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9780781794046

Neurology for the Boards

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780781794046

  • ISBN10:

    0781794048

  • Edition: 3rd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2006-02-25
  • Publisher: LWW
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List Price: $101.32

Summary

Thoroughly updated for its Third Edition, Neurology for the Boards provides a comprehensive, methodical review of the neurology material candidates must master for the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology examination. The book equips neurologists and psychiatrists at all levels of training with the up-to-date knowledge required for both certification and recertification exams. Chapters are written in an easy-to-follow outline format that facilitates study and retention. This edition's new co-author, Paul R. Carney, MD, provides greatly expanded coverage of pediatric neurology in each chapter. Coverage of pain disorders--including headache, complex regional pain syndromes, and radiculopathy--has also been expanded.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the First Edition xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Embryology and Development
1(8)
Divisions
Basal and Alar Plates
Neural Tube Formation
Caudal Neural Tube Formation (Secondary Neurulation)
Disorders of Primary Neurulation
Disorders of Secondary Neurulation---Occult Dysraphic States
Disorders of Prosencephalic Development
Congenital Hydrocephalus
Dandy-Walker Malformation
Neuronal Proliferation and Migration Disorders
Neuronal Migration
Organizational Disorders of the Cortex
Disorders of Myelination
Primitive Reflexes
Normal Developmental Milestones
Anatomy
9(54)
The Cerebellum and Connections
External Architecture
Internal Architecture
Blood Supply
Functional Considerations and Tracts
Summary Table---Cerebellum and Connections
Thalamus
Function
Functional Subdivisions Specific Relay Nuclei
Nonspecific Nuclei
Association Nuclei
Subcortical Nuclei
Medial Mass
Lateral Mass
Anterior Thalamic Nucleus
Intralaminar Nuclei
Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
Blood Supply
Posteromedial Arteries (Thalamoperforating)
Posterolateral Arteries (Thalamogeniculate)
Posterior Choroidal Artery
Anterior Choroidal Artery
Clinical Correlates
Thalamic Aphasia
Nondominant Thalamic
Ventral Posterior Lesions
Lateral Geniculate Lesion
Bilateral Thalamic Lesions
Hypothalamus
Anatomy
Clinical Presentations
Limbic System
General Information
Components of the Limbic System
Connections of the Limbic System
Clinical Correlates
The Basal Ganglia
Function
Anatomy
Terminology
Functional Anatomy
Basal Ganglia Connections
The Pallidothalamic Connections
Connections---Summary
Clinical Application---Diseases of the Basal Ganglia
Cranial Nerves
Introduction---Definition of Functional Components
Cranial Nerve I---Olfactory Nerve
Cranial Nerve II---Optic Nerve
Cranial Nerve III---Oculomotor Nerve
Cranial Nerve IV---Trochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve V---Trigeminal Nerve
Cranial Nerve VI---Abducens Nerve
Cranial Nerve VII---Facial Nerve
Cranial Nerve VIII---Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve IX---Glossopharyngeal
Cranial Nerve X---Vagus Nerve
Cranial Nerve XI---Accessory
Cranial Nerve XII---Hypoglossal
Cranial Nerves and Associated Foramina
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Diseases
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Pathologic Considerations
Localization
Causes
Management
The Plexi and Extremities
Brachial Plexus
Peripheral Nerves of the Upper Extremity
Peripheral Nerves of the Lower Extremity
Bladder
Muscle
Anatomy
Muscle Contraction
Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction
Muscle Fiber Types
Motor Units and Control of Muscle Contraction
Muscle Spindles
The Stretch Reflex
Golgi Tendon Organs
Pharmacology
63(16)
Neurotransmitters and Receptors
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine (NE)
Dopamine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine
Taurine
Opioids
Substance P
Axonal Transport
Antidepressants
Depression-General Information
Classification of Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Classification
General Side Effects
Neurologic Side Effects
Drug-Specific Side Effects
Uses of Neuroleptics
Dopamine Pathways
