Biological and Bioenvironmental Heat and Mass Transfer

by Datta; Ashim K.

• ISBN13: 9780824707750
• ISBN10: 0824707753
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-03-21
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Providing a solid foundation in, and systematic treatment of, heat and mass transport, Biological and Bioenvironmental Heat and Mass Transfer covers engineering principles of heat and mass transfer. The author discusses biological content, context, and parameter regimes and supplies practical applications for biological and biomedical engineering, industrial food processing, environmental control, and waste management. The book contains end-of-chapter problems, sections highlighting key concepts and important terminology, cross-references for easy access to key concepts and formulas, detailed examples of transport phenomena, and descriptions of physical processes . It covers mechanisms of diffusion, capillarity, convection, and dispersion.

Author Biography

Ashim K. Datta is Professor, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The author or coauthor of over 50 journal articles and book chapters and more than 100 presentations on heat and mass transfer, Dr. Datta is a member of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, the Institute of Biological Engineering, and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, among others. He received the B.Tech. degree (1979) from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, the M.S. degree (1982) from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and the Ph.D. degree (1985) in agricultural engineering from the university of Florida, Gainesville

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	v
Preface	vii
Introduction	xi
List of Symbols	xxix
I Energy Transfer	1	(172)
Equilibrium, Energy Conservation, and Temperature	3	(12)
Thermal Equilibrium and the Laws of Thermodynamics	5	(1)
Laws of Thermodynamics	5	(1)
Thermal Equilibrium	5	(1)
Energy Conservation	5	(1)
Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Transport of Energy	6	(1)
Temperature in Living Systems	6	(4)
Temperature Response to Human Body	7	(1)
Temperature Sensation in Humans	7	(2)
Thermal Comfort of Human and Animals	9	(1)
Temperature in the Environment	10	(1)
The Greenhouse Effect	10	(1)
Temperature Scales	11	(1)
Chapter Summary---Energy Conservation and Temperature	12	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	13	(1)
Further Reading	13	(2)
Modes of Heat Transfer	15	(12)
Conductive Heat Transfer	15	(7)
Thermal Conductivity of Biological and Other Materials	20	(1)
Thermal Diffusivity	20	(1)
Density and Specific Heat	21	(1)
Convective Heat Transfer	22	(1)
Radiative Heat Transfer	23	(1)
Chapter Summary---Modes of Heat Transfer	23	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	24	(1)
Further Reading	24	(1)
Problems	25	(2)
Governing Equation and Boundary Conditions of Heat Transfer	27	(18)
Governing Equation for Heat Transfer Derived	29	(5)
Meaning of Each Term in the Governing Equation	31	(1)
Examples of Thermal Source (Generation) Term in Biological Systems	31	(1)
Utility of the Energy Equation	32	(2)
General Boundary Conditions	34	(2)
The Bioheat Transfer Equation for Mammalian Tissue	36	(2)
Governing Equation Derived in Cylindrical Coordinates	38	(2)
Governing Equations in Various Coordinate Systems	40	(2)
An Algorithm to Solve Transport Problems	42	(1)
Chapter Summary---Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions	43	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	43	(1)
Further Reading	44	(1)
Problems	44	(1)
Conduction Heat Transfer: Steady-State	45	(24)
Steady-State Heat Conduction in a Slab	47	(3)
Thermal Resistance and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	48	(2)
Steady-State Heat Conduction in a Cylinder	50	(5)
Thermal Resistance Term for the Hollow Cylinder	52	(1)
