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Series Preface | p. ix |
Preface | p. xi |
List of Contributors | p. xiii |
Biofuels in Perspective | p. 1 |
Fossil versus Renewable Energy Resources | p. 1 |
Economic Impact | p. 2 |
Comparison of Bio-energy Sources | p. 4 |
Conclusion | p. 7 |
References | p. 7 |
Sustainable Production of Cellulosic Feedstock for Biorefineries in the USA | p. 9 |
Introduction | p. 9 |
Availability of Cellulosic Feedstocks | p. 11 |
Feedstock Options | p. 13 |
Sustainable Removal | p. 16 |
Erosion Control | p. 18 |
Tilling Practice | p. 19 |
Transitioning to No-till | p. 21 |
Realizing Removal | p. 22 |
Removal Economics | p. 25 |
Climate Change Mitigation | p. 27 |
Pretreatment | p. 29 |
Farmer in Value Chain | p. 32 |
The Start: Preprocessing Pentose Sugars and Lignin | p. 32 |
Continuing Downstream: Fungible Fermentation Sugars | p. 32 |
Looking Upstream | p. 33 |
Logistics | p. 33 |
Conclusions | p. 33 |
Policy Recommendations | p. 34 |
References | p. 35 |
Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA | p. 39 |
Introduction | p. 39 |
Federal Policy | p. 40 |
The US Ethanol Market | p. 41 |
Corn Ethanol Technology | p. 46 |
Cellulosic Ethanol | p. 49 |
The Future | p. 52 |
References | p. 53 |
Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazil | p. 55 |
Overview | p. 55 |
Introduction | p. 56 |
The Brazilian Experience with Ethanol | p. 56 |
Policy and Regulatory Instruments Applied to Deploy Large-Scale Ethanol Production | p. 59 |
Cost Reductions | p. 61 |
Technological Development | p. 62 |
Is the Ethanol Production in Brazil Sustainable? | p. 65 |
Is the Brazilian Experience Replicable? | p. 72 |
Conclusions | p. 73 |
References | p. 74 |
Process Technologies for Biodiesel Production | p. 77 |
Introduction | p. 77 |
Biodiesel Production Worldwide | p. 77 |
Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production | p. 79 |
Chemical Principles of Biodiesel Production | p. 80 |
Catalysts for Transesterification and Esterification Reactions | p. 81 |
Transesterification in Supercritical Alcohols | p. 86 |
Alternative Approaches | p. 87 |
Overview of Process Technologies | p. 87 |
References | p. 91 |
Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Production Technologies | p. 95 |
Introduction | p. 95 |
Theoretical Background Catalytic FT-Diesel Synthesis Process | p. 96 |
Biomass Gasification-Based FT-Diesel Production Concepts | p. 100 |
Economics of Biomass-Based FT-Diesel Production Concepts | p. 110 |
Conclusions | p. 113 |
References | p. 114 |
Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Production and Application | p. 117 |
Introduction | p. 117 |
Plant Oil Biofuels: the Underlying Idea | p. 118 |
Perspectives of the Plant Oil Fuel Market | p. 119 |
System Requirements | p. 122 |
Plant Oil Conversion Technology | p. 124 |
The User Perspective | p. 125 |
References | p. 127 |
Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Enzymatic Transesterification by Lipase | p. 130 |
Use of Extracellular Lipases | p. 131 |
Use of Intracellular Lipase as Whole-Cell Biocatalyst | p. 136 |
Use of Cell-Surface Displaying Cells as Whole-Cell Biocatalyst | p. 143 |
Conclusions and Future Prospects | p. 147 |
References | p. 147 |
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Lipids | p. 153 |
Introduction | p. 153 |
Alternative Resources for Biodiesel Production | p. 155 |
Conversion of Waste Frying and Cooking Oils into Biodiesel | p. 155 |
Conclusion | p. 168 |
References | p. 169 |
Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agriculture: A Successful Pathway for the Energy Production and Waste Treatment Worldwide | p. 171 |
Overview | p. 171 |
Introduction | p. 172 |
Biogas Production Potential | p. 174 |
Biogas Production Configurations | p. 183 |
Outlook | p. 191 |
Conclusions | p. 193 |
References | p. 194 |
Biological Hydrogen Production by Anaerobic Microorganisms | p. 197 |
Abbreviations | p. 197 |
Introduction | p. 198 |
Hydrogen Formation in Natural Ecosystems | p. 198 |
Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Formation | p. 199 |
Enzymology | p. 204 |
Enterobacteria | p. 206 |
The Genus Clostridium | p. 207 |
The Genus Caldicellulosiruptor | p. 208 |
The Genus Thermoanaerobacter | p. 210 |
The Genus Thermotoga | p. 211 |
The Genus Pyrococcus/Thermococcus | p. 212 |
Approaches for Improving Hydrogen Production | p. 213 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 214 |
References | p. 215 |
Improving Sustainability of the Corn-Ethanol Industry | p. 223 |
Introduction | p. 223 |
Energy Balance | p. 224 |
Crop Production and Greenhouse Gas Emissions | p. 226 |
CO2 Adjustment in a Changing Ethanol Industry | p. 228 |
Conclusions | p. 232 |
References | p. 233 |
Index | p. 235 |
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