The performance of software systems is dramatically affected by how well software designers understand the basic hardware technologies at work in a system. Similarly, hardware designers must understand the far reaching effects their design decisions have on software applications. For readers in either category, this classic introduction to the field provides a deep look into the computer. It demonstrates the relationship between the software and hardware and focuses on the foundational concepts that are the basis for current computer design. Using a distinctive "learning by evolution" approach the authors present each idea from its first principles, guiding readers through a series of worked examples that incrementally add more complex instructions until they have acquired an understanding of the entire MIPS instruction set and the fundamentals of assembly language. Computer arithmetic, pipelining, and memory hierarchies are treated to the same evolutionary approach with worked examples and incremental drawings supporting each new level of sophistication. The design, performance, and significance of I/O systems is also discussed in depth, and an entire chapter is devoted to the emerging architectures of multiprocessor systems. * Real Stuff provides relevant, tangible examples of how the concepts from the chapter are implemented in commercially successful products. * Fallacies and Pitfalls share the hard-won lessons of the authors and other designers in industry. * Big Pictures allow the reader to keep major insights in focus while studying the details. * Key terms, all fully defined in an end-of-book glossary, summarize the essential ideas introduced in the chapter.

John L. Hennessy is the president of Stanford University, where he has been a member of the faculty since 1977 in the department of electrical engineering and computer science. David A. Patterson is currently serving on the IT advisory committee to the U.S. President and has just been elected President of the A.C.M.

Foreword

vi

(7)

John H. Crawford

Worked Examples

xiii

(3)

Computer Organization and Design Online

xvi

(3)

Preface

xix

1 Computer Abstractions and Technology

2

(50)

1.1 Introduction

3

(2)

1.2 Below Your Program

5

(5)

1.3 Under the Covers

10

(11)

1.4 Integrated Circuits: Fueling Innovation

21

(3)

1.5 Real Stuff: Manufacturing Pentium Chips

24

(5)

1.6 Fallacies and Pitfalls

29

(1)

1.7 Concluding Remarks

30

(2)

1.8 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

32

(12)

1.9 Key Terms

44

(1)

1.10 Exercises

45

(7)

2 The Role of Performance

52

(52)

2.1 Introduction

54

(4)

2.2 Measuring Performance

58

(2)

2.3 Relating the Metrics

60

(6)

2.4 Choosing Programs to Evaluate Performance

66

(3)

2.5 Comparing and Summarizing Performance

69

(2)

2.6 Real Stuff: The SPEC95 Benchmarks and Performance of Recent Processors

71

(4)

2.7 Fallacies and Pitfalls

75

(7)

2.8 Concluding Remarks

82

(1)

2.9 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

83

(6)

2.10 Key Terms

89

(1)

2.11 Exercises

90

(14)

3 Instructions: Language of the Machine

104

(104)

3.1 Introduction

106

(1)

3.2 Operations of the Computer Hardware

107

(2)

3.3 Operands of the Computer Hardware

109

(7)

3.4 Representing Instructions in the Computer

116

(6)

3.5 Instructions for Making Decisions

122

(10)

3.6 Supporting Procedures in Computer Hardware

132

(10)

3.7 Beyond Numbers

142

(3)

3.8 Other Styles of MIPS Addressing

145

(11)

3.9 Starting a Program

156

(7)

3.10 An Example to Put It All Together

163

(8)

3.11 Arrays versus Pointers

171

(4)

3.12 Real Stuff: PowerPC and 80x86 Instructions

175

(10)

3.13 Fallacies and Pitfalls

185

(2)

3.14 Concluding Remarks

187

(2)

3.15 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

189

(7)

3.16 Key Terms

196

(1)

3.17 Exercises

196

(12)

4 Arithmetic for Computers

208

(128)

4.1 Introduction

210

(1)

4.2 Signed and Unsigned Numbers

210

(10)

4.3 Addition and Subtraction

220

(5)

4.4 Logical Operations

225

(5)

4.5 Constructing an Arithmetic Logic Unit

230

(20)

4.6 Multiplication

250

(15)

4.7 Division

265

(10)

4.8 Floating Point

275

(26)

4.9 Real Stuff: Floating Point in the PowerPC and 80x86

301

(3)

4.10 Fallacies and Pitfalls

304

(4)

4.11 Concluding Remarks

308

(4)

4.12 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

312

(10)

4.13 Key Terms

322

(1)

4.14 Exercises

322

(14)

5 The Processor: Datapath and Control

336

(98)

5.1 Introduction

338

(5)

5.2 Building a Datapath

343

(8)

5.3 A Simple Implementation Scheme

351

(26)

5.4 A Multicycle Implementation

377

(22)

