Biomaterials and regenerative medicine in ophthalmology

by Chirila, Traian

• ISBN13: 9781439802151
• ISBN10: 1439802157
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-29
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

With an increasingly aged population, eye diseases are becoming more widespread. Biomaterials have contributed in recent years to numerous medical devices for the restoration of eyesight. This book provides readers with a definitive coverage of biomaterials and techniques used for the repair and regeneration of the eye. Initial chapters review applications in the anterior segment of the eye. A second group of chapters discuss applications in the posterior segment of the eye. The final group of chapters in the book covers other pertinent topics such as hydrogel sealants for wound repair in ophthalmic surgery, orbital enucleation implants, and polymeric materials for orbital reconstruction.

Author Biography

Professor Traian Chirila is a senior scientist at the Queensland Eye Institute, Australia, and holds professorships at the University of Queensland and Queensland University of Technology. Professor Chirila has over thirty years experience in polymer science and biomaterials and is highly respected for his ongoing contribution to the field of ophthalmology.

Table of Contents

Contributor contact details	p. xiii
Foreword	p. xix
Preface	p. xxiii
An introduction to ophthalmic biomaterials and their application through tissue engineering and regenerative medicine	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Development of ophthalmic biomaterials: a brief history	p. 2
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in ophthalmology	p. 5
References	p. 10
Applications in the anterior segment
Advances in intraocular lens development	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Native lens structure	p. 18
Cataracts	p. 18
Cataract surgery and intraocular lens materials	p. 19
Biological responses to intraocular lens materials	p. 19
Multifocal intraocular lenses	p. 26
Accommodating intraocular lenses	p. 27
Lens refilling	p. 28
Conclusions	p. 30
References	p. 30
Opacification and degradation of implanted intraocular lenses	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Opacification and degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lenses	p. 36
Opacification and degradation of silicone intraocular lenses	p. 39
Opacification and degradation of hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses	p. 48
Opacification and degradation of hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses	p. 56
Conclusions	p. 60
References	p. 60
Synthetic corneal implants	p. 65
The function and structure of the cornea	p. 65
Using the cornea to correct refractive error	p. 75
Subtractive approaches to correct refractive error: refractive surgery	p. 77
Additive approaches to correct refractive error: corneal implants	p. 82
Corneal repair and replacement	p. 99
Future trends	p. 109
Conclusions	p. 114
Acknowledgements	p. 115
References	p. 115
Corneal tissue engineering versus synthetic artificial corneas	p. 134
The cornea	p. 134
The need for an artificial cornea	p. 134
Artificial cornea	p. 135
Keratoprostheses	p. 135
Tissue-engineered corneal equivalents	p. 140
Conclusions	p. 144
References	p. 144
Tissue engineering of human cornea	p. 150
Introduction	p. 150
Cell source	p. 155
Corneal tissue reconstruction	p. 160
In vitro experimental applications	p. 167
Clinical applications	p. 174
Future trends	p. 176
Sources of further information and advice	p. 177
Acknowledgements	p. 178
References	p. 178
Engineering the corneal epithelial cell response to materials	p. 193
Surface properties influencing cell adhesion	p. 193
Engineering cellular adhesion	p. 196
Engineering corneal epithelium attachment and growth	p. 198
References	p. 204
Reconstruction of the ocular surface using biomaterials	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Treatment of ocular surface disorders	p. 214
Ex vivo expansion of ocular surface epithelial cells	p. 217
Corneal equivalents as replacements or study models	p. 219
Naturally derived biomaterials as substrata for tissue-engineered epithelial constructs	p. 220
Synthetic biomaterials as substrata for tissue-engineered epithelial constructs	p. 224
Strategies based on thermoresponsive polymers	p. 227
Preliminary evaluation of silk fibroin as a substratum for human limbal epithelial cells	p. 230
