1)
Handling File Uploads	345	(14)
Uploading Files via the HTTP Protocol	345	(1)
Handling Uploads with PHP	346	(9)
PHP's File Upload/Resource Directives	346	(2)
The $_ Files Array	348	(1)
PHP's File-Upload Functions	349	(1)
Upload Error Messages	350	(1)
File-Upload Examples	351	(4)
Taking Advantage of PEAR: HTTP_Upload	355	(3)
Installing HTTP_Upload	355	(1)
Learning More About an Uploaded File	355	(1)
Moving an Uploaded File to the Final Destination	356	(1)
Uploading Multiple Files	357	(1)
Summary	358	(1)
Networking	359	(40)
DNS, Services, and Servers	360	(7)
DNS	360	(4)
Services	364	(1)
Establishing Socket Connections	365	(2)
Mail	367	(5)
Configuration Directives	367	(2)
Sending a Plain-Text E-Mail	369	(1)
Sending an E-Mail with Additional Headers	369	(1)
Sending an E-Mail to Multiple Recipients	369	(1)
Sending an HTML-Formatted E-Mail	370	(1)
Sending an Attachment	371	(1)
IMAP, POP3, and NNTP	372	(18)
Requirements	373	(1)
Establishing and Closing a Connection	374	(1)
Learning More About Mailboxes and Mail	375	(3)
Retrieving Messages	378	(8)
Composing a Message	386	(1)
Sending a Message	387	(1)
Mailbox Administration	388	(1)
Message Administration	389	(1)
Streams	390	(3)
Stream Wrappers and Contexts	390	(1)
Stream Filters	391	(2)
Common Networking Tasks	393	(5)
Pinging a Server	394	(1)
A Port Scanner	395	(1)
Subnet Converter	395	(2)
Testing User Bandwidth	397	(1)
Summary	398	(1)
PHP and LDAP	399	(26)
An Introduction to LDAP	400	(1)
Learning More About LDAP	400	(1)
Using LDAP from PHP	401	(22)
Connecting to the LDAP Server	401	(1)
Binding to the LDAP Server	402	(1)
Closing the LDAP Server Connection	403	(1)
Retrieving LDAP Data	404	(1)
Working with Entry Values	405	(2)
Counting Retrieved Entries	407	(1)
Retrieving Attributes	407	(3)
Sorting and Comparing LDAP Entries	410	(2)
Working with Entries	412	(3)
Deallocating Memory	415	(1)
Inserting LDAP Data	415	(2)
Updating LDAP Data	417	(1)
Deleting LDAP Data	417	(1)
Configuration Functions	418	(2)
Character Encoding	420	(1)
Working with the Distinguished Name	421	(1)
Error Handling	422	(1)
Summary	423	(2)
Session Handlers	425	(22)
What Is Session Handling?	425	(2)
Cookies	426	(1)
URL Rewriting	426	(1)
The Session-Handling Process	426	(1)
Configuration Directives	427	(5)
Key Concepts	432	(5)
Starting a Session	432	(1)
Destroying a Session	433	(1)
Retrieving and Setting the Session ID	434	(1)
Creating and Deleting Session Variables	434	(1)
Encoding and Decoding Session Data	435	(2)
Practical Session-Handling Examples	437	(4)
Auto-Login	437	(2)
Recently Viewed Document Index	439	(2)
Creating Custom Session Handlers	441	(5)
Tying Custom Session Functions into PHP's Logic	441	(1)
Custom PostgreSQL-Based Session Handlers	442	(4)
Summary	446	(1)
Templating with Smarty	447	(26)
What's a Templating Engine?	447	(2)
Introducing Smarty	449	(1)
Installing Smarty	450	(2)
Using Smarty	452	(2)
Smarty's Presentational Logic	454	(11)
Comments	454	(1)
Variable Modifiers	454	(3)
Control Structures	457	(5)
Statements	462	(3)
Creating Configuration Files	465	(2)
config_load	465	(1)
Referencing Configuration Variables	466	(1)
Using CSS in Conjunction with Smarty	467	(1)
Caching	468	(3)
Working with the Cache Lifetime	468	(1)
Eliminating Processing Overhead with is_cached()	469	(1)
Creating Multiple Caches per Template	470	(1)
Some Final Words About Caching	471	(1)
Summary	471	(2)
Web Services	473	(42)
Why Web Services?	474	(2)
Real Simple Syndication	476	(10)
RSS Syntax	478	(1)
MagpieRSS	479	(7)
SimpleXML	486	(5)
SimpleXML Functions	486	(2)
SimpleXML Methods	488	(3)
SOAP	491	(21)
NuSOAP	492	(10)
PHP 5's SOAP Extension	502	(10)
Using a C# Client with a PHP Web Service	512	(2)
Summary	514	(1)
Secure PHP Programming	515	(20)
Configuring PHP Securely	516	(4)
