Series Preface | |
Preface | |
List of Contributors | |
Biofuels in Perspective | |
Fossil versus renewable energy resources | |
Economic impact | |
Comparison of bio-energy sources | |
Conclusion | |
References | |
Sustainable Production of Cellulosic Feedstock for Biorefineries in the U.S.A | |
Introduction | |
Availability of Cellulosic Feedstocks | |
Feedstock Options | |
Sustainable Removal | |
Erosion Control | |
Tilling Practice | |
Transitioning to No-till | |
Realizing Removal | |
Removal Economics | |
Climate Change Mitigation | |
Pretreatment | |
Farmer in Value Chain | |
The StartùPreprocessing Pentose Sugars and Lignin | |
Continuing downstreamùFungible Fermentation Sugars | |
Looking Upstream | |
Logistics | |
Conclusions | |
Policy Recommendations | |
References | |
Bio-ethanol Development in the U.S.A | |
Introduction | |
Federal Policy | |
The U.S. Ethanol Market | |
Corn Ethanol Technology | |
Cellulosic Ethanol | |
The Future | |
References | |
Bio-ethanol development(s) in Brazil | |
Arnaldo Walter | |
Introduction | |
The Brazilian experience with ethanol | |
Policy and regulatory instruments applied to deploy large-scale ethanol production | |
Cost reductions | |
Technological development | |
Is the ethanol production in Brazil sustainable? | |
Is Brazilian experience replicable? | |
Conclusions | |
References | |
Process Technologies for Biodiesel Production | |
Introduction | |
Biodiesel Production Worldwide | |
Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production | |
Chemical Principles of Biodiesel Production [5] | |
Catalysts for transesterification and esterification reactions | |
Alkaline catalysis | |
Acid catalysis | |
Heterogeneous catalysis | |
Enzymes as Catalysts | |
Transesterification in supercritical alcohols | |
Alternative approaches | |
Overview of Process Technologies | |
Single Feedstock Technologies | |
Multi Feedstock Technologies | |
Small scale production units | |
Alternative process technologies | |
Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Production Technologies | |
Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Production and Application | |
Introduction | |
Plant Oil Biofuels û the underlying Idea | |
History of the Plant Oil Fuel Market | |
Positioning of Plant Oils within the Biofuel Markets | |
Perspectives of the Plant Oil Fuel Market | |
The Market | |
Market Drivers | |
System Requirements | |
Plant Oil Conversion Technology | |
One Tank System | |
Two Tank System | |
The User Perspective | |
Engine Suitability for Plant Oil Conversion | |
Choice of Conversion Technology and Approach | |
Operations and Maintenance | |
References | |
Enzymatic production of biodiesel | |
Hideki Fukuda | |
Introduction | |
Enzymatic transesterification by lipase | |
Use of extracellular lipases | |
Transesterification with various types of alcohol | |
Effective methanolysis using extracellular lipase | |
Phenomenon of acyl migration in presence of lipase | |
Use of intracellular lipase as whole-cell biocatalyst | |
Immobilization by BSP-technology | |
Methanolysis in a packed-bed reactor using cells immobilized within BSPs | |
Effect of fatty acid cell membrane composition | |
Lipase localization in cells immobilized within BSPs | |
Use of cell-surface displaying cells as whole-cell biocatalyst | |
Novel cell-surface display system | |
Flocculation profile of yeast cells displaying FSProROL and FLProROL fusion proteins | |
Methanolysis reaction using yeast cells displaying ProROL | |
Conclusions and future prospects | |
References | |
Production of Biodiesel from waste lipids | |
Introduction | |
Alternative resources for biodiesel production | |
Conversion of waste frying and cooking oils into biodiesel | |
Processing of crude and waste lipids into biodiesel | |
Conclusion | |
References | |
Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agriculture: A Successful Pathway for the Energy Production and Waste Treatment Worldwide | |
Introduction | |
Biogas production potential | |
Germany | |
Brazil | |
Biogas production configurations | |
Configurations for wastewater digestion | |
Different process configurations for wet digestion fermenters | |
Different process configurations for dry digestion fermenters | |
Biogas utilization | |
Outlook | |
Conclusions | |
References | |
Biological hydrogen production by anaerobic microorganisms | |
Introduction | |
Hydrogen formation in natural ecosystems | |
Thermodynamics of hydrogen formation | |
Enzymology | |
Enterobacteria | |
The genus Clostridium | |
The genus Caldicellulosiruptor | |
The genus Thermoanaerobacter | |
The genus Thermotoga | |
The genus Pyrococcus/Thermococcus | |
Approaches for improving hydrogen production | |
Concluding remarks | |
Acknowledgment | |
References | |
Improving Sustainability of the Corn-Ethanol Industry | |
Introduction | |
Energy Balance | |
Crop Production and Greenhouse Gas Emissions | |
CO2 Adjustment in a Changing Ethanol Industry | |
Conclusions | |
References | |
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