Behavior Principles in Everyday Life

by Baldwin, John D.; Baldwin, Janice I.

• ISBN13: 9780130873767
• ISBN10: 0130873764
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-09-07
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This book comprehensively introduces the major psychological principles of behavior:operant conditioning, Pavlovian conditioning, social learning theory, and cognitive behaviorism. It closely links these basic abstract principles to relevant, concrete examples from everyday life--showing readers how each behavior principle operates in easily understood settings,and how to apply them in complex natural situations. Chapter topics cover behavior modification; primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers; differential reinforcement and shaping; modeling and observational learning; prompts and fading; rules; schedules; positive and negative control; and thinking, the self, and self-control. For individuals making the transition from adolescence into the various phases of adulthood--seeking a better understanding of their life, and ways to make it more positive.

Table of Contents

Preface	vi
Science and Human Behavior	1	(10)
The Behavior of Everyday Life	1	(1)
Behavior Definitions	2	(3)
Behavior Modification	5	(2)
Illness of Wellness?	7	(1)
Where Next?	8	(3)
Conclusion	9	(1)
Questions	10	(1)
Notes	10	(1)
Pavlovian Conditioning	11	(32)
Forming Associations	11	(1)
Two Types of Reflexes	12	(2)
Common Conditioned Responses	14	(9)
The Dynamics of Conditioning	23	(6)
Extinction	29	(5)
Higher Order Conditioning	34	(2)
Counterconditioning	36	(7)
Conclusion	40	(1)
Questions	40	(1)
Notes	41	(2)
Operant Conditioning	43	(36)
Operating	43	(5)
Reinforcement	48	(14)
Extinction	62	(5)
Punishment	67	(7)
Discontinuation of Punishment	74	(1)
Timing and Contingency of Consequences	75	(4)
Conclusion	77	(1)
Questions	77	(1)
Notes	78	(1)
Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning Together	79	(10)
Pavlovian and Operant Intertwined	79	(1)
The Differences	80	(3)
Pavlovian and Operant Interactions	83	(6)
Conclusion	87	(1)
Questions	88	(1)
Notes	88	(1)
The Stimulus Collage	89	(29)
Life's 3-D Stimulus Collage	89	(1)
Multiple Antecedent Stimuli	90	(6)
Operant Generalization	96	(5)
Operant Discrimination	101	(4)
Pavlovian Generalization	105	(2)
Pavlovian Discrimination	107	(2)
The Role of Words in the Stimulus Collage	109	(3)
Behavior Modification	112	(6)
Conclusion	115	(1)
Questions	115	(1)
Notes	116	(2)
Behavior Modification	118	(31)
Sonya Gets Physical	118	(1)
Behavior Modification	119	(2)
Behavioral Definitions	121	(4)
Functional Analysis	125	(3)
Various Objective Measures	128	(2)
Data Collection	130	(2)
Experimental Designs	132	(11)
Evaluation	143	(6)
Conclusion	145	(1)
Questions	146	(1)
Notes	146	(3)
Primary Reinforcers and Punishers	149	(34)
No Pain, No Gain	149	(1)
Biologically Important Stimuli	150	(2)
Unconditioned Stimuli	152	(5)
Modifying Primary Consequences	157	(4)
The Premack Principle	161	(2)
Sensory Stimulation	163	(20)
Conclusion	180	(1)
Questions	180	(1)
Notes	181	(2)
Secondary Reinforcers and Punishers	183	(27)
Ralph Lauren and Hara-Kiri	183	(1)
The Conditioning Process	184	(1)
Predictive Stimuli	185	(7)
Social Reinforcers and Punishers	192	(3)
Tokens as Reinforcers and punishers	195	(1)
Generalized Reinforcers and Punishers	196	(2)
Chains of Operants	198	(12)
Conclusion	207	(1)
Questions	207	(1)
Notes	208	(2)
Differential Reinforcement and Shaping	210	(24)
A Ball of Clay	210	(1)
Differential Reinforcement	211	(7)
Response Generalization	218	(3)
Shaping	221	(9)
Behavior Modification	230	(4)
Conclusion	231	(1)
Questions	232	(1)
Notes	233	(1)
Modeling and Observational Learning	234	(24)
De as the Romans	234	(1)
Models	235	(3)
Pavlovian Conditioning	238	(4)
Operant Behavior	242	(12)
Behavior Modification	254	(4)
Conclusion	255	(1)
Questions	256	(1)
Notes	256	(2)
Prompts and Fading	258	(8)
Life Is a Stage	258	(1)
Prompts and Fading	259	(4)
Behavior Modification	263	(3)
Conclusion	264	(1)
Questions	264	(1)
Notes	265	(1)
Rules	266	(20)
The Power of Words	266	(1)
Symbolic Information	267	(1)
Rule Use Is Learned	268	(2)
The SDs for Following Rules	270	(3)
Explicit Versus Implicit Rules	273	(1)
On Rule Giving	274	(4)
Tacit and Explicit Knowledge	278	(4)
Behavior Modification	282	(4)
Conclusion	283	(1)
Questions	284	(1)
Notes	284	(2)
Schedules	286	(34)
Luck Can Change Your Life	286	(1)
The Ever-Present Effects of Schedules	287	(2)
Ratio Schedules	289	(5)
Interval Schedules	294	(4)
Schedule Effects	298	(3)
Differential Reinforcment Schedules	301	(4)
Compound Schedules	305	(7)
Noncontingent Schedules	312	(3)
Loosely Defined Contingencies of Reinforcement	315	(5)
Conclusion	317	(1)
Questions	317	(1)
Notes	318	(2)
Positive and Negative Control	320	(19)
Dragons and Dungeons	320	(1)
Humanistic Applications	321	(1)
Desirable Behavior	322	(4)
Undesirable Behavior	326	(4)
Alternatives to Punishment	330	(9)
Conclusion	336	(1)
Questions	337	(1)
Notes	337	(2)
Thinking, the Self, and Self-Control	339	(31)
Self-Confidence	339	(1)
Thinking is Behavior	340	(2)
Operant Conditioning of Thoughts	342	(2)
Pavlovian Conditioning of Thoughts	344	(3)
SDs and Thoughts	347	(1)
The Stream of Consciousness	348	(6)
Attaching Meaning	354	(3)
The Self	357	(3)
Self-Control	360	(10)
Conclusion	366	(1)
Questions	367	(1)
Notes	368	(2)
References	370	(27)
Name Index	397	(4)
Subject Index	401