Safe Mode	516	(2)
Other Security-Related Configuration Parameters	518	(2)
Hiding Configuration Details	520	(2)
Hiding Apache and PHP	520	(2)
Hiding Sensitive Data	522	(2)
Take Heed of the Document Root	523	(1)
Denying Access to Certain File Extensions	523	(1)
Sanitizing User Data	524	(4)
File Deletion	524	(1)
Cross-Site Scripting	524	(2)
Sanitizing User Input: The Solution	526	(2)
Data Encryption	528	(4)
PHP's Encryption Functions	528	(1)
mhash	529	(2)
MCrypt	531	(1)
Summary	532	(3)
SQLite	535	(20)
Introduction to SQLite	535	(2)
Installing SQLite	536	(1)
Using the SQLite Command-Line Interface	536	(1)
PHP's SQLite Library	537	(16)
SQLite Directives	537	(1)
Opening a Connection	538	(1)
Creating a Table in Memory	539	(1)
Closing a Connection	539	(1)
Querying a Database	540	(1)
Parsing Result Sets	541	(3)
Retrieving Result Set Details	544	(2)
Manipulating the Result Set Pointer	546	(2)
Learning More About Table Schemas	548	(1)
Working with Binary Data	549	(1)
Creating and Overriding SQLite Functions	550	(1)
Creating Aggregate Functions	551	(2)
Summary	553	(2)
Introducing PDO	555	(18)
Another Database Abstraction Layer?	556	(1)
Using PDO	557	(15)
Installing PDO	558	(1)
PDO's Database Support	558	(1)
Connecting to a Database Server and Selecting a Database	559	(2)
Getting and Setting Attributes	561	(1)
Error Handling	561	(1)
Query Execution	562	(2)
Prepared Statements	564	(3)
Retrieving Data	567	(3)
Setting Bound Columns	570	(1)
Transactions	571	(1)
Summary	572	(1)
Introducing PostgreSQL	573	(6)
PostgreSQL's Key Features	574	(2)
Data Integrity	574	(1)
Highly Scalable	574	(1)
Feature-Complete	574	(1)
Extensible	574	(1)
Platform Support	574	(1)
Flexible Security Options	575	(1)
Global Development, Local Flavor	575	(1)
Hassle-Free Licensing	575	(1)
Multiple Support Avenues	576	(1)
Real-World Users	576	(1)
Afilias Inc	576	(1)
The National Weather Service	577	(1)
WhitePages.com	577	(1)
Summary	577	(2)
Installing PostgreSQL	579	(14)
PostgreSQL Licensing Requirements	579	(1)
Downloading PostgreSQL	579	(2)
Downloading the Unix Version	580	(1)
Downloading the Windows Version	580	(1)
Downloading the Documentation	581	(1)
Installing PostgreSQL	581	(8)
Installing PostgreSQL on Linux and Unix	582	(3)
Installing PostgreSQL on Windows 2000, XP, and 2003	585	(4)
Installing PostgreSQL on Windows 95, 98, and ME	589	(1)
Starting PostgreSQL for the First Time	589	(2)
Summary	591	(2)
PostgreSQL Administration	593	(18)
Starting and Stopping the Server	593	(3)
Tuning Your PostgreSQL Installation	596	(5)
Working with Tablespaces	601	(1)
Vacuum and Analyze	602	(2)
Autovacuum	604	(1)
Backup and Recovery	605	(4)
Upgrading Between Versions	609	(1)
Summary	610	(1)
The Many PostgreSQL Clients	611	(14)
What Is psql?	611	(2)
psql Options	612	(1)
Commonplace psql Tasks	613	(7)
Logging Onto and Off the Server	613	(1)
psql Commands	613	(2)
Storing psql Variables and Options	615	(2)
Learning More About Supported SQL Commands	617	(1)
Executing a Query	618	(1)
Modifying the psql Prompt	618	(1)
Controlling the Command History	619	(1)
GUI-based Clients	620	(3)
pgAdmin III	620	(1)
phpPgAdmin	621	(1)
Navicat	622	(1)
Summary	623	(2)
From Databases to Datatypes	625	(24)
Working with Databases	625	(2)
Default Databases	625	(1)
Creating a Database	626	(1)
Connecting to a Database	626	(1)
Deleting a Database	626	(1)
Modifying Existing Databases	627	(1)
Working with Schemas	627	(2)
Creating Schemas	627	(1)
Altering Schemas	628	(1)
Dropping Schemas	628	(1)
The Schema Search Path	628	(1)
Working with Tables	629	(3)
Creating a Table	629	(1)
Copying a Table	630	(1)
Creating a Temporary Table	630	(1)
Viewing a Database's Available Tables	631	(1)
Viewing Table Structure	631	(1)
Deleting a Table	632	(1)
Altering a Table Structure	632	(1)
