Biological Psychology

by Rosenzweig, Mark R.; Breedlove, S. Marc; Watson, Neil V.

• ISBN13: 9780878937547
• ISBN10: 0878937544
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-06-04
• Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Biological Psychology: Scope and Outlook	2	(24)
What Is Biological Psychology?	3	(1)
Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior	3	(4)
Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior	7	(2)
Neural Plasticity: Behavior Can Change the Brain	9	(2)
Biological Psychologists Use Several Levels of Analysis	11	(1)
A Preview of the Book: Fables and Facts about the Brain	12	(1)
Neuroscience Contributes to Our Understanding of Psychiatric Disorders	13	(2)
Laboratory and Clinical Approaches Complement Each Other	15	(1)
Animal Research Makes Vital Contributions	16	(1)
The History of Research on the Brain and Behavior Begins in Antiquity	16	(10)
Recommended Reading	22
We Are all Alike, and we are all Different	6	(15)
Is Bigger Better? The Case of the Brain and Intelligence	21	(5)
Part I Biological Foundations of Behavior
Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior	26	(34)
The Nervous System Is Composed of Cells	27	(3)
The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions	30	(9)
Brain Structures Can Be Described on the Basis of Function	39	(4)
The Brain is Well Protected and Has an Abundant Blood Supply	43	(2)
Newer Imaging Techniques Allow Us to Look into the Living Human Brain	45	(4)
The Cells of the CNS Are Specialized for Processing and Transmitting Information	49	(9)
Summary	58	(1)
Recommended Reading	59	(1)
Three Customary Orientations for Viewing the Brain and Body	38	(10)
Isolating Specific Brain Activity	48	(2)
Neuroanatomical Methods Provide Ways to Make Sense of the Brain	50	(10)
Neurophysiology: Conduction, Transmission, and the Integration of Neural Signals	60	(30)
Electrical Signals Are the Vocabulary of the Nervous System	61	(17)
The Sequence of Transmission Processes at Chemical Synapses	78	(5)
Neurons and Synapses Combine to Make Circuits	83	(4)
Gross Electrical Activity of the Human Brain	87	(1)
Summary	88	(1)
Recommended Reading	89	(1)
Electrical Synapses Work with no Time Delay	74	(2)
Seizure Disorders	76	(14)
The Chemical Bases of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology	90	(32)
Many Chemical Neurotransmitters Have Been Identified	91	(2)
Neurotransmitter Systems Form a Complex Array in the Brain	93	(5)
Research on Drugs Ranges from Molecular Processes to Effects on Behavior	98	(4)
Drugs Affect Each Stage of Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission	102	(3)
Drugs That Affect the Brain Can Be Divided into Functional Classes	105	(9)
Drug Abuse Is Pervasive	114	(5)
Summary	119	(1)
Recommended Reading	120	(2)
Pathways for Neurotransmitter Synthesis	95	(2)
A Receptor with a Long Memory	97	(18)
The Terminology of Substance-Related Disorders	115	(7)
Hormones and the Brain	122	(32)
Hormones Act in a Great Variety of Ways throughout the Body	123	(9)
Hormones Act on a Wide Variety of Cellular Mechanisms	132	(4)
Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones	136	(12)
Hormones Affect Behavior in Many Different Ways	148	(1)
Hormonal and Neural Systems Interact to Produce Integrated Responses	149	(2)
Summary	151	(1)
Recommended Reading	151	(3)
Techniques of Modern Behavioral Endocrinology	128	(14)
Stress and Growth: Psychosocial Dwarfism	142	(12)
Part II Evolution and Development of the Nervous System
Evolution of Brain and Behavior	154	(28)
Why Should We Study Other Species?	155	(1)
How Closely Related Are Two Species?	156	(6)
Comparative Methods Help Us Study the Biological Mechanisms of Behavior	162	(1)
Nervous Systems Differ Widely in Structure	163	(7)
The Evolution of Vertebrate Brains Can Be Related to Changes in Behavior	170	(11)
Summary	181	(1)
Recommended Reading	181	(1)
To Each Its Own Sensory World	165	(2)