5.5 Microprogramming: Simplifying Control Design

399

(11)

5.6 Exceptions

410

(6)

5.7 Real Stuff: The Pentium Pro Implementation

416

(3)

5.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls

419

(2)

5.9 Concluding Remarks

421

(2)

5.10 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

423

(3)

5.11 Key Terms

426

(1)

5.12 Exercises

427

(7)

6 Enhancing Performance with Pipelining

434

(104)

6.1 An Overview of Pipelining

436

(13)

6.2 A Pipelined Datapath

449

(17)

6.3 Pipelined Control

466

(10)

6.4 Data Hazards and Forwarding

476

(13)

6.5 Data Hazards and Stalls

489

(7)

6.6 Branch Hazards

496

(9)

6.7 Exceptions

505

(5)

6.8 Superscalar and Dynamic Pipelining

510

(7)

6.9 Real Stuff: PowerPC 604 and Pentium Pro Pipelines

517

(3)

6.10 Fallacies and Pitfalls

520

(1)

6.11 Concluding Remarks

521

(4)

6.12 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

525

(4)

6.13 Key Terms

529

(1)

6.14 Exercises

529

(9)

7 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy

538

(98)

7.1 Introduction

540

(5)

7.2 The Basics of Caches

545

(19)

7.3 Measuring and Improving Cache Performance

564

(15)

7.4 Virtual Memory

579

(24)

7.5 A Common Framework for Memory Hierarchies

603

(8)

7.6 Real Stuff: The Pentium Pro and PowerPC 604 Memory Hierarchies

611

(4)

7.7 Fallacies and Pitfalls

615

(3)

7.8 Concluding Remarks

618

(3)

7.9 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

621

(6)

7.10 Key Terms

627

(1)

7.11 Exercises

628

(8)

8 Interfacing Processors and Peripherals

636

(74)

8.1 Introduction

638

(3)

8.2 I/O Performance Measures: Some Examples from Disk and File Systems

641

(3)

8.3 Types and Characteristics of I/O Devices

644

(11)

8.4 Buses: Connecting I/O Devices to Processor and Memory

655

(18)

8.5 Interfacing I/O Devices to the Memory, Processor, and Operating System

673

(11)

8.6 Designing an I/O System

684

(3)

8.7 Real Stuff: A Typical Desktop I/O System

687

(1)

8.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls

688

(2)

8.9 Concluding Remarks

690

(4)

8.10 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

694

(6)

8.11 Key Terms

700

(1)

8.12 Exercises

700

(10)

9 Multiprocessors

710

9.1 Introduction

712

(2)

9.2 Programming Multiprocessors

714

(3)

9.3 Multiprocessors Connected by a Single Bus

717

(10)

9.4 Multiprocessors Connected by a Network

727

(7)

9.5 Clusters

734

(2)

9.6 Network Topologies

736

(4)

9.7 Real Stuff: Future Directions for Multiprocessors

740

(3)

9.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls

743

(3)

9.9 Concluding Remarks--Evolution versus Revolution in Computer Architecture

746

(2)

9.10 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

748

(8)

9.11 Key Terms

756

(1)

9.12 Exercises

756

APPENDICES

A Assemblers, Linkers, and the SPIM Simulator

A-2

James R. Larus, University of Wisconsin

A.1 Introduction

A-3

A.2 Assemblers

A-10

A.3 Linkers

A-17

A.4 Loading

A-19

A.5 Memory Usage

A-20

A.6 Procedure Call Convention

A-22

A.7 Exceptions and Interrupts

A-32

A.8 Input and Output

A-36

A.9 SPIM

A-38

A.10 MIPS R2000 Assembly Language

A-49

A.11 Concluding Remarks

A-75

A.12 Key Terms

A-76

A.13 Exercises

A-76

B The Basics of Logic Design

B-2

B.1 Introduction

B-3

B.2 Gates, Truth Tables, and Logic Equations

B-4

B.3 Combinational Logic

B-8

B.4 Clocks

B-18

B.5 Memory Elements

B-21

B.6 Finite State Machines

B-35

B.7 Timing Methodologies

B-39

B.8 Concluding Remarks

B-44

B.9 Key Terms

B-45

B.10 Exercises

B-45

C Mapping Control to Hardware

C-2

C.1 Introduction

C-3

C.2 Implementing Combinational Control Units

C-4

C.3 Implementing Finite State Machine Control

C-8

C.4 Implementing the Next-State Function with a Sequencer

C-21

C.5 Translating a Microprogram to Hardware

C-28

C.6 Concluding Remarks

C-31

C.7 Key Terms

C-32

C.8 Exercises

C-32

Glossary

G-1

Index

I-1

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.