Positive
Negative Theory of Schizophrenia
Drugs Associated with Nervous System Disorders
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
Cerebellar Disorders
Myopathy
Myalgias
Neuromuscular Transmission Abnormalities
Ototoxicity
Nystagmus
Parkinsonism
Physiologic Tremor
Myoclonus
Restless Leg Syndrome
Tics
Dystonia
Chorea
Asterixis
Akathisia
Leukoencephalopathy
Central Nervous System Infections
79(18)
Bacterial Meningitis
Subdural Empyema
Brain Abscess
Viral Meningitis
Atypical Bacterial Infections
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Spirochete Infections
Syphilis
Lyme
Viral Diseases
Poliomyelitis
Herpes Zoster (Varicella Zoster, Shingles)
Herpes Encephalitis
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Tropical Spastic Paraparesis
St. Louis Encephalitis, Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Rabies
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
West Nile Virus
Fungal Infections
Cryptococcus
Mucormycosis
Aspergillosis
Coccidiomycosis
Candidiasis
Prion Diseases
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Gerstmann-Straussler Disease
Kuru
Fatal Familial Insomnia
Parasitic Diseases
Naegleria Fowleri Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Toxoplasmosis
Trichinosis
Cysticercosis
Rickettsial Diseases
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Metabolic Disorders
97(22)
Glycogen Storage Diseases
Acid Maltase Deficiency (also known as Pompe Disease)
Muscle Phosphorylase Deficiency (McArdle Disease) Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
Muscle Phosphofructokinase Deficiency (Tauri Disease) Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII
Glycogen Storage Disease Quick Reference Table
Amino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acidemias
Glutaric Aciduria Type I
γ-Hydroxybutyric Aciduria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia
Urea Cycle Defects
Hartnup Disease---Amino Acid Transport Defect
Lowe Syndrome (Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome)
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Homocystinuria
Purine Metabolism
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Lipoprotein Metabolism
Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig Disease)
Tangier Disease
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
Porphyria
Subtypes Include Acute Intermittent Porphyria, Hereditary Coproporphyria, Variegate Porphyria
General Characteristics
Metal Metabolism
Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)
Kinky Hair Disease (Menkes Disease)
Sphingolipidoses
GM-2 Gangliosidosis
Fabry Disease
Gaucher Disease
Niemann-Pick Disease
White Matter Diseases
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Krabbe's Disease (Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy)
Adrenoleukodystrophy (Sudanophilic Cerebral Sclerosis)
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease (Tigroid Leukodystrophy)
Canavan Disease
Alexander Disease
Zellweger Syndrome
Peripheral nerve involvement is found in the following diseases
White Matter Disease Summary Table
Alcohol
Minor Withdrawal
Alcoholic Hallucinosis
Seizures
Delirium Tremens
Benzodiazepines
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Alcoholic Cerebellar Degeneration
Alcoholic Polyneuropathy
Marchiafava-Bignami Disease
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
Demyelinating Diseases
119(10)
Multiple Sclerosis
Epidemiology
Cause
Pathologic Findings
Presentation
Clinical Course
Prognosis
Diagnosis
Physical Examination
Imaging
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Evoked Potentials
Treatment
Differential Diagnosis
Cerebrovascular Diseases
129(16)
Transient Ischemic Attack
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Stroke
Epidemiology
Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
Stroke Subtypes
Vascular Distributions
Venous Sinuses
Stroke in the Young Adult
Evaluation
Treatment
Hemorrhage
Cause
Location of Hypertensive Hemorrhages
Subdural Hematoma
Epidural Hematoma
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA)
Radiology
Neuro-Oncology
145(18)
Central Nervous System Tumors and Neuropathology
Introduction
Grading Systems for Astrocytic Tumors
Glial Tumors
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET)
Tumors of the Nerve Sheath and Meninges
Neuronal Cell Tumors
Pituitary Tumors
Pineal Region Tumors