Why Should we Study Particular Species?	167	(15)
Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior	182	(34)
Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly Processes	183	(1)
Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages	184	(13)
Glial Cells Provide Myelin, Which Is Vital for Brain Function	197	(1)
Growth and Development of the Brain Reflect the Interaction of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors	197	(5)
Experience Is an Important Influence on Brain Development	202	(5)
Maldevelopment of the Human Brain Impairs Behavior	207	(3)
The Brain Continues to Change As We Grow Older	210	(2)
Two Timescales Are Needed to Describe Brain Development	212	(2)
Summary	214	(1)
Recommended Reading	214	(2)
Degeneration and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue	190	(8)
The Frog Retinotectal System Demonstrates Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Neural Development	198	(4)
Transgenic and Knockout Mice	202	(14)
Part III Perception and Action
General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain	216	(32)
Sensory Processing	217	(1)
Sensory Receptor Organs Detect Energy or Substances	217	(2)
What Type of Stimulus Was That?	219	(2)
Sensory Processing Begins in Receptor Cells	221	(1)
Sensory Information Processing Is Selective and Analytical	222	(6)
Touch: Many Sensations Blended Together	228	(1)
Skin Is a Complex Organ That Contains a Variety of Sensory Receptors	228	(3)
The Dorsal Column System Carries Somatosensory Information from the Skin to the Brain	231	(1)
Cortical Columns Show Specificity for Modality and Location	232	(4)
Somatosensory Perception of Objects Requires Active Manipulation	236	(1)
Pain: An Unpleasant but Adaptive Experience	236	(1)
Human Pain Can Be Measured	237	(10)
Summary	247	(1)
Recommended Reading	247	(1)
Hearing, Vestibular Perception, Taste, and Smell	248	(34)
Hearing	249	(1)
Each Part of the Ear Performs a Specific Function in Hearing	250	(6)
Auditory System Pathways Run from the Brainstem to the Cortex	256	(3)
Two Main Theories Describe How We Discriminate Pitch	259	(1)
By Comparing the Ears, We Can Localize Sounds	260	(2)
The Auditory Cortex Performs Complex Tasks in the Perception of Sound	262	(2)
Deafness Is a Major Disorder of the Nervous System	264	(3)
Vestibular Perception	267	(1)
The Receptor Mechanisms for the Vestibular System Are in the Inner Ear	267	(1)
Evolution Has Shaped the Auditory and Vestibular End Organs	267	(2)
Nerve Fibers from the Vestibular Portion of the Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve Synapse in the Brainstem	269	(1)
Some Forms of Vestibular Excitation Produce Motion Sickness	269	(1)
The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell	269	(1)
Chemicals in Tastants Elicit Taste Sensations	270	(3)
Chemicals in the Air Elicit Odor Sensations	273	(5)
Summary	278	(2)
Recommended Reading	280	(2)
The Basics of Sound	250	(32)
Vision: From Eye to Brain	282	(38)
Vision Provides Information about the Form, Color, Location, Movement, and Identity of Objects	283	(5)
The Eye Is Both an Optical Device and a Neural Organ	288	(9)
Neural Signals Travel from the Retina to Several Brain Regions	297	(10)
Area V1 Is Organized in Columns and Slabs	307	(3)
Color Vision Depends on Special Channels from the Retinal Cones through Cortical Area V4	310	(4)
Perception of Visual Motion Is Analyzed by a Special System That Includes Cortical Area V5	314	(1)
The Many Cortical Visual Areas Are Organized into Two Major Systems	314	(2)
Visual Neuroscience Can Be Applied to Alleviate Some Visual Deficiencies	316	(2)
Summary	318	(1)
Recommended Reading	319	(1)
The Basics of Light	288	(10)
Eyes with Lenses Have Evolved in Several Phyla	298	(22)
Motor Control and Plasticity	320	(34)
The Behavioral View	321	(2)
The Control Systems View	323	(1)
The Neuroscience View	324	(8)