Excerpts

PrefaceIt is exciting to enter the 21st century as behavioral science broadens its scope to deal ever more effectively with natural environments. We hopeBehavior Principles in Everyday Lifecan, in its small way, help students and professionals learn how to apply behavioral analyses to everyday situations. This book is about people of all ages in many different kinds of settings, revealing many of the behavioral principles that produce both functional and dysfunctional patterns of behavior. Our hope is that readers will use the information to live happier, more fulfilling lives--free from pain and fear--while sharing this knowledge and behavior with others.During the thirty years we have taught behavior principles, we have become firmly convinced that the majority of students learn the principles most rapidly and effectively when they study them with examples from everyday life. Students are more familiar with the behavior seen in natural settings than any other forms of behavior; so it takes them little effort to follow the examples, and they can focus on learning the principles of behavior and methods of behavioral analysis.Students report having numerous "Eureka" experiences--which they describe as pleasant, positive reinforcers--as they read material that helps them understand everyday events they had never appreciated before. "So that's why I do that!" This allows readers to receive immediate positive reinforcement as they learn behavior principles and the skills for doing behavior analyses. Many of Skinner's analyses of everyday events gave us those "Eureka" experiences, and we hope to continue that tradition.By reducing the effort of studying behavior principles--with familiar examples and frequent positive reinforcers--we can help our students learn more behavioral material in one course than if the topic were taught without these examples. This new edition contains more examples and a more carefully worded presentation of behavior principles than did prior editions. Our goal is to help students learn the behavior principles well and generalize their behavior analytic skills to numerous situations and events.Many students are eager to understand their own behavior, and most do not accept the old psychological models that are still presented in so many of their courses. The Freudian model is so strongly focused on psychoses, neuroses, and other mental illnesses that it misses much of the fun, beauty, and positive qualities of everyday life. Sociobiology reduces so much of life to sexual imperatives that it misses much of the rest of life. And purely cognitive psychology neglects consequences, contingencies, stimulus control, schedules of reinforcement, methods for modifying behavior, and much more.Behavioral psychology can offer students more modern and empirically defensible theories to explain the details of everyday life than can the other psychological theories. It is time to enthusiastically advance the study of behavior into natural environments and analyze the cognitions, emotions, and behaviors that people experience in their daily lives from a behavioral perspective. The fact that behavioral science has demanded--and been rewarded for using--experimental control in laboratories and clinics should not deter us from expanding our science into less controlled environments. We firmly believe that behavior principles are far more effective than the other psychological theories in explaining behavior in natural settings.It is important to remember that Skinner was not reluctant to generalize his science far beyond his database, and his work was an enormous catalyst for the advance of our science. InWalden Two, Science and Human Behavior, About Behaviorism,and other writings, Skinner (1948a, 1953, 1974) clearly showed how deeply interested he was in applying behavioral analyses and i