Working with Sequences	633	(2)
Creating a Sequence	633	(1)
Modifying Sequences	633	(1)
Sequence Functions	634	(1)
Deleting a Sequence	635	(1)
Datatypes and Attributes	635	(9)
Datatypes	635	(5)
Datatype Attributes	640	(4)
Composite Datatypes	644	(1)
Creating Composite Types	644	(1)
Altering Composite Types	645	(1)
Dropping Composite Types	645	(1)
Working with Domains	645	(2)
Creating Domains	646	(1)
Altering Domains	646	(1)
Dropping Domains	647	(1)
Summary	647	(2)
Securing PostgreSQL	649	(16)
What You Should Do First	649	(2)
Securing the PostgreSQL Daemon	651	(1)
The PostgreSQL Access Privilege System	651	(14)
How the Privilege System Works	652	(1)
Where Is Access Information Stored?	652	(5)
User and Privilege Management	657	(4)
Secure PostgreSQL Connections	661	(2)
Summary	663	(2)
PHP's PostgreSQL Functionality	665	(24)
Prerequisites	665	(2)
Enabling PHP's PostgreSQL Extension	665	(1)
PHP's PostgreSQL Configuration Directives	666	(1)
Sample Data	667	(1)
PHP's PostgreSQL Commands	667	(4)
Establishing and Closing a Connection	667	(4)
Queries	671	(2)
Query Execution	671	(2)
Retrieving Status and Error Information	673	(9)
Recuperating Query Memory	678	(1)
Retrieving and Displaying Data	678	(3)
Rows Selected and Rows Affected	681	(1)
Inserting, Modifying, and Deleting Data	682	(3)
Inserting Data	682	(1)
Mass Inserts	683	(1)
Modifying Data	684	(1)
Deleting Data	685	(1)
Prepared Statements	685	(2)
The Information Schema	687	(1)
Summary	688	(1)
Practical Database Queries	689	(18)
Sample Data	689	(1)
Creating a PostgreSQL Database Class	690	(16)
Why Use the PostgreSQL Database Class?	692	(1)
Executing a Simple Query	693	(1)
Retrieving Multiple Rows	694	(1)
Counting Queries	694	(1)
Tabular Output	695	(2)
Linking to a Detailed View	697	(2)
Sorting Output	699	(2)
Creating Paged Output	701	(3)
Listing Page Numbers	704	(2)
Summary	706	(1)
Views and Rules	707	(12)
Working with Views	707	(1)
The PostgreSQL Rule System	708	(3)
Working with Rules	708	(2)
Rule Types	710	(1)
Making Views Interactive	711	(5)
Working with Views from Within PHP	716	(1)
Summary	717	(2)
PostgreSQL Functions	719	(20)
Operators	719	(4)
Logical Operators	719	(1)
Comparison Operators	720	(1)
Mathematical Operators	721	(1)
String Operators	721	(1)
Operator Precedence	722	(1)
Internal Functions	723	(4)
Date and Time Functions	723	(1)
String Functions	724	(1)
Aggregate Functions	724	(1)
Conditional Expressions	725	(2)
More Functions	727	(1)
User-Defined Functions	727	(11)
Create Function Syntax	727	(1)
SQL-Based Functions	728	(2)
PL/pgSQL-Based Functions	730	(6)
Other Procedural Languages	736	(2)
Summary	738	(1)
PostgreSQL Triggers	739	(10)
What Is a Trigger?	739	(2)
Adding Triggers	739	(1)
Modifying Triggers	740	(1)
Removing Triggers	741	(1)
Writing Trigger Functions	741	(6)
Example Trigger Functions	742	(4)
Viewing Existing Triggers	746	(1)
Summary	747	(2)
Indexes and Searching	749	(16)
Database Indexing	749	(10)
Primary Key Indexes	750	(1)
Unique Indexes	750	(1)
Normal Indexes	751	(4)
Full-Text Indexes	755	(4)
Indexing Best Practices	759	(1)
Forms-Based Searches	759	(5)
Performing a Simple Search	760	(1)
Extending Search Capabilities	761	(2)
Performing a Full-Text Search	763	(1)
Summary	764	(1)
Transactions	765	(12)
What's a Transaction?	765	(1)
PostgreSQL's Transactional Capabilities	766	(5)
Transaction Isolation	766	(1)
Sample Project	767	(1)
A Simple Example	768	(3)
Transaction Usage Tips	771	(1)
Building Transactional Applications with PHP	771	(4)
Beware of pg_query()	772	(1)
The Swap Meet Revisited	773	(2)
Summary	775	(2)
Importing and Exporting Data	777	(10)
The COPY Command	777	(6)
Copying Data to and from a Table	778	(4)
Calling COPY from a PHP Script	782	(1)
Importing and Exporting Data with phpPgAdmin	783	(2)
Summary	785	(2)
Index	787