Conclusions	p. 233
Acknowledgements	p. 234
References	p. 234
Tissue engineering of the lens:, fundamentals	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
In vitro engineering of the lens	p. 243
In vivo lens regeneration	p. 245
Scaffolds	p. 250
Potential human application	p. 256
Conclusions	p. 256
Future trends	p. 257
Acknowledgements	p. 258
References	p. 258
Bioinspired biomaterials for soft contact lenses	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Bioinspired phospholipid polymer	p. 264
Requirements for biocompatible soft contact lenses	p. 266
Phospholipid polymer for daily-wear soft contact lenses	p. 267
Phospholipid polymer for daily-disposable soft contact lenses	p. 269
Phospholipid polymer for continuous-wear soft contact lenses	p. 270
New developments	p. 273
Conclusions	p. 275
Future trends	p. 275
Sources of further information and advice	p. 276
References	p. 276
Contact lenses: the search for superior oxygen permeability	p. 280
Introduction	p. 280
Silicone hydrogel contact lenses	p. 285
Oxygen performance of silicone hydrogel lenses	p. 290
Corneal oxygen availability with silicone hydrogel lenses	p. 297
Conclusions	p. 300
References	p. 300
Extended wear contact lenses	p. 304
Introduction	p. 304
Oxygen: corneal requirements and the limitations of hydrogel permeability	p. 307
The evolution of contact lens materials: the drive for increased permeability	p. 308
Exploitation of silicon and fluorine: silicone rubber and rigid gas permeable lenses	p. 312
The need for water: emergence of silicone hydrogels	p. 315
CIBA patent WO 96/31792 (Nicholson et al., 1996)	p. 320
Commercial products and further patents	p. 325
Conclusions	p. 331
References	p. 336
Applications in the posterior segment
Designing hydrogels as vitreous substitutes in ophthalmic surgery	p. 339
Introduction	p. 339
Biomechanics of the vitreous humor	p. 341
Vitreous substitutes	p. 346
Osmotic pressure	p. 360
Conclusions and recommendations	p. 368
Future trends	p. 369
Sources of further information and advice	p. 370
References	p. 370
Retinal repair and regeneration	p. 374
Introduction	p. 374
Retinogenesis and stem cells in the adult human eye	p. 375
Regeneration of neural retina	p. 379
Natural barriers for stem cell transplantation to regenerate neural retina	p. 381
Biomaterials in retinal repair and regeneration	p. 382
Conclusions	p. 384
References	p. 385
Development of tissue-engineered membranes for the culture and transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells	p. 390
Introduction	p. 390
The scale of the problem of age-related macular degeneration	p. 391
Retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane complex and the effect of ageing	p. 391
Summary of the aetiology and management of age related macular degeneration	p. 394
Retinal pigment epithelium transplantation from animals to human	p. 395
Biomaterials for retinal pigment epithelium cell culture and transplantation	p. 396
Conclusions and future trends	p. 403
Acknowledgements	p. 403
References	p. 404
Other applications
Hydrogel sealants for wound repair in ophthalmic surgery	p. 411
Introduction	p. 411
Background and clinical needs	p. 411
Hydrogel sealants	p. 415
Short commentary on future trends	p. 428
Sources of further information and advice	p. 429
Acknowledgements	p. 429
References	p. 430
Orbital enucleation implants: biomaterials and design	p. 433
Introduction	p. 433
Historical perspective on enucleation	p. 434
Orbital anatomy and physiology after enucleation	p. 436
Motility implants	p. 440
Porous implants	p. 448
Trends in pediatric enucleation	p. 455
Gaps in scientific knowledge and future trends	p. 458
Sources of further information and advice	p. 462
References	p. 462
Selected polymeric materials for orbital reconstruction	p. 473
Introduction	p. 473
Repair strategies	p. 475
Nature of the trauma and its influence on material choice	p. 476
Choice of materials for repair	p. 477
Non-biodegradable polymers	p. 479
Biodegradable and bioresorbable polymers	p. 487
The future: composite materials, bone regeneration and tissue engineering	p. 491
References	p. 491
Physicochemical properties of hydrogels for use in Ophthalmology	p. 496
Introduction	p. 496
Water in hydrogels: effects of monomer structure	p. 497
Effect of hydrogel water content on properties	p. 504
Modified hydrogels	p. 515
References	p. 520
Index	p. 525
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