Movements Are Controlled at Several Nervous System Levels	332	(6)
Extrapyramidal Systems Also Modulate Motor Commands	338	(4)
Disorders of Muscle, Spinal Cord, or Brain Can Disrupt Movement	342	(7)
We Can Trace a Choice Response from Input to Output	349	(1)
Summary	350	(1)
Recommended Reading	351	(3)
Cortical Neurons Control Movements of a Robotic Arm	340	(6)
The Frozen Addicts	346	(8)
PART IV Regulation and Behavior
Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases	354	(36)
Sexual Behavior	355	(1)
Reproductive Behavior Can Be Divided into Four Stages	356	(3)
The Neural Circuitry of the Brain Regulates Reproductive Behavior	359	(2)
Pheromones Guide Reproductive Behavior in Many Species	361	(1)
The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior Is Diversity	362	(4)
Why Are There Two Sexes?	366	(1)
Sexual Reproduction Helps Combine Beneficial Mutations and Shed Harmful Ones	366	(2)
Males and Females Often Adopt Different Reproductive Strategies	368	(2)
Mating Systems Can Be Classified into Four Basic Types	370	(1)
Sexual Selection Accentuates Differences between the Sexes	371	(2)
Sexual Differentiation	373	(1)
The Sex of an Individual Is Determined Early in Life	373	(4)
How Should We Define Gender---by Genes, Gonads, Genitals, or the Brain?	377	(1)
Gonadal Hormones Direct Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior	378	(6)
Social Influences Affect Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous System	384	(2)
Do Early Gonadal Hormones Masculinize Human Behaviors in Adulthood?	386	(1)
Summary	387	(1)
Recommended Reading	388	(2)
Evolutionary Psychology	372	(9)
The Paradoxical Sexual Differentiation of the Spotted Hyena	381	(3)
What Determines a Person's Sexual Orientation?	384	(6)
Homeostasis: Active Regulation of Internal States	390	(34)
Homeostasis Maintains Internal States within a Critical Range	391	(1)
Temperature Regulation	392	(1)
Body Temperature Is a Critical Condition for All Biological Processes	392	(1)
Some Animals Generate Heat; Others Must Obtain Heat from the Environment	393	(3)
Which Behaviors Can Adjust Body Temperature?	396	(3)
The Brain Monitors and Regulates Body Temperature	399	(1)
Fluid Regulation	400	(1)
Our Cells Evolved to Function in Seawater	400	(3)
Two Internal Cues Trigger Thirst	403	(3)
Homeostatic Regulation of Salt Is Required for Effective Regulation of Water	406	(1)
Food and Energy Regulation	407	(1)
Nutrient Regulation Requires the Anticipation of Future Needs	407	(3)
Insulin Is Crucial for the Regulation of Body Metabolism	410	(1)
The Hypothalamus Coordinates Multiple Systems That Control Hunger	411	(6)
Obesity Is Difficult to Treat	417	(2)
Experience Protects Us from Toxins in Food	419	(1)
Eating Disorders Are Life-Threatening	420	(1)
Summary	421	(1)
Recommended Reading	422	(2)
Body Fat Stores are Tightly Regulated, Even After Surgical Removal of Fat	417	(7)
Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming	424	(34)
Biological Rhythms	425	(1)
Many Animals Show Daily Rhythms in Activity and Physiological Measures	425	(2)
An Endogenous Circadian Clock Is Located in the Hypothalamus	427	(5)
Many Biological Events Display Rhythms Shorter than a Day	432	(1)
Animals Use Circannual Rhythms to Anticipate Seasonal Changes	432	(1)
Sleeping and Waking	433	(1)
Human Sleep Exhibits Different Stages	433	(4)
The Sleep of Different Species Provides Clues about the Evolution of Sleep	437	(2)
Our Sleep Patterns Change across the Life Span	439	(1)
Manipulating Sleep Reveals an Underlying Structure	440	(2)
What Are the Biological Functions of Sleep?	442	(3)
At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep	445	(6)
Sleep Disorders Can Be Serious, Even Life-Threatening	451	(3)
Summary	454	(1)
Recommended Reading	455	(3)
Sleep Deprivation Can Be Fatal	442	(16)
PART V Emotions and Mental Disorders
Emotions, Aggression, and Stress	458	(30)
What Are Emotions?	459	(1)