Comparison with the Solution for the Slab	52	(1)
Thickness of Fur in Small and Large Animals	53	(2)
Steady-State Heat Conduction in a Slab with Internal Heat Generation	55	(3)
Thermoregulation-Maintaining the Core Body Temperature of Human and Animals	56	(2)
Steady-State Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces: Fins	58	(3)
Fins and Bio-heat Transfer	60	(1)
Chapter Summary---Steady-State Heat Conduction	61	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	62	(1)
Further Reading	63	(1)
Problems	64	(5)
Conduction Heat Transfer: Unsteady State	69	(26)
Transient Heat Transfer with No Internal Resistance	71	(1)
Biot Number: Deciding When to Ignore the Internal Resistance	72	(3)
Transient Heat Transfer with Internal Resistance	75	(7)
How Temperature Changes with Time	77	(1)
Temperature Change with Position and Spatial Average	77	(1)
Temperature Change with Size	78	(1)
Charts Developed from the Solutions: Their Uses and Limitations	78	(2)
Internal and External Resistance	80	(1)
Numerical Methods as Alternatives to the Charts	81	(1)
Transient Heat Transfer in a Finite Geometry---Multi-Dimensional Problems	82	(1)
Semi-infinite Region	82	(4)
Chapter Summary---Transient Heat Conduction	86	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	86	(1)
Further Reading	86	(1)
Problems	87	(8)
Convection Heat Transfer	95	(28)
Governing Equation for Convection	95	(2)
Temperature Profiles and Boundary Layers Over a Surface	97	(2)
Laminar and Turbulent Flows	99	(1)
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Defined	100	(1)
Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer	101	(3)
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculations	104	(11)
Flat plate, Forced Convection	106	(2)
Flat plate, Natural Convection	108	(2)
Flow Over Cylinder, Natural Convection	110	(1)
Flow Over Cylinder, Forced Convection	110	(1)
Flow Through Cylinder, Forced Convection	111	(1)
Flow Over Sphere, Natural Convection	111	(1)
Flow Over Sphere, Forced Convection	111	(1)
Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow	111	(1)
Orders of Magnitude for Heat Transfer Coefficient Values	112	(1)
Coefficients for Air Flow Over Human Subjects	112	(1)
Wind Chill Factor and Boundary Layer Thickness	112	(3)
Chapter Summary---Convective Heat Transfer	115	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	115	(1)
Further Reading	116	(1)
Problems	117	(6)
Heat Transfer With Change of Phase	123	(22)
Freezing and Thawing	125	(1)
Freezing of Pure Water	126	(2)
Freezing Process	126	(1)
Property Changes During Freezing	127	(1)
Freezing of Solutions and Biomaterials	128	(3)
Solutions	128	(1)
Cellular Tissues	129	(1)
Cooling Rates and Success of Freezing	130	(1)
Temperature Profiles and Freezing Time	131	(4)
Freezing Time for and Infinite Slab of Pure Liquid	131	(2)
Freezing Time for Biomaterials	133	(2)
Evaporation	135	(4)
Evaporation from Wet Surfaces	136	(2)
Evaporation Inside a Solid Matrix	138	(1)
Evaporation of Solutions	138	(1)
Chapter Summary---Heat Transfer with Change of Phase	139	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	140	(1)
Further Reading	140	(2)
Problems	142	(3)
Radiative Energy Transfer	145	(28)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	147	(1)
Reflection, Absorption and Transmission of Waves at a Surface	147	(3)
Transmissivity of a Leaf and Photosynthesis	148	(1)
Transmissivity of the Atmosphere: Greenhouse Effect	149	(1)
Albedo--Reflection from Soil	149	(1)
Absorption and Transmission in Biomaterials	150	(1)
Thermal Radiation from an Ideal (Black) Body	150	(3)
Fraction of Energy Emitted	153	(1)
Thermal Radiation from a Real Body: Emissivity	154	(2)
Emission from Human Bodies	156	(2)
Solar, Atmospheric, and Earth Surface Radiation	158	(2)
Solar Radiation--Magnitude and Spectral Distribution	158	(1)
Emission from Earth's Surface	159	(1)
Atmospheric Emissions	159	(1)
Global Energy Balance	160	(1)