Choroid Plexus Tumors
Other Primary CNS Tumors
CNS Tumors---Quick Reference Tables and Lists
Metastatic Tumors
Most Common Tumors by Location
Tumors that commonly present radiographically
grossly as a cyst containing a mural nodule
Rosenthal Fibers
When You Hear . . . Think of . . . (most commonly associated with)
Miscellaneous Cellular Alterations of Note (not neoplastic)
Nervous System Complications of Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Brain Edema and Herniation Syndromes
Three Types of Brain Edema
Herniation Syndromes
Neuromuscular Diseases
163(48)
General Approach to Peripheral Neuropathies
Evaluation and Classification
Treatment
Peripheral Neuropathy Syndromes
Acute Ascending Motor Neuropathy with Variable Sensory Disturbance
Subacute Sensorimotor Paralysis
Syndrome of Chronic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy (less chronic acquired forms)
Syndrome of Hereditary Chronic Polyneuropathy (tends to be more chronic than acquired, progressive, symmetrical, and degenerative neuropathies)
Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathies
Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre Syndrome)
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Plexopathies
Brachial Plexopathy Syndromes
Lumbosacral Plexopathy Syndromes
Myasthenic Syndromes
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
Special Forms of Myasthenia
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Botulism
Myasthenic Syndromes in Childhood
Juvenile Myasthenia
Neonatal Myasthenia
Congenital Myasthenia
Myopathy
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Limb Girdle Dystrophy
Facio-scapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (Humeroperoneal)
Oculopharyngeal Dystrophy
Myotonic Dystrophy
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
Myotonia Congenita (Thomsen Disease)
Central Core Disease
Centronuclear (Myotubular) Myopathy
Nemaline Rod Myopathy
Neuromyotonia (Isaac Disease)
Stiff-Person Syndrome (Moersch-Woltman Syndrome)
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Inclusion Body Myositis
Laboratory Evaluation for Muscle Diseases
Periodic Paralysis
Periodic Paralysis Quick Reference Table
Other Periodic Paralysis Subtypes
Dystonia
Dystonia
Treatment
Epilepsy
211(16)
Seizures
Definitions
Classification
Cause of Seizures
Evaluation
Treatment
Prognostic Factors for Stopping Antiepiletic Drugs
Drug-Drug Interactions
Nonepileptic Events (nonepileptic seizures, pseudoseizures)
Neonatal Seizures
Neurophysiology
227(16)
Electroencephalography
Origin of the Electroencephalogram (EEG)
EEG Recording
Normal Adult EEG
Sleep
Neonatal EEG
Abnormal EEG
Epilepsy
Electrocerebral Silence---EEG Settings and Results
Electromyography
Nerve Conduction Studies
Neuromuscular Junction
Miniature End Plate Potential (MEPP)
End-Plate Potential (EPP)
Motor Unit Potential (MUP)
Compound Motor Action Potential (CMAP)
Compound Nerve Action Potential
Nerve Conduction Studies
Electromyography (EMG)
Single-Fiber EMG
Repetitive Nerve Stimulation Test
Evoked Potentials
Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP)
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEP)
Central Nervous System Degenerative Disorders
243(44)
Delirium/Dementia
Definitions
Characteristics of Delirium (think delirium tremens)
Causes of Delirium
Evaluation
Management
Characteristics of Dementia
Relative Frequency of Types
Causes of Dementia
Dementia and Delirium Quick Reference Table
Dementia Deficits Table
Evaluation
General Management (Specifics depend on underlying cause)
Central Nervous System Degenerative Diseases
Dementias
Movement Disorders
Inherited Ataxias---Early Onset
Inherited Ataxias---Late Onset
Degenerative Diseases of the Spinal Cord---Predominantly Upper Motor Neuron
Degenerative Diseases of the Spinal Cord---Predominantly Lower Motor Neuron
Degenerative Diseases of the Spinal Cord---Mixed Upper and Lower Motor Neuron
Tremor
Definition, Phenomenology, and Classification
Specific Tremor Syndromes
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Tuberous Sclerosis
Neurofibromatosis Type I (Peripheral)
Neurofibromatosis Type II (Central)
Sturge-Weber Syndrome (Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis)
Familial Telangiectasia (Osler-Rendu-Weber Syndrome)
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (Hemangioblastoma of the Cerebellum)