Broad Theories of Emotion Emphasize Bodily Responses	460	(2)
How Many Emotions Do We Experience?	462	(3)
Emotions from the Comparative/Evolutionary Viewpoint	465	(2)
Individuals Differ in Their Emotional Responsiveness	467	(1)
Autonomic Responses Are Elicited by Emotion-Provoking Stimuli	468	(1)
Do Distinct Brain Circuits Mediate Emotions?	468	(8)
Neural Circuitry, Hormones, and Synaptic Transmitters Mediate Violence and Aggression	476	(4)
Stress Activates Many Bodily Responses	480	(2)
Stress and Emotions Are Related to Some Human Diseases	482	(5)
Summary	487	(1)
Recommended Reading	487	(1)
Lie Detector?	469	(19)
Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders	488	(34)
The Toll of Psychiatric Disorders Is Huge	489	(1)
Schizophrenia Is the Major Neurobiological Challenge in Psychiatry	490	(12)
Mood Disorders Are a Major Psychiatric Category	502	(7)
There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders	509	(6)
Neurosurgery Has Been Used to Treat Psychiatric Disorders	515	(2)
Prions, Mad Cows, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease	517	(1)
Summary	518	(1)
Recommended Reading	518	(4)
Long-Term Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs	499	(9)
The Season to be Depressed	508	(6)
Tics, Twitches, and Snorts: The Unusual Character of Tourette's Syndrome	514	(8)
PART VI Cognitive Neuroscience
Learning and Memory: Biological Perspectives	522	(30)
Many Kinds of Brain Damage Can Impair Memory	523	(4)
There Are Several Kinds of Memory and Learning	527	(2)
Memory Has Temporal Stages: Short, Intermediate, and Long	529	(4)
Different Regions of the Brain Process Different Aspects of Memory	533	(7)
Brain Imaging Provides Insights about Regions Involved in Different Kinds of Memories	540	(4)
Comparative Approaches Yield Insights about the Evolution of Learning and Memory	544	(3)
Learning and Memory Change throughout Life	547	(3)
Summary	550	(1)
Recommended Reading	551	(1)
Learning and Memory: Some Basic Concepts and Definitions	528	(20)
Mastering London Topography Changes Hippocampal Structure in Taxi Drivers	548	(4)
Learning and Memory: Neural Mechanisms	552	(30)
Changes in Synapses May Be Mechanisms of Memory Storage	553	(1)
The Nervous System May Form and Store Memories in Various Ways	554	(2)
Cerebral Changes Result from Training	556	(4)
Invertebrate Nervous Systems Show Plasticity	560	(1)
Could Long-Term Potentiation Be a Model for Studying Mechanisms of Learning and Memory?	561	(8)
The Mammalian Cerebellum Houses the Brain Circuit for a Simple Conditioned Reflex	569	(4)
Memories of Different Durations Form by Different Neurochemical Mechanisms	573	(3)
Memory Formation Can Be Modulated	576	(1)
Some Brain Measures Correlate with Age-Related Impairements of Memory	577	(3)
Summary	580	(1)
Recommended Reading	581	(1)
Modifying Brains For Better Learning and Memory	570	(12)
Language and Cognition	582	(34)
The Development and Evolution of Speech and Language Are Remarkable and Mysterious	583	(5)
Language Disorders Result from Region-Specific Brain Injuries	588	(7)
Electrical Stimulation Provides Information about the Organization of Language in the Brain	595	(1)
Functional Neuroimaging Portrays the Organization of the Brain for Speech and Language	595	(2)
The Left Brain Is Different from the Right Brain	597	(5)
Williams Syndrome Offers Clues about Language	602	(1)
The Frontal Lobes of Humans Are Related to Higher-Order Aspects of Cognitive and Emotional Functions	603	(3)
Deficits in Spatial Perception Follow Some Types of Brain Injury	606	(2)
Following Some Injuries, the Brain Can Recover Function	608	(5)
Summary	613	(1)
Recommended Reading	614	(2)
The Wada Test	607	(2)
A Sport That Destroys the Mind	609	(3)
The Comparatively Minor Effects of Childhood Loss of One Hemisphere	612	(4)
Afterword	616
Appendix	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Author Index	1	(1)
Subject Index	1	(1)
Illustration Credits	1