Radiative Exchange Between Bodies	160	(5)
Radiative Heat Transfer Coefficient	163	(1)
Radiative Exchange Between a Leaf and Surroundings	163	(2)
Radiative Exchange Between Human (or Animal) and Its Surroundings	165	(1)
Chapter Summary---Radiative Energy Transfer	165	(2)
Concept and Review Questions	167	(1)
Further Reading	168	(1)
Problems	169	(4)
II Mass Transfer	173	(140)
Equilibrium, Mass Conservation, and Kinetics	175	(20)
Concentration	177	(2)
Concentrations in a Gaseous Mixture	177	(2)
Species Mass Balance (Mass Conservation)	179	(1)
Equilibrium	179	(6)
Equilibrium Between a Gas and a Liquid	180	(2)
Equilibrium Between a Gas and A Solid (with Adsorbed Liquid)	182	(3)
Equilibrium Between Solid and Liquid in Adsorption	185	(1)
Chemical Kinetics: Generation or Depletion of a Mass Species	185	(4)
Rate Laws of Homogeneous Reactions	186	(1)
Zeroth Order Reaction	186	(1)
First Order Reaction	187	(2)
nth Order Reaction	189	(1)
Effects of Temperature	189	(1)
Chapter Summary---Equilibrium, Mass Conservation, and Kinetics	189	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	190	(1)
Further Reading	190	(1)
Problems	191	(4)
Modes of Mass Transfer	195	(28)
A Primer on Porous Media Flow	197	(6)
Physical Interpretation of Hydraulic Conductivity K and Permeability k	198	(3)
Capillarity and Unsaturated Flow in a Porous Media	201	(1)
Osmotic Flow in a Porous Media	202	(1)
Diffusive Mass Transfer	203	(10)
Molecular Diffusion	203	(8)
Capillary Diffusion	211	(2)
Dispersive Mass Transfer	213	(1)
Convective Mass Transfer	214	(2)
Convection-Diffusion Mass Transfer Over a Surface	214	(2)
Convection-Dispersion Mass Transfer	216	(1)
Comparison of the Modes of Mass Transfer	216	(2)
Chapter Summary---Modes of Mass Transfer	218	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	219	(1)
Further Reading	219	(1)
Problems	220	(3)
Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions of Mass Transfer	223	(14)
Modified Fick's Law for Bulk Flow of Convection	224	(3)
Velocity and Mass Average Velocity	225	(1)
Flux Equation for a Convective Situation	225	(2)
Governing Equation for Mass Transfer	227	(3)
Meanings of Each Term in the Governing Equation	229	(1)
General Boundary Conditions	230	(3)
Governing Equations for Mass Diffusion in Various Coordinate Systems	233	(1)
Chapter Summary---G.E. & B.C. of Mass Transfer	234	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	234	(1)
Further Reading	234	(1)
Problems	235	(2)
Diffusion Mass Transfer: Steady State	237	(16)
Steady-State Mass Diffusion in a Slab	238	(6)
One-Dimensional Mass Diffusion Through a Composite Slab---Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient	240	(4)
Steady-State Diffusion in a Slab with Chemical Reaction	244	(4)
Photosynthesis and the Transport of Water Vapor and CO2 in a Leaf	247	(1)
Chapter Summary---Steady-State Mass Diffusion with and Without Chemical Reaction	248	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	249	(1)
Further Reading	249	(1)
Problems	250	(3)
Diffusion Mass Transfer: Unsteady-State	253	(24)
Transient Mass Transfer with No Internal Diffusive Resistance	254	(3)
Transient Mass Transfer with Internal Diffusive Resistance	257	(5)
How Concentration Changes with Time	259	(1)
Concentration Change with Position and Spatial Average	259	(1)
Concentration Change with Size	260	(1)
Charts Developed from the Solutions: Their Uses and Limitations	260	(1)
When Both Internal and External Resistances are Present: Convective Boundary Condition	261	(1)
Transient Diffusion in a Finite Geometry---Multi-Dimensional Problems	262	(4)
Transient Diffusion in a Semi-Infinite Region	266	(3)
Chapter Summary---Transient Diffusive Mass Transfer	269	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	269	(1)
Further Reading	270	(1)
Problems	270	(7)
Convection Mass Transfer	277	(36)
Convection-Dispersion in an Infinite Fluid	279	(5)
Convection-Dispersion in a Semi-Infinite Porous Solid	284	(5)
