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9780470095041

Charge Transport in Disordered Solids with Applications in Electronics

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780470095041

  • ISBN10:

    0470095040

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2006-09-22
  • Publisher: WILEY
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Summary

The field of charge conduction in disordered materials is a rapidly evolving area owing to current and potential applications of these materials in various electronic devicesThis text aims to cover conduction in disordered solids from fundamental physical principles and theories, through practical material development with an emphasis on applications in all areas of electronic materials.International group of contributorsPresents basic physical concepts developed in this field in recent years in a uniform mannerBrings up-to-date, in a one-stop source, a key evolving area in the field of electronic materials

Author Biography

Sergei Baranovski is based in the Department of Physics at the Phillips University of Marburg in Germany. His research in semiconductors began in the research group of Shklovskii and Efros (see competitive titles). He has given numerous lectures at international meetings, particularly in the series of ICAMS conferences (Intl. Conf. On Amorphous and Microcrystalline Semiconductors). His main focus of research is in organic disordered materials, including work on charge transport in biological systems.

Table of Contents

Series Preface xiii
Preface xv
1 Charge Transport via Delocalized States in Disordered Materials
1(48)
Igor Zvyagin
1.1 Introduction
2(2)
1.2 Transport by Electrons in Extended States Far from the Mobility Edges
4(10)
1.2.1 Weak-scattering theories
4(6)
1.2.2 Weak localization
10(2)
1.2.3 Interaction effects
12(2)
1.3 Scaling Theory of Localization
14(12)
1.3.1 Main ideas of the scaling theory of localization
14(1)
1.3.2 The main equations of one-parameter scaling
15(3)
1.3.3 Model solutions
18(4)
1.3.4 Some predictions of the scaling theory
22(2)
1.3.5 Minimum metallic conductivity
24(2)
1.4 Extended-state Conduction in Three Dimensions
26(7)
1.4.1 Activated conduction
26(2)
1.4.2 Extended-state conduction near the metal–insulator transition
28(5)
1.5 Apparent Mobility Edge and Extended-state Conduction in Two-dimensional Systems
33(10)
1.5.1 Experimental studies of the mobility edge in low-mobility two-dimensional systems
33(1)
1.5.2 Evidence for a true metal–insulator transition in high-mobility two-dimensional systems
34(3)
1.5.3 Evidence against a true metal–insulator transition in two-dimensional systems
37(1)
1.5.4 Temperature-dependent charge carrier scattering
38(5)
1.6 Conclusions
43(1)
References
44(5)
2 Description of Charge Transport in Amorphous Semiconductors
49(48)
Sergei Baranovski and Oleg Rubel
2.1 Introduction
49(2)
2.2 General Remarks on Charge Transport in Disordered Materials
51(4)
2.3 Hopping Charge Transport in Disordered Materials via Localized States
55(8)
2.3.1 Nearest-neighbor hopping
57(3)
2.3.2 Variable-range hopping
60(3)
2.4 Description of Charge-carrier Energy Relaxation and Hopping Conduction in Inorganic Noncrystalline Materials
63(10)
2.4.1 Dispersive transport in disordered materials
64(5)
2.4.2 The concept of the transport energy
69(4)
2.5 Einstein's Relationship for Hopping Electrons
73(3)
2.5.1 Nonequilibrium charge carriers
73(2)
2.5.2 Equilibrium charge carriers
75(1)
2.6 Steady-state Photoconductivity
76(7)
2.6.1 Low-temperature photoconductivity
77(4)
2.6.2 Temperature dependence of the photoconductivity
81(2)
2.7 Thermally Stimulated Currents—a Tool to Determine DOS?
83(4)
2.8 Dark Conductivity in Amorphous Semiconductors
87(3)
2.9 Nonlinear Field Effects
90(3)
2.10 Concluding Remarks
93(1)
References
93(4)
3 Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon—Material Properties and Device Applications
97(52)
Walther Fuhs
3.1 Introduction
97(2)
3.2 Preparation and Structural Properties of Amorphous Silicon
99(5)
3.3 Density of States Distribution in the Energy Gap
104(9)
3.3.1 Model of the density of states distribution
104(1)
3.3.2 Band-tail states
105(2)
3.3.3 Deep defect states
107(6)
3.4 Optical Properties
113(2)
3.5 Transport Properties
115(6)
3.6 Recombination of Excess Carriers
121(9)
3.6.1 Low-temperature regime (T less than 60 K) 122
3.6.2 High-temperature regime (T > 60K)
127(3)
3.7 Device Applications
130(7)
3.7.1 Schottky barrier diodes