Ataxia-Telangiectasia (Louis-Bar Syndrome)
Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases
Basic Principles
Trinucleotide repeat diseases
Mitochondrial Disorders
Genetics
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
Normal Age-Related Neurologic Changes
Transplant Neurology
287(2)
Transplant Neurology---Complications
Glucocorticoids
Methotrexate
Anti-CD3
Cytarabine
Cyclosporine
FK-506-similar to cyclosporin
Graft-Versus-Host Disease---usually in bone marrow transplant patients
Neuro-Ophthalmology
289(6)
Ophthalmology
Nystagmus
Cerebellar Lesions
Frontal Lesions
Parietal Lesions
Parinaud Syndrome
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome (cavernous sinus syndrome)
Miller-Fisher Variant of Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Guillain Barre Syndromes
Pituitary Apoplexy
Argyll-Robertson Syndrome
Balint Syndrome
Optic Disc Edema
Ptosis
Blepharospasm
Intranuclear Ophthalmoplegia
One-and-a-half syndrome
Functional Ophthalmology
Pain
295(34)
Headache
General Considerations
Headache Classification (Derived from the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition)
Migraine Headache
Tension-Type Headache (TTH)
Cluster Headache
Hemicrania Continua
Paroxysmal Hemicrania
Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks with Conjunctival Injection and Tearing (SUNCT)
Hypnic Headache
New Daily Persistent Headache
Medication Overuse Headache
Primary Cough Headache
Primary Exertional Headache
Primary Headache Associated with Sexual Activity
Primary Thunderclap Headache (``crash'' migraine)
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Occipital Neuralgia
Giant Cell Arteritis
Headache of Aneurismal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Headache Associated with Vascular Dissection
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebrii)
Low-Pressure Headache
Headache of Brain Tumors
Sinus Headache
Neck Pain
Epidemiology
Cause
Treatment
Low Back Pain
Epidemiology
Cause
Evaluation
Treatment
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Definitions
Epidemiology
Pathophyiology
Evaluation
Laboratory/Imaging (not essential for diagnosis)
Treatment
Neuroimaging
329(6)
Neuroimaging
Computed Tomograph Density
Computed Tomography in Stroke
Computed Tomography in Hemorrhage
High Precontrast Computed Tomography Density with Intense Contrast Enhancement
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
T1-Weighted Imaging
T2-Weighted Imaging
MRI in Hemorrhage
Sulcal Enhancement
Enhancing Ventricular Margins
MRI Visualization of Myelination
Features of Hippocampal Sclerosis
Dementia Guidelines
Ultrasonography
Positron Emission Tomography
Single Proton Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Autoimmune Antibodies
335(2)
Paraneoplastic Autoantibodies
Peripheral Neuropathy Antibodies
Autonomic Nervous System Testing
337(2)
Anatomy and Physiology
Valsalva Maneuver
Heart Rate Response to Deep Breathing (Cardiovagal-Parasympathetic)
Heart Rate Response to Standing
Tilt Table Testing (Adrenergic)
Blood Pressure Response to Hand Grip
Thermoregulatory Sweat Test
Silastic Imprint Test
Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QSART)
Coma and Head Injury
339(2)
Glasgow Coma Scale
Respiratory Patterns Associated with Coma
Pupillary Findings Associated with Coma
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Elevated Intracranial Pressure Management
Sleep
341(8)
Basic Science
Circadian Control of Sleep-Wakefulness
Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Parasomnias
Narcolepsy
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Insomnia
Restless Legs and PLMs
Dizziness
349(2)
Central and Peripheral Causes of Nystagmus
Characteristics of Central and Peripheral Nystagmus
Characteristics of Peripheral Causes of Vertigo
Treatment
Behavioral Neurology
351(8)
Aphasia
Dyslexia
Agraphia
Apraxia
Visual Agnosia
Auditory Agnosia
Sensory Agnosia
Cortical Localization
Aphasia
Neuropsychologic Evaluation
APPENDIX
359(4)
Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus---Treatment Protocol
Treatment Protocol
Brain Death Criteria
Prerequisites
Cardinal Features
Optional Confirmatory Tests
Medical Record Documentation
Brain Death Criteria in Children
Prerequisites
Cardinal Features
Observation and Confirmatory Tests by Age
What Is Your Diagnosis?
Index 363

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