Convection-Dispersion in a Semi-Infinite Porous Solid: Inclusion of Sorption	289	(2)
Convection-Diffusion in a Stagnant Gas	291	(4)
Convection-Diffusion Over a Surface	295	(10)
Concentration Profiles and Boundary Layers Over a Surface	295	(3)
Convective Mass Transfer Coefficient Defined	298	(1)
Significant Parameters in Convective Mass Transfer	299	(1)
Calculation and Physical Implications of Convective Mass Transfer Coefficient Values	300	(4)
Convection-Diffusion of Heat and Mass (Simultaneous) Over a Surface: Example of a Wet Bulb Thermometer	304	(1)
Chapter Summary---Convective Mass Transfer	305	(1)
Concept and Review Questions	306	(1)
Further Reading	307	(1)
Problems	308	(5)
III APPENDIX	313	(62)
A Summary	315	(6)
A.1 Generic Transport Equation and the Physical Meanings of the Constituent Terms	316	(1)
A.2 Generic Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions Needed to Solve the Transport Equation in A.1	316	(1)
A.3 Solution Map for Heat Conduction and Mass Diffusion Problems (Without Bulk Flow)	317	(1)
A.4 Solution Map for Mass Diffusion or Dispersion with Bulk Flow (Convection-Diffusion/Dispersion)	318	(1)
A.5 Basic Heat and Mass Transfer Parameters and Fluxes	319	(1)
A.6 Heat and Mass Transfer Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions	320	(1)
B Physical Constants, Unit Conversions, and Mathematical Functions	321	(10)
B.1 Physical Constants	321	(1)
B.2 Some Useful Conversion Factors	322	(3)
B.3 Error Function Tabulated	325	(1)
B.4 Charts for Unsteady Diffusion	326	(5)
C Heat Transfer and Related Properties	331	(14)
C.1 Basal Metabolic Rate for a Few Animals	332	(1)
C.2 Typical Metabolic Rate for Various Human Activities	333	(1)
C.3 Blood Flow, Oxygen Consumption, and Metabolic Rate for Various Human Organs	334	(1)
C.4 Thermal Properties of Animal Materials	335	(2)
C.5 Thermal Conductivities of Some Animal Hair Coats	337	(1)
C.6 Thermal Properties of Some Agricultural Materials	338	(1)
C.7 Thermal Properties of Food Materials (Representative Values)	339	(1)
C.8 Thermal Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure	340	(1)
C.9 Psychrometric Chart	341	(1)
C.10 Vapor Pressure of Liquid Water from 0 to 100°C	342	(1)
C.11 Steam Properties at Saturation Temperatures	343	(1)
C.12 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water	344	(1)
D Mass Transfer Properties	345	(12)
D.1 Apparent Diffusivities in Solids	346	(1)
D.2 Apparent Diffusivities in Liquids	347	(1)
D.3 Diffusivities in Air at 1 atm	348	(1)
D.4 Representative Values of Resistances to Water Vapor Transport Out of Leaves	349	(1)
D.5 Approximate Ranges of Dispersion Coefficients in Surface Water	350	(1)
D.6 Approximate Ranges of Dispersion Coefficients in Porous Media	351	(1)
D.7 Kinetic Parameters for Various First Order Rate Processes in Biological and Environmental Systems	352	(1)
D.8 Surface Tension of Water	353	(1)
D.9 References to Data on Heat and Mass Transfer and Related Properties	354	(3)
E Miscellaneous Environmental Data	357	(4)
E.1 Atmospheric Temperature, Pressure, and Other Parameters as Function of Altitude	358	(1)
E.2 National (U.S.) Primary Ambient Air Quality Standards	359	(2)
F Equations of Motion in Various Coordinate Systems	361	(4)
F.1 The Equation of Motion in Rectangular Coordinates (x, y, z)	361	(1)
F.2 The Equation of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates (r, θ, z)	362	(1)
F.3 The Equation of Motion in Spherical Coordinates (r, θ, φ)	362	(3)
G Some Useful Mathematical Background	365	(10)
G.1 Series Solution to the One-Dimensional Heat Equation	365	(4)
G.2 Similarity Transformation of the Heat Equation	369	(2)
G.3 Lumped Parameter Analysis as Related to the Energy Equation	371	(1)
G.4 Transformation of the Convection-Diffusion Equation to the Diffusion Equation	372	(1)
G.5 Solution to Steady One-Dimensional Diffusion in a Slab with Chemical Reaction	373	(2)
Index	375