131(1)
3.7.2 p-i-n: diodes
132(2)
3.7.3 Thin-film transistors
134(3)
3.8 Thin-film Solar Cells
137(6)
References
143(6)
4 Applications of Disordered Semiconductors in Modern Electronics: Selected Examples
149(30)
Safa Kasap, John Rowlands, Kenkichi Tanioka and Arokia Nathan
4.1 Perspectives on Amorphous Semiconductors
149(2)
4.2 Direct Conversion Digital X-ray Image Detectors
151(1)
4.3 X-ray Photoconductors
152(2)
4.4 Stabilized Amorphous Selenium (a-Se)
154(3)
4.5 Avalanche Multiplication and Ultra-high-sensitive HARP Video Tube
157(3)
4.6 Avalanche Multiplication in Amorphous Semiconductors
160(5)
4.7 Future Imaging Applications with a-Se HARP
165(2)
4.8 Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Thin-film Transistors
167(3)
4.9 TFT Backplanes for Organic Light-emitting Diode Displays and Flat-panel X-ray Imagers
170(5)
4.9.1 Active matrix organic light-emitting diode displays
170(3)
4.9.2 Active pixel sensors for digital fluoroscopy
173(2)
References
175(4)
5 The Investigation of Charge Carrier Recombination and Hopping Transport with Pulsed Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance Techniques
179(42)
Christoph Boehme and Klaus Lips
5.1 Introduction
180(2)
5.2 Spin-dependent Recombination
182(7)
5.3 Spin-dependent Hopping Transport
189(5)
5.4 The Theory of a pEDMR Experiment
194(6)
5.4.1 Rabi oscillation and the discrimination of spin coupling
195(3)
5.4.2 Recombination and hopping echoes and the determination of transitions times
198(2)
5.5 Experimental Foundations of Pulsed EDMR
200(6)
5.5.1 Current detection
201(1)
5.5.2 Sample design
202(2)
5.5.3 Microwave-induced currents
204(2)
5.5.4 Limitations of pEDMR experiments
206(1)
5.6 PEDMR on Transport Channels Through n-a-Si:H
206(7)
5.6.1 Detection of transport transitions
207(2)
5.6.2 Observation of Rabi oscillation
209(2)
5.6.3 Coherence decay and hopping times
211(2)
5.7 Discussion of the Experimental Results
213(2)
5.8 Conclusions
215(2)
5.9 Summary
217(1)
References
218(3)
6 Description of Charge Transport in Disordered Organic Materials
221(46)
Sergei Baranovski and Oleg Rubel
6.1 Introduction
222(2)
6.2 Characteristic Experimental Observations and the Model for Charge Carrier Transport in Random Organic Semiconductors
224(4)
6.3 Energy Relaxation of Charge Carriers in a Gaussian DOS. Transition from Dispersive to Nondispersive Transport
228(2)
6.4 Theoretical Treatment of Charge Carrier Transport in Random Organic Semiconductors
230(13)
6.4.1 Averaging of hopping rates
230(3)
6.4.2 Percolation approach
233(1)
6.4.3 Transport energy for a Gaussian DOS
233(2)
6.4.4 Calculations of τrel and μ
235(6)
6.4.5 Saturation effects
241(2)
6.5 Theoretical Treatment of Charge Carrier Transport in One-dimensional Disordered Organic Systems
243(12)
6.5.1 General analytical formulas
245(1)
6.5.2 Drift mobility in the random-barrier model
246(2)
6.5.3 Drift mobility in the Gaussian disorder model
248(3)
6.5.4 Mesoscopic effects for the drift mobility
251(2)
6.5.5 Drift mobility in the random-energy model with correlated disorder (CDM)
253(1)
6.5.6 Hopping in 1D systems: beyond the nearest-neighbor approximation
254(1)
6.6 On the Relation Between Carrier Mobility and Diffusivity in Disordered Organic Systems
255(3)
6.7 On the Description of Coulomb Effects caused by Doping in Disordered Organic Semiconductors
258(4)
6.8 Concluding remarks
262(1)
References
263(4)
7 Device Applications of Organic Materials
267(40)
Elizabeth von Hauff, Carsten Deibel and Vladimir Dyakonov
7.1 Introduction
267(1)
7.2 Charge Transport in Disordered Organic Semiconductors
268(7)
7.2.1 Electrical conduction in carbon-based materials
269(1)
7.2.2 Hopping transport
270(1)
7.2.3 Injection into organic semiconductors
270(7)
7.2.4 Space-charge-limited currents
277
7.2.5 Charge carrier mobility
273(2)
7.3 Experimental Characterization of Charge Transport Properties
275(10)
7.3.1 Time-of-flight transient photoconductivity
276(2)
7.3.2 Charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage
278(1)
7.3.3 Current–voltage measurements
279(1)
7.3.4 Field-effect transistor measurements
280(5)
7.4 Advances in Organic Electronics
285(12)
7.4.1 Device fabrication
285(1)
7.4.2 Organic light-emitting diodes
286(2)
7.4.3 Organic field-effect transistors
288(2)
7.4.4 Organic memory
290(1)
7.4.5 Organic photovoltaics
291(5)
7.4.6 Organic lasers
296(1)
7.5 Conclusions
297(1)
References
297(10)
8 Generation, Recombination and Transport of Nonequilibrium Carriers in Polymer–Semiconductor Nanocomposites
