Java Generics was probably the most important feature added to the Java Language for Java 5.0. This book, written by one of the designers of generics, is a thorough explanation of how to use generics, and particularly, the effect this facility has on the way you use collections. Generics and collections allow for greater reuse of source code. While the benefits are great, it takes extra effort for developers to generify code. This book explains why the effort is well worth the gains and teaches Java developers how to use a generic library, how to write a generic library and specify collection types, and how to generify an existing library of legacy code. Java Generics and Collections provides helpful hints and exercises that show the reader how to avoid the pitfalls of generics and speed up their Java development process.

Maurice Naftalin is Director of Software Development at Morningside Light Ltd., a software consultancy in the United Kingdom. Maurice consults mainly in object-oriented technologies and teaches Java classes part-time at Learning Tree. He has three decades' experience as a programmer, team leader, and commercial trainer.

Philip Wadler is a professor of theoretical computer science at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, where his research focuses on functional and logic programming. He co-authored the Generic Java standard that became the basis for generics in Sun's Java 5.0 and also contributed to the XQuery language standard base. Professor Wadler received his Ph.D., in computer science from Carnegie-Mellon University and co-wrote "Introduction to Functional Programming" (Prentice-Hall).

Preface

xiii

Part I Generics

Introduction

3

(12)

Generics

4

(3)

Boxing and Unboxing

7

(2)

Foreach

9

(1)

Generic Methods and Varargs

10

(3)

Assertions

13

(2)

Subtyping and Wildcards

15

(16)

Subtyping and the Substitution Principle

15

(2)

Wildcards with extends

17

(1)

Wildcards with super

18

(1)

The Get and Put Principle

19

(3)

Arrays

22

(3)

Wildcards Versus Type Parameters

25

(2)

Wildcard Capture

27

(1)

Restrictions on Wildcards

28

(3)

Comparison and Bounds

31

(22)

Comparable

31

(3)

Maximum of a Collection

34

(2)

A Fruity Example

36

(1)

Comparator

37

(6)

Enumerated Types

43

(4)

Multiple Bounds

47

(1)

Bridges

48

(2)

Covariant Overriding

50

(3)

Declarations

53

(8)

Constructors

53

(1)

Static Members

54

(1)

Nested Classes

55

(3)

How Erasure Works

58

(3)

Evolution, Not Revolution

61

(14)

Legacy Library with Legacy Client

62

(1)

Generic Library with Generic Client

62

(2)

Generic Library with Legacy Client

64

(3)

Legacy Library with Generic Client

67

(6)

Evolving a Library using Minimal Changes

67

(3)

Evolving a Library using Stubs

70

(1)

Evolving a Library using Wrappers

71

(2)

Conclusions

73

(2)

Reification

75

(24)

Reifiable Types

75

(1)

Instance Tests and Casts

76

(5)

Exception Handling

81

(2)

Array Creation

83

(1)

The Principle of Truth in Advertising

84

(5)

The Principle of Indecent Exposure

89

(2)

How to Define ArrayList

91

(1)

Array Creation and Varargs

92

(3)

Arrays as a Deprecated Type?

95

(2)

Summing Up

97

(2)

Reflection

99

(14)

Generics for Reflection

99

(2)

Reflected Types are Reifiable Types

101

(2)

Reflection for Primitive Types

103

(1)

A Generic Reflection Library

103

(3)

Reflection for Generics

106

(2)

Reflecting Generic Types

108

(5)

Effective Generics

113

(14)

Take Care when Calling Legacy Code

113

(2)

Use Checked Collections to Enforce Security

115

(1)

Specialize to Create Reifiable Types

116

(5)

Maintain Binary Compatibility

121

(6)

Design Patterns

127

(24)

Visitor

127

(4)

Interpreter

131

(1)

Function

132

(3)

Strategy

135

(6)

Subject-Observer

141

(10)

Part II Collections

The Main Interfaces of the Java Collections Framework

151

(2)

Preliminaries

153

(14)

Iterable and Iterators

153

(2)

Implementations

155

(1)

Efficiency and the O-Notation

156

(1)

Contracts

157

(2)

Collections and Thread Safety

159

(8)

Synchronization and the Legacy Collections

161

(1)

JDK 1.2: Synchronized Collections and Fail-Fast Iterators

162

(2)

Concurrent Collections: Java 5 and Beyond

164

(3)

The Collection Interface

167

(10)

Using the Methods of Collection

170

(6)

Implementing Collection

176

(1)

Collection Constructors

176

(1)

Sets

177

(20)

Implementing Set

177

(7)

HashSet

178

(2)

LinkedHashSet

180

(1)

CopyOnWriteArraySet

181

(1)

EnumSet

182

(2)

SortedSet and NavigableSet

184

(11)

TreeSet

190

(3)

ConcurrentSkipListSet

193

(2)

Comparing Set Implementations

195

(2)

Queues

197

(22)

Using the Methods of Queue

199

(2)

Implementing Queue

201

(2)

PriorityQueue

201

(2)

ConcurrentLinkedQueue

203

(1)

BlockingQueue

203

(9)

Using the Methods of BlockingQueue

205

(3)

Implementing BlockingQueue

208

(4)

Deque

212

(4)

Implementing Deque

214

(1)

BlockingDeque

215

(1)

Comparing Queue Implementations

216

(3)

Lists

219

(10)

Using the Methods of List

221

(3)

Implementing List

224

(3)

ArrayList

224

(2)

LinkedList

226

(1)

CopyOnWriteArrayList

227

(1)

Comparing List Implementations

227

(2)

Maps

229

(18)

Using the Methods of Map

231

(1)

Implementing Map

232

(7)

HashMap

233

(1)

LinkedHashMap

233

(2)

WeakHashMap

235

(2)

IdentityHashMap

237

(2)

EnumMap

239

(1)

SortedMap and NavigableMap

239

(4)

TreeMap

243

(1)

ConcurrentMap

243

(2)

ConcurrentHashMap

244

(1)

ConcurrentNavigableMap

245

(1)

ConcurrentSkipListMap

245

(1)

Comparing Map Implementations

245

(2)

The Collections Class

247

(8)

Generic Algorithms

247

(3)

Changing the Order of List Elements

247

(1)

Changing the Contents of a List

248

(1)

Finding Extreme Values in a Collection

249

(1)

Finding Specific Values in a List

249

(1)

Collection Factories

250

(1)

Wrappers

251

(2)

Synchronized Collections

251

(1)

Unmodifiable Collections

252

(1)

Checked Collections

252

(1)

Other Methods

253

(2)

Index

255

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Java Generics And Collections

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