| Preface |
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v | |
| Contents |
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xiii | |
| Remarks on the notes and bibliographies |
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xviii | |
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List of archival sources consulted |
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xix | |
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xxi | |
| PART I. THE POST-WAR EMERGENCE OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS |
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From cosmic-ray and nuclear physics to high-energy physics |
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3 | (60) |
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The scientific situation in `elementary-particle physics' around 1945/46 |
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4 | (7) |
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Institutional changes in nuclear physics due to the war |
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11 | (2) |
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The post-war accelerator programmes |
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13 | (11) |
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Experimental particle physics: developments from 1946 to 1953 |
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24 | (8) |
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The theoreticians: from the first Shelter Island conference to the Rochester conferences |
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32 | (9) |
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41 | (22) |
| PART II. THE PREHISTORY OF CERN, 1949-FEBRUARY 1952 |
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The first suggestions, 1949-June 1950 |
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63 | (34) |
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The years following the war |
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64 | (5) |
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Two proposals for European collaboration in November 1949 |
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69 | (3) |
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The European Cultural Conference, Lausanne, 8-12 December 1949 |
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72 | (3) |
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Attempts to implement the suggestions |
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75 | (7) |
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The fifth General Conference of UNESCO, Florence, June 1950 |
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82 | (6) |
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The situation in June 1950 |
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88 | (9) |
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The fusion of the initiatives, June-December 1950 |
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97 | (26) |
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The promotion of the Florence project, June-October 1950 |
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98 | (3) |
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The meeting between Auger and Dautry and the decision to call a gathering of scientists in Geneva in December |
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101 | (8) |
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The Geneva meeting of 12 December at the Centre Europeen de la Culture |
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109 | (3) |
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Immediate reactions to the 12 December meeting |
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112 | (4) |
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Conclusion: Ideas and motivations behind Amaldi's, Auger's, and Dautry's proposals |
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116 | (7) |
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The period of informed optimism, December 1950-August 1951 |
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123 | (24) |
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The implementation of the resolution of 12 December: French, Italian, and Belgian roles in the organization of the project, December 1950-May 1951 |
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124 | (6) |
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Meeting of consultants at UNESCO in Paris, May 1951 |
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130 | (4) |
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Discussions arising out of the consultants' report, May-July 1951 |
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134 | (6) |
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The intergovernmental meeting is called |
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140 | (1) |
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A marriage of convenience |
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141 | (6) |
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The period of conflict, August-December 1951 |
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147 | (32) |
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The gradual emergence of an alternative programme, August-October 1951 |
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148 | (9) |
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Second meeting of consultants, Paris, 26 and 27 October 1951 |
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157 | (6) |
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Tension peaks, late November-early December 1951 |
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163 | (6) |
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The roots of the division |
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169 | (10) |
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The establishment of a Council of Representatives of European States, December 1951-February 1952 |
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179 | (30) |
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The intergovernmental conference in Paris, 17-20 December 1951 |
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180 | (8) |
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Negotiations between December and February |
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188 | (6) |
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The second session of the conference, Geneva, 12-15 February 1952 |
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194 | (4) |
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Concluding remarks on the respective roles of scientists and politicians in the process of establishment of the Council |
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198 | (11) |
| PART III. THE PROVISIONAL CERN, FEBRUARY 1952-OCTOBER 1954 |
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209 | (28) |
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Establishing the study groups and the secretariat |
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211 | (1) |
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Fixing the energies of the accelerators |
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211 | (2) |
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The discovery of the strong-focusing principle |
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213 | (1) |
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The choice of a site for the new laboratory |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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Consolidating the scientific work |
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216 | (3) |
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The Convention and its signature |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (1) |
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Putting down roots in Geneva |
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223 | (2) |
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The nomination of the first Director-General |
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225 | (1) |
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The ratification of the Convention |
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226 | (2) |
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The philosophy of the organization |
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228 | (9) |
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Appendix 7.1 Scale of percentage contributions to the permanent organization applicable during the period to 31 December 1956 |
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231 | (1) |
