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1 Introduction to Biostatistics 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Some Basic Concepts 2
1.3 Measurement and Measurement Scales 5
1.4 Sampling and Statistical Inference 7
1.5 The Scientific Method and the Design of Experiments 13
1.6 Computers and Biostatistical Analysis 15
1.7 Summary 16
Review Questions and Exercises 17
References 18
2 Descriptive Statistics 19
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 The Ordered Array 20
2.3 Grouped Data: The Frequency Distribution 22
2.4 Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency 38
2.5 Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Dispersion 43
2.6 Summary 55
Review Questions and Exercises 57
References 63
3 Some Basic Probability Concepts 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Two Views of Probability: Objective and Subjective 66
3.3 Elementary Properties of Probability 68
3.4 Calculating the Probability of an Event 69
3.5 Bayes’ Theorem, Screening Tests, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value Positive and Negative 78
3.6 Summary 84
Review Questions and Exercises 85
References 90
4 Probability Distributions 92
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Probability Distributions of Discrete Variables 93
4.3 The Binomial Distribution 99
4.4 The Poisson Distribution 108
4.5 Continuous Probability Distributions 113
4.6 The Normal Distribution 116
4.7 Normal Distribution Applications 122
4.8 Summary 128
Review Questions and Exercises 130
References 133
5 Some Important Sampling Distributions 134
5.1 Introduction 134
5.2 Sampling Distributions 135
5.3 Distribution of the Sample Mean 136
5.4 Distribution of the Difference Between Two Sample Means 145
5.5 Distribution of the Sample Proportion 150
5.6 Distribution of the Difference Between Two Sample Proportions 154
5.7 Summary 157
Review Questions and Exercises 158
References 160
6 Estimation 161
6.1 Introduction 162
6.2 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean 165
6.3 The t Distribution 171
6.4 Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Population Means 177
6.5 Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion 185
6.6 Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Population Proportions 187
6.7 Determination of Sample Size for Estimating Means 189
6.8 Determination of Sample Size for Estimating Proportions 191
6.9 Confidence Interval for the Variance of a Normally Distributed Population 193
6.10 Confidence Interval for the Ratio of the Variances of Two Normally Distributed Populations 198
6.11 Summary 203
Review Questions and Exercises 205
References 210
7 Hypothesis Testing 214
7.1 Introduction 215
7.2 Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Mean 222
7.3 Hypothesis Testing: The Difference Between Two Population Means 236
7.4 Paired Comparisons 249
7.5 Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Proportion 257
7.6 Hypothesis Testing: The Difference Between Two Population Proportions 261
7.7 Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Variance 264
7.8 Hypothesis Testing: The Ratio of Two Population Variances 267
7.9 The Type II Error and the Power of a Test 272
7.10 Determining Sample Size to Control Type II Errors 277
7.11 Summary 280
Review Questions and Exercises 282
References 300
8 Analysis of Variance 304
8.1 Introduction 305
8.2 The Completely Randomized Design 308
8.3 The Randomized Complete Block Design 334
8.4 The Repeated Measures Design 346
8.5 The Factorial Experiment 358
8.6 Summary 373
Review Questions and Exercises 376
References 408
9 Simple Linear Regression and Correlation 413
9.1 Introduction 414
9.2 The Regression Model 414
9.3 The Sample Regression Equation 417
9.4 Evaluating the Regression Equation 427
9.5 Using the Regression Equation 441
9.6 The Correlation Model 445
9.7 The Correlation Coefficient 446
9.8 Some Precautions 459
9.9 Summary 460
Review Questions and Exercises 464
References 486
10 Multiple Regression and Correlation 489
10.1 Introduction 490
10.2 The Multiple Linear Regression Model 490
10.3 Obtaining the Multiple Regression Equation 492
10.4 Evaluating the Multiple Regression Equation 501
10.5 Using the Multiple Regression Equation 507
10.6 The Multiple Correlation Model 510
10.7 Summary 523
Review Questions and Exercises 525
References 537
11 Regression Analysis: Some Additional Techniques 539
11.1 Introduction 540
11.2 Qualitative Independent Variables 543
11.3 Variable Selection Procedures 560
11.4 Logistic Regression 569
11.5 Summary 582
Review Questions and Exercises 583
References 597
12 The Chi-Square Distribution and the Analysis of Frequencies 600
12.1 Introduction 601
12.2 The Mathematical Properties of the Chi-Square Distribution 601
12.3 Tests of Goodness-of-Fit 604
12.4 Tests of Independence 619
12.5 Tests of Homogeneity 630
12.6 The Fisher Exact Test 636
12.7 Relative Risk, Odds Ratio, and the Mantel–Haenszel Statistic 641
12.8 Summary 655
Review Questions and Exercises 657
References 666
13 Nonparametric and Distribution-Free Statistics 670
13.1 Introduction 671
13.2 Measurement Scales 672
13.3 The Sign Test 673
13.4 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Location 681
13.5 The Median Test 686
13.6 The Mann–Whitney Test 690
13.7 The Kolmogorov–Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test 698
13.8 The Kruskal–Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks 704
13.9 The Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks 712
13.10 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient 718
13.11 Nonparametric Regression Analysis 727
13.12 Summary 730
Review Questions and Exercises 732
References 747
14 Survival Analysis 750
14.1 Introduction 750
14.2 Time-to-Event Data and Censoring 751
14.3 The Kaplan–Meier Procedure 756
14.4 Comparing Survival Curves 763
14.5 Cox Regression: The Proportional Hazards Model 768
14.6 Summary 773
Review Questions and Exercises 774
References 777
15 Vital Statistics (Online)
www.wiley.com/college/daniel
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Death Rates and Ratios
15.3 Measures of Fertility
15.4 Measures of Morbidity
15.5 Summary
Review Questions and Exercises
References
Appendix: Statistical Tables A-1
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-107
Index I-1