307(32)
H.E. Ruda and Alexander Shik
8.1 Introduction
307(1)
8.2 Basic Features of Polymer–Semiconductor Nanocomposites
308(1)
8.3 Energy Band Diagram and Optical Absorption
309(3)
8.4 Excitons
312(2)
8.5 Potential Relief at High Excitation Level
314(4)
8.6 Photoconductivity
318(1)
8.7 Photoluminescence
319(6)
8.7.1 Luminescence spectrum and Stokes shift
319(1)
8.7.2 Exciton capture by NCs
320(5)
8.8 Diode Nanocomposite Structures
325(1)
8.9 Carrier Capture by Nanocrystals in an External Electric Field
326(2)
8.10 Theory of Nanocomposite Light Emitters
328(5)
8.10.1 Basic equations
328(1)
8.10.2 Current–voltage characteristic
329(1)
8.10.3 Quantum yield of NC electroluminescence
330(3)
8.11 Electro–Luminescence vs Photoluminescence
333(1)
8.12 Polymer–Dielectric Nanocomposites
334(1)
8.13 Concluding Comments
334(1)
References
335(4)
9 AC Hopping Transport in Disordered Materials
339(40)
Igor Zvyagin
9.1 Introduction
339(4)
9.2 Universality and Scaling
343(3)
9.3 Phononless AC Conductivity
346(4)
9.4 Phonon-assisted AC Conductivity in the Pair Approximation
350(7)
9.4.1 Model
350(3)
9.4.2 AC conductivity for noninteracting electrons in the pair approximation
353(2)
9.4.3 Pair approximation for interacting electrons
355(1)
9.4.4 Crossover from phonon-assisted to phononless regime
356(1)
9.4.5 Different tunneling mechanisms
356(1)
9.5 Multiple Hopping Regime
357(6)
9.5.1 Frequency-dependent cluster construction
357(2)
9.5.2 AC current and conductivity
359(1)
9.5.3 Frequency range for the multiple hopping regime
360(3)
9.6 Classical hopping
363(6)
9.6.1 Pike's model
363(2)
9.6.2 Random barrier models for ionic conduction
365(3)
9.6.3 Nearly constant loss
368(1)
9.7 Conclusions
369(2)
Appendix 9.1 Frequency Response of a Finite Isolated Cluster
371(3)
Appendix 9.2 Size Distribution of Finite Clusters
374(1)
References
375(4)
10 Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Amorphous and Nanostructured Materials 379(24)
Bernhard Boling
10.1 Introduction
380(1)
10.2 Prerequisites for Ionic Conduction in Solids
381(1)
10.3 Glasses
382(6)
10.3.1 Spatial extent of subdiffusive ion dynamics
382(2)
10.3.2 Dynamic heterogeneities probed by multidimensional NMR techniques
384(1)
10.3.3 New information about ion transport pathways from reverse Monte Carlo modeling and bond valence calculations
384(1)
10.3.4 New information about empty sites and transport mechanisms from molecular dynamics simulations
385(1)
10.3.5 Field-dependent conductivity of thin glass samples
386(2)
10.4 Amorphous Polymer Electrolytes
388(4)
10.4.1 Salt-in-polymer electrolytes
388(2)
10.4.2 Gel electrolytes
390(1)
10.4.3 Polymer-in-salt electrolytes
390(1)
10.4.4 'Hairy-rod' polymer electrolytes
391(1)
10.5 Nanocrystalline Materials and Composites
392(1)
10.6 Heterostructures
393(1)
10.7 Nano- and Mesostructured Glass Ceramics
393(3)
10.8 Nanocomposite and Nanogel Electrolytes
396(2)
10.9 Hybrid Electrolytes
398(1)
10.10 Summary and Conclusions
398(5)
References 400:
11 Applications of Ion Transport in Disordered Solids: Electrochemical Micro-ionics 403(30)
Philippe Vinatier and Yohann Hamon
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Materials and Ionic Conductivity
405(6)
11.2.1 Glasses
405(3)
11.2.2 Ionic conductivity in glasses
408(1)
11.2.3 Thin-film preparation
409(2)
11.3 Lithium-ion-conducting Oxide Glasses in Micro-sources of Power
411(7)
11.3.1 Principle of lithium microbatteries and related systems
411(2)
11.3.2 Requirements of thin-film electrolytes for electrochemical microsystems
413(1)
11.3.3 Electrolyte materials used in electrochemical microsystems
414(3)
11.3.4 Resulting devices
417(1)
11.4 Silver-ion-conducting Chalcogenide Glasses in Solid-state Ionic Memories and Sensors
418(8)
11.4.1 Solid-state ionic memory
418(4)
11.4.2 Sensors
422(4)
11.5 Conclusions
426(1)
References
426(7)
12 DNA Conduction: the Issue of Static Disorder, Dynamic Fluctuations and Environmental Effects 433(32)
Rafael Gutiérrez, Danny Porath and Gianaurelio Cuniberti
12.1 Introduction
433(3)
12.2 Charge Transport Experiments in DNA Oligomers
436(17)
12.2.1 Single-molecule transport experiments
438(11)
12.2.2 Transport experiments on bundles and networks
449(4)
12.3 Theoretical Aspects of DNA Conduction
453(6)
12.3.1 Static disorder
453(1)
12.3.2 Dynamical disorder
454(2)
12.3.3 Environmental effects
456(3)
12.4 Conclusions
459(1)
References
460(5)
Index 465

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