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Appendix 7.2 Rates of exchange used for accounting purposes (a) as from 1 December 1952 and (b) as from 1 January 1954 |
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231 | (1) |
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Appendix 7.3 Dates of deposit of instruments of ratification of the Convention at UNESCO House in Paris |
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232 | (1) |
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Appendix 7.4 Official delegates to the nine Council sessions |
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232 | (5) |
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Case studies of some important decisions |
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237 | (56) |
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238 | (8) |
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The Convention. Two key clauses |
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246 | (6) |
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Financing the interim organization |
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252 | (9) |
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The nomination of the first Director-General and its aftermath |
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261 | (12) |
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The strong-focusing principle: the decision and its early consequences |
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273 | (9) |
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Planning the future laboratory |
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282 | (11) |
| Bibliography for Parts II and III |
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293 | (252) |
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Collection of photographs and documents of historic interest |
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| PART IV. NATIONAL DECISIONS TO JOIN CERN |
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French attitudes to the European laboratory, 1949-1954 |
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303 | (50) |
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The French political and diplomatic context, and nuclear policy |
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305 | (4) |
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The French scientific context, 1945-1955 |
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309 | (8) |
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French initiatives regarding the UNESCO project, the decision-making process, 1949-May 1952 |
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317 | (11) |
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Towards the signing of the Convention, February 1952-July 1953 |
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328 | (6) |
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The debate surrounding French ratification, July 1953-September 1954 |
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334 | (8) |
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342 | (11) |
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353 | (30) |
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CNR and the `Years of Reconstruction' |
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354 | (5) |
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Rome physicists' involvement in the European project |
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359 | (10) |
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CNR and Italian support of the European laboratory project |
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369 | (14) |
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Germany's part in the setting-up of CERN |
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383 | (48) |
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Up to the UNESCO conference in Paris |
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384 | (9) |
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Heisenberg's appointment as German delegate |
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393 | (6) |
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Heisenberg's role at the UNESCO conference |
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399 | (6) |
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405 | (8) |
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413 | (18) |
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Britain and the European laboratory project: 1951-mid-1952 |
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431 | (44) |
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433 | (5) |
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The UNESCO May report and the mounting opposition to it on the continent and in Britain |
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438 | (7) |
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Forging the alliance: the offer of the Liverpool cyclotron and the Paris conference |
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445 | (9) |
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Confronting the new question: Should Britain join the Council of Representatives? |
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454 | (8) |
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The Cabinet Steering Committee reconsiders the case |
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462 | (13) |
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Britain and the European laboratory project: mid-1952-December 1953 |
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475 | (48) |
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The emergence of the Harwell group |
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477 | (5) |
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The polarization of the scientific community |
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482 | (5) |
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Progress at governmental level |
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487 | (3) |
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Refocusing the issue: the `discovery' of the alternating-gradient principle |
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490 | (5) |
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495 | (28) |
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Appendix 13.1 A short survey of the committees involved in the CERN decision |
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503 | (3) |
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Appendix 13.2 Decision-making at the science-government interface: some general comments |
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506 | (17) |
| PART V. CONCLUDING REMARKS |
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The how and the why of the birth of CERN |
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523 | (22) |
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A brief narrative account |
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524 | (1) |
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A classical interpretation of CERN's origins |
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525 | (4) |
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The first group of actors: the physicists |
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529 | (1) |
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The second group of actors: high-level science administrators and some diplomats |
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530 | (2) |
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The activities of the `CERN lobby' |
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532 | (3) |
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The reactions of the member states |
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535 | (1) |
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The motivations in governmental circles |
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536 | (1) |
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CERN, an American puppet? |
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537 | (2) |
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CERN, an organization of military importance? |
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539 | (6) |
| Appendix 1. Who's who in the foundation of CERN |
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545 | (22) |
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| Appendix 2. Chronology of events |
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567 | (20) |
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| Name index |
|
587 | (7) |
| Thematic subject index |
